Literature.
The chief works relating to the tanning, currying, and dressing of leather, and the tanning materials employed, are as follows:—
[INDEX.]
[[A]] [[B]] [[C]] [[D]] [[E]] [[F]] [[G]] [[H]] [[I]] [[J]] [[K]] [[L]] [[M]] [[N]] [[O]] [[P]] [[Q]] [[R]] [[S]] [[T]] [[U]] [[V]] [[W]]
Abies bark, [53]
── tannin, [31]
Acacia barks, [34-8]
── fruits, [53]
── tannin, [23-5]
Acetic acid, examining, [102]
Achromatic condenser, [9]
Acid, digallic, [76-8]
──, dioxysalicylic, [69-71]
──, ellagic, [71]
──, ellagitannic, [78]
──, gallic, [69-71]
──, gallotannic, [76-8]
──, quercitannic, [78]
── solutions, preparing standard, [95-7]
Acids, decomposition of tannins by, [68-73]
──, examination of, [101]
──, free, in tan-liquor, determining, [108-11]
Acorn cups, [50-3]
── galls, [27]
Adipose tissue, [8]
Adjustment for thickness of cover-glasses, [11]
African kino, [34]
Air, capacity for moisture, [249]
Albumen, [20]
Alder bark, [54]
Aleppische Gallen, [26-8]
Aleppo galls, [26-8]
Algarobilla, [23]
Algarrobo, [23]
Alkaline solutions, preparing standard, [95-7]
Allen and Warren sprinkler leck, [241]
Alligator skins, [255]
Alnus tannin, [54]
Alum in tanning, [218-22]
Amboyna kino, [33]
American press leck, [241]
── rocker, [169]
── union splitter, [188]
Ampelopsis hæderacea, [67]
Analysing tannins, [118-31]
──, methods for the tannery, [90-131]
Analysis, indicators, [91]
──, instruments, [91-5]
──, standard solutions, [90]
Anatomical structure of hide, [2-16]
Aphis punctures, [28]
Areca-nut cutch, [25]
Armadillo skins, [255]
Artificial light for microscope, [12]
Ash of leather, estimating, [107]
Aspidosperma wood, [39]
Ass skins, [255]
Australian kino, [34]
Babul tannin, [53]
Bahera, [38]
Balance, [93]
Balsamocarpon pods, [23]
Bark, commerce, [270]
── elevators, [162]
── mills, [158-61]
Barkometer, [169]
Bates for dressing leather, [184-6]
Beaming dressing leather, [187]
── hides, [151]
Bengal kino, [33]
Bibliography, [272-4]
Blood vessels, [8]
Bloom, source of, [62]
Bloomers for butts, [176]
Blue-back seal-skins, [206]
Boots and shoes, commerce, [265]
Botany Bay kino, [34]
Breaking the nerve, [8]
Bristol finishing, [183]
Buffalo method of unhairing, [144]
── skins, [255]
Bulls'-eye condenser, [12]
Burettes, [92]
Burning-in strap butts, [201]
Butea kino, [33]
Butts, cleansing lime from, [155]
── defined, [155]
──, striking, [179]
Cachou, [23-5]
── jaune, [29-31]
Cæsalpinia pods, [25], [54]
Calf kid, [223]
── skins, [256]
Camata valonia, [52]
Camatina valonia, [52]
Cascalote tannin, [54]
Castanea extract, [23]
Catechin, [79-81]
Catechol, [67]
Catechu, [23-5]
Catechutannic acid, [81]
Cellular structure of hide, examining, [12]
Chagrin, [258]
Chamada valonia, [52]
Chamois leather, [210-2]
Charcala valonia, [52]
Chemical composition of hide, [17-22]
Chemistry of tannins, [57-82]
Chestnut extract, [23]
── ── for sole leather, [158]
Chinese galls, [28]
Chlorine in water, estimating, [98]
Chromic and osmic acids for hardening and staining hide sections, [14]
Churco bark, [55]
Cleaning drains in tannery, [240]
Climax scourer, [200]
Commerce, [255-71]
Commercial tanning materials, [23-56]
Composition, chemical, of hide, [17-22]
Comptonia tannin, [54]
Condense-water trap, [251]
Connective tissue, [7]
── ──, nature of, [18]
