The Principles of Leather Manufacture

by H. R. Procter

---

INDEX.

• Abies, [246]
• Acacia, [288]
• — arabica, [165]
• Acetic acid, [154], [221], [410]
• Acid, acetic, [154], [221], [410]
• — amido-acetic, [61]
• — — -caproic, [61]
• — — -propionic, [61]
• — — -succinic, [61]
• — arsenious, [26]
• — aspartic, [61]
• — benzoic, [29]
• — boric, [155], [162], [221], [229]
• — butyric, [61]
• — carbolic, [26], [295]
• — carbonic, [99], [105], [161]
• — chromic, [200]
• — cresotinic, [29], [162]
• — digallic, [295]
• — ellagic, [231], [296]
• — ellagitannic, [231], [297]
• — formic, [154], [159], [410]
• — gallotannic, [295]
• — hydrochloric, [154], [157]
• — lactic, [154], [158], [221]
• — linolenic, [355]
• — oleic, [240], [354], [360]
• — oxalic, [155], [221]
• — oxynaphthoic, [30], [163]
• — perchromic, [200]
• — protocatechuic, [295]
• — pyroligneous, [154]
• — salicylic, [28], [295]
• — stearic, [351]
• — sulphuric, [114], [154], [157], [410]
• — sulphurous, [23], [114], [338]
• — xanthoproteic, [67]
• Acids, action on hide, [84]
• — amido-, [61], [66]
• — in tanning liquors, [20]
• — mineral, [23]
• — use in softening, [114]
• Acrilene bating acid, [163]
• Adipose tissue, [53]
• Æthalium septicum, [10]
• African oak, [257]
• Ageing, [188]
• Ailantus, [272]
• Air, capacity for moisture, [426]
• — cost of heating, [428]
• — -filters, [439]
• — -passages, [437]
• — weight of, [428]
• Alanine, [61]
• Albumin of hide, [65]
• Albumins, [56], [66]
• Alcohol, action on hide, [83]
• Alcoholic fermentation, [13], [16]
• Alder, [250]
• Allen, [366]
• Aleppo pine, [248]
• Algarobilla, [286], [293]
• Alizarine colours, [403]
• Alkalies, action on gelatine, [89]
• — — on hide, [84]
• Alkaline carbonates, [138]
• Alnus, [250]
• Alsop, [313]
• Alum, [159], [339], [185]
• Alumed leathers, [2], [4], [9]
• — — dyeing, [402]
• Alumina, [185]
• — in water, [103]
• — soap, [352]
• Aluminium, [185]
• Amido-acetic acid, [61]
• — -acids, [61], [66]
• — -caproic acid, [61]
• — -propionic acid, [61]
• — -succinic acid, [61]
• Amines, [173]
• Amœba, [10]
• Ammonium chloride, [157], [159]
• — sulphate, [159], [184]
• Analysis of tanning materials, [300], [475], [482]
• Anacardiaceæ, [269]
• Andreasch, [272]
• Angicabark, [293]
• Anhydrides of tannins, [297]
• Aniline dyes, [394]
• Anion, [80]
• Anogeissus, [293]
• Anticalcium, [29], [157]
• Antiseptics, [21]
• A.O.A.C. method, [300], [312], [482]
• Apocynaceæ, [279]
• Apples of Sodom, [261]
• Arata, [269]
• Arbutus, [279]
• Archbutt and Deeley, [95]
• Arctostaphylos, [279]
• Arsenic, [26]
• — cures, [39], [42]
• — -limes, [194]
• — sulphide, [139], [142]
• Arsenious acid, [26]
• Aspartic acid, [61]
• Aspidospermum, [279]
• Association of Official Agric. Chem., [300], [312], [482]
• Atmospheric pressure, [422]
• Attractions of molecules, [74]
• Avidity of acids, [81]
• Azo-colours, [399]
• Bablah, [289]
• Babool, [165], [228], [288]
• Babul—see [Babool]
• Bacillus erodiens, [175]
• Bacteria, [14], [15]
• — aerobic and anaerobic, [471]
• Bacterial filters, [469], [472]
• — products, [18], [19]
• Bacterium furfuris, [166]
• Badamier bark, [282]
• Bag-tannage, [235]
• Bakau bark, [283]
• Balance, analytical, [310]
• Balaustines, [285]
• Bali-babilan, [288]
• Balsamocarpon, [286]
• Band-knife splitting machine, [384], [387]
• Banksia, [268]
• Barbed wire scratches, [43]
• Barium chloride, [391]
• — sulphydrate, [142]
• Bark, [243], [244]
• Bark mills, [316], [452]
• Barytes, [390]
• Basic chrome liquors, [211], [241]
• — salts, [187], [199]
• Bast, [243]
• Bastin, [244]
• Bate-shavings, [463]
• — -stains, [176]
• Bating, [8], [19], [152], [170], [233]
• — effect of water on, [107]
• Baudouin’s test, [365]
• Bearberry, [279]
• Becker, [172], [174]
• Bedda nuts, [282]
• Beeswax, [371]
• Beetle attacking hides, [42]
• “Bell”-mills, [317]
• Belting, [450]
• Benzene, [295]
• Benzoic acid, [29]
• Bernardin, [242]
• Betel nut, [248]
• Betula, [250]
• Betulaceæ, [250]
• Bichromate of potash, [201]
• Biernacki, [21]
• Bilberry, [280]
• Birch, [250]
• — -tar oil, [32]
• Bistort, [266]
• Bisulphites, [25], [338]
• Biuret reaction, [67]
• Black-dyeing, [398], [399], [413]
• Bleunard, [57]
• Blood-albumen, [337]
• Bloom, [231], [297]
• Bluebacking, [217]
• Boarding, [233]
• Boiler incrustations, [99], [101]
• Boiling point, [75], [421]
• Bone-oil, [62]
• Book-binding leathers, [234]
• Boral, [155]
• Borax, [156], [216]
• Borgman, [181]
• Boric or boracic acid, [156]
• Bottle-tannage, [235]
• Bourgois, [57]
• Brabium, [268]
• Bran-drench, [166], [195]
• Brands, [43]
• Brazil-wood, [287], [413]
• Breaking stress of leathers, [451]
• Breed, effect on skin, [45]
• Brick pits, [455]
• Brining hides, [38]
• Briquettes of tan, [464]
• Bronzing, [395], [404]
• Brunton, [61]
• Brusca, [272], [280]
• Brushing machine, [226]
• Buff-leather, [378]
• “Buffalo” method, [129]
• Burns and Hull, [163]
• Butea, [285]
• Butyric acid, [61]
• Byrsonima, [269]
• C. T. bate, [163]
• Calcium sulphydrate, [140]
• Calculation of tannin analysis, [314]
• Calf-kid, [189]
• Calorie, [422]
• Cambium, [243]
• Camphor, [31]
• Canaigre, [264]
• — root, extraction, [348]
• Carbolic acid, [26], [295]
• Carbolineum, [28]
• Carbon disulphide, [30]
• Carbonic acid, [99], [105