Constitution of tannins, [76-82]
Construction of tanneries, [231-42]
Conveyors for bark, [162]
Coriaria tannin, [54]
Coriin, [19]
── in lime-liquors, determining, [104]
Corium, [2], [7]
Cork-tree bark, [38]
Cover-glasses, [11]
──, screwing objective down on, [11]
Cow skins, [261]
Crown leather, [213-7]
Crust roans, [206]
Curried leather, measuring, [202]
Currying, [193-202]
── crown leather, [217]
── defined, [1]
Cutch, [23-5]
──, commerce, [271]
Cutting hide-sections, [12-5]
Cynips punctures, [26]
Decomposition of phlobaphenes by fusion with caustic alkali, [73-5]
── ── tannins by acids, [68-73]
── ── ── by heat, [65]
── ── ──, products of, [65-8]
Deer skins, [256]
Dégras, [211]
Depilatories, various, [150]
Derma, [2]
Dhak kino, [33]
Diffuseur for exhausting tan, [167]
Digallic acid, [76-8]
Dioxysalicylic acid, [69-71]
Diplolepis punctures, [26]
Disintegrators, [158-61]
Dissolving extracts, [168]
Dividing hides, [155]
Divi-divi, [25]
── ── for sole leather, [157]
Dog skins, [256]
Drainage of tanyard, [231]
Drains from latches and pits, [240]
Dressed leather, commerce, [265]
── skins, commerce, [263]
Dressing leather, [184-92]
Dry raw hides, commerce, [264]
Drying, principles, [248-54]
── -sheds, [243-54]
── sole leather, [183]
Dugong skins, [256]
Dyeing calf kid, [224]
── chamois leather, [212]
── glove kid, [229]
East Indian kino, [33]
── ── kips, [191]
Écorces de Chêne, [38]
Eichenrinden, [38]
Einbrennen, [201]
Elæocarpus tannin, [54]
Elastic fibres, [8]
── ──, nature of, [21]
Elevators for bark, [162]
Ellagic acid, [63], [71]
Ellagitannic acid, [78]
Enamelled leather, [203-5]
── ──, commerce, [265]
Ephreda tannin, [54]
Epidermis of hide, [2]
Epithelial layer of hide, [2]
Erectores pili muscles, [2], [7]
Espinillo tannin, [54]
Estimating ash of leather, [107]
── chlorine in water, [98]
── grease in leather, [105]
── hardness of water, [97]
── sulphur in sodium sulphide, [104]
Eucalyptus kino, [34]
── tannin, [54]
Eugenia tannin, [54]
Examination of acids, [101]
── of lime and lime-liquors, [102-4]
── of water, [97-100]
Examining cellular structure of hide, [12]
Exhausting tanning materials, [161-8]
── tannins, [117]
Extracts, commerce, [271]
──, dissolving, [168]
──, preparing, [32]
Fat glands, [6]
Fish skins, [256-8]
Fitzhenry scouring machine, [196]
Flasks, [91]
Fleshing hides, [152-5]
Focus of microscope, [10]
French morocco, [206]
Frizing by hard water, [85]
Fuchsia tannin, [54]
Furnaces for burning tan, [164]
Galläpfel, [26-8]
Galle d'Alep, [26-8]
Gallic acid, [69-71]
Gallotannic acid, [76-8]
Galls, [25-9]
──, commerce, [271]
Galuchat, [258]
Gambia kino, [34]
Gambier, [29-31]
──, commerce, [271]
Gambir, [29-31]
Gammuzza sumach, [46]
Gelatin in lime liquors, determining, [104]
──, nature of, [17]
Gerbersumach, [40-50]
Glands of skin, [2], [6]
Glove kid, [225-30]
Gloves, commerce, [266]
Goat skins, [258-60]
Grain of tanned leather, [6], [8]
Graining dressing leather, [189]
Grease in leather, estimating, [105]
Grinding tanning materials, [158-61]
Hair cuticle, [4]
──, growth, [2]
Handler liquors, table of determinations, [111]
Handlers, [169], [173]
Handling hides, [169]
Har, [38]
Hardening hide for cutting, [14]
Hardness of water, [84-6]
── ── ──, estimating, [97]
Harra, [38]
Hartnack's objectives and eye-pieces, [10]
Head required to pass air in pipes, [253]
Heat, decomposition of tannins by, [65-8]
Heating effect of pipes, [250]
── leaches, [242]
── liquors, [242]
Hemlock, [31]
── extract for sole leather, [158]
Henle's layer, [5]
Hide albumen, [20]
──, anatomical structure, [2-16]
──, chemical composition, [17-22]
──, examining cellular structure, [12]
──, hardening, for cutting, [14]
──, holding, for cutting, [13]
──, influence of water in plumping, [85]
──, microscopic examination, [9-16]
──, section, [2]
──, sections, cutting, [12-15]
── ──, mounting, [14]
── ──, rendering transparent, [13]
── ──, simultaneous hardening and staining, [14]
── ──, staining, [14]
── substance in leather, determining, [108]
Hides, beaming, [151]
──, dividing, [155]
──, fleshing, [152-5]
── for sole leather, preparing, [132-8]
──, handling, [169]
──, imports, [266-70]
──, liming, [139-45]
──, preparing for tanning, [133-8]
──, rounding, [155]
──, soaking, [133-6]
──, softening, [138]
──, stocking, [136]
──, sweating, [145-7]
──, unhairing, [139-56]
──, ── by sulphides, [147-50]
High-power objectives, [11]
Hiusache tannin, [53]
Holding hide for cutting, [13]
Holmes' tool carriage, [196]
Horny layer of hide, [2]
── tissues, nature of, [21]
Horse skins, [260]
Hot air pipes, [252]
── water pipes, [252]
Howard scrubber, [176]
Huxley's layer, [5]
Hyaline, [6]
Hydrochloric acid, examining, [101]
Hydrometer, [169]
Hygrometer table, [249]
Hymenæa pods, [23]
Illuminating apparatus, [10]
── microscope, [12]
Immersion lenses, [9]
Indicators for analysis, [91]
Infusions for Löwenthal's analytical method, [130]
Inga tannin, [55]
Instruments for analysis, [91-5]
Iodina wood, [40]
Iron in tanyards, [241]
Jackson scouring machine, [196]
Japanese galls, [28]
Japanned leather, [203-5]
── ──, commerce, [265]
Jiggers, [207]
Juchtenleder, [208]
Kamai bark, [56]
Kangaroo skins, [260]
Kát, [23-5]
Keratin, [21]
Kid skins, [258-60]
Kifushi galls, [28]
Kino, [32-4]
Kinoin, [81]
Kiri-hinau tannin, [54]
Kiri-toa-toa bark, [55]
Knoppern galls, [27]
Kut, [23-5]
Lamb skins, [260]
Lancashire finish, [183]
Latches, construction, [241]
── for exhausting tan, [164-8]
Laurus tannin, [55]
Layers for butts, [176]
Leaches, heating, [242]
Leather, chemical examination of, [105-8]
──, determining hide substance, [108]
──, estimating ash of, [107]
──, estimating grease in, [105]
──, estimating matters soluble in water, [106]
── manufacture defined, [1]
Lecks for exhausting tan, [164-8]
Levantische Gallen, [26-8]
Levelling glove kid, [226]
Libi-dibi, [25]
Lime, examination of, [102]
── for unhairing, [139-45]
── -liquors, determining gelatin and coriin in, [104]
── ──, examination of, [102]
Liquors, heating, [242]
Literature, [272-4]
Llama skins, [261]
Lockwood automatic scourer, [197]
London finish, [183]
Löwenthal's modified process for analysing tannins, [127-31]
Loxopterygium wood, [39]
Lymph vessels, [8]
Machærium wood, [40]
Maintenance of tanneries, [231-42]
Malphigia tannin, [55]
Manatee skins, [256]
Mangrove bark, [55]
Manquitta bark, [55]
Measuring curried leather, [202]
Methods of analysis for the tannery, [90-131]
Microscope, artificial light for, [12]
──, choice of, [9]
──, illuminating, [12]
──, price of, [10]
Microscopic examination of hide, [9-16]
Mills for grinding bark, [158-61]
── ── ── sumach leaves, [49]
Mimosa bark, [34-8]
── ── for sole leather, [158]
── tannin, [23-5]
Mineral tanning, [218-22]
Miscellaneous tannins, [53-6]
Mise au vent, [194]
Moëllon, [211]
Molinier's hide-working machine, [187]
Morocco leather, [206]
Mounting hide-sections, [14]
Myrobalans, [38]
──, commerce, [271]
── for sole leather, [157]
Naucite tannin, [55]
Nauclea extract, [29-31]
Nerve, breaking the, [8]
Nitrogen bulb, [103]
Noix de galle, [26-8]
Nut-galls, [26-8]
Oak-bark for sole leather, [157]
── ── tannin, [78]
── -barks, [38]
── -galls, [26-8]
── -wood extract for sole leather, [158]
Objective, screwing down on cover, [11]
Objectives, [8]
Oiling in currying, [195]
Osmic acid solution, preserving, [15]
── and chromic acids for hardening and staining hide-sections, [14]
Ox skins, [261]
Oxalic acid, examining, [102]
Oxalis tannin, [55]
Oxyphenic acid, [67]
Palas kino, [33]
Pale catechu, [29-31]
Panniculus adiposus, [15]
Pars papillaris, [2]
── reticularis, [2]
Patent leather, [203-5]
Pay-pay pods, [55]
Permanganate process for analysing tannins, [128-31]
Persea bark, [55]
Phlobaphenes, [72]
──, decomposition by fusion with caustic alkali, [73-5]
Phloroglucin, [74]
Phloroglucol, [74]
Phyllocladus bark, [55]
Pipes, heating effect of, [250]
Pipettes, [92]
Pits, construction, [238-40]
Plan of tannery, [232-6]
Plumping hide, influence of water on, [85]
Pokako tannin, [54]
Polygonum leaves, [55]
Pomegranate tannin, [55]
Preller's leather, [213-7]
Preparation of tannins, [58]
Preparing hides for sole leather, [132-8]
Preparing hides for tanning, [133-8]
── standard solutions, [95-7]
Preserving osmic acid solution, [15]
Price of microscope, [10]
Priestman's striking machine, [180]
Prosopis pods, [23]
Protocatechuic acid, [75]
Pterocarpus kinos, [33], [34]
Pumps for tannery, [241]
Punica tannin, [55]
Pures for dressing leather, [184-6]
Purification of tannins, [58]
Putz's patent filling, [22]
Pyrocatechin, [67]
Pyrocatechol, [67]
Pyrogallic acid, [66]
Pyrogallol, [66]
Quebrachia wood, [40]
Quebrachitannic acid, [82]
Quebracho, [39]
── catechin, [81]
Quercitannic acid, [78]
Quercus acorn cups, [50-3]
── barks, [38]
Reagents for analysing tannins, [120-3]
Rete malpighi, [2]
Retenage, [194]
Rhabdisto valonia, [52]
Rhizophora bark, [55]
Rhus galls, [28]
── leaves, [40-50]
Roble Colorado bark, [56]
Rocker, [169]
Rounding hides, [155]
Rove galls, [28]
Russia leather, [208]
Salt in water, effect of, [86]
Salts for tanning, [218-22]
Sampling tannins, [116]
Sangue del drago, [34]
Schmack, [40-50]
Screwing objective down on cover, [11]
Seal skins, [261]
Sebaceous glands, [6]
Section of hide, [2]
Sections of hide, cutting, [12-15]
Shafting in tannery, [236]
Shagreen, [258]
Shaving dressing leather, [187]
Sheep skins, [262]
Shumac, [40-50]
Site for tannery, [231]
Skins, trade in, [255-70]
Soaking hides, [133-6]
Sod oil, [211]
Sodium sulphide, estimating sulphur in, [104]
Softening hides, [138]
Sole-leather, [132-83]
── ──, preparing hides, [132-8]
── ──, tanning materials, [157-68]
── ──, treatment in the shed, [179-83]
── ──, treatment in the tan-house, [169-78]
── ──, unhairing hides, [139-56]
Soluble matters in leather, estimating, [106]
Splitting dressing leather, [188]
Staining hide-sections, [14]
Standard solutions, [90]
── ──, preparing, [95-7]
── ──, table of, [97]
Statistics, [255-71]
Steam pipes, [250]
── power in tannery, [236]
── trap, [251]
Stieleiche bark, [38]
Stocking hides, [136]
Stretching dressing leather, [191]
Striking butts, [179]
Structure, anatomical, of hide, [2-16]
Stuffing strap-butts, [200]
Sudoriferous glands, [6]
Sulphides for unhairing, [147-50]
Sulphur, estimating, in sodium sulphide, [104]
Sulphuric acid, examining, [101]
Sumach, [40-50]
──, commerce, [271]
── extract, [50]
── mill, [49]
── plantations, [40-8]
Suspender liquors, [172]
── pits, [169]
Sweat glands, [6]
Sweating hides, [145-7]
Sweet-fern tannin, [54]
Table, analyses of spring and river waters, [89]
──, capacity of air for moisture, [249]
──, head for passing air, [253]
──, heating effect of pipes, [250]
──, hygrometric, [249]
──, reactions of tannins, [112]
──, standard solutions, [97]
Tan burning furnaces, [164]
── liquor, determining free acids in, [108-11]
Tanneries, construction, [231-42]
──, maintenance, [231-42]
Tanning defined, [1]
── materials, commerce, [270]
── ──, commercial, [23-56]
── ──, exhausting, [161-8]
── ── for sole leather, [157-68]
── ──, grinding, [158-61]
Tannins, action on gelatin, [57]
──, analysing, [118-31]
──, bloom from, [62]
──, characters, [57-8]
──, chemistry of, [57-82]
──, classification, [64]
──, constitution, [76-82]
──, decomposition by acids, [68-73]
──, ── by heat, [65]
──, exhausting, [117]
──, general chemistry, [59-64]
──, ── methods of examination, [65-75]
──, preparation, [58]
──, products of decomposition by heat, [65-8]
──, purification, [58]
──, qualitative detection, [111-4]
──, quantitative determination, [114-31]
──, reagents for analysing, [120-3]
──, sampling, [116]
──, table of reactions, [112]
Taps for exhausting tan, [164-8]
Tawed leather, [223]
Tawhero towai bark, [56]
Tawing defined, [1]
Tecoma bark, [56]
Terminalia fruits, [38]
Terra japonica, [23-5], [29-31]
Tiffany's bate, [185]
Tipuana wood, [40]
Trade in skins, [255-70]
Transparent hide-sections, [13]
Traubeneiche bark, [38]
Turkey galls, [26-8]
Turret driers, [245]
Tutu tannin, [54]
Uncaria extract, [29-31]
Undressed leather, commerce, [265]
── skins, commerce, [263]
Unhairing hides, [139-56]
── ── by lime, [139-45]
── ── by sulphides, [147-50]
── ── by sweating, [145-7]
Valonia, [50-3]
──, commerce, [271]
── for sole leather, [157]
Varnished leather, commerce, [265]
Vélanèdes, [50-3]
Ventilation of drying-sheds, [246]
Virginia creeper, [67]
Wagatea pods, [56]
Walrus skins, [263]
Wash leather, [210-2]
Water as used in tanning, [83-9]
──, counteracting chlorides in, [87]
──, detecting various impurities in, [99]
──, dissolved mineral matters in, [84]
──, effect of salt in, [86]
──, estimating chlorine in, [98]
──, ── hardness of, [97]
──, examination of, [97-100]
──, filtering, [83]
──, hardness of, [85]
──, influence on plumping, [85]
──, permanent hardness of, [84]
──, suspended matters in, [83]
──, table of spring and river, [89]
Wattle-bark, [34-8]
── ── plantations, [36-7]
Weinmannia bark, [56]
Wet hides, commerce, [263]
Whawhako tannin, [54]
Whitening in currying, [195]
Wilson's spring butt-roller, [181]
── striking machine, [181]
Wu-pei-tze galls, [29]
LONDON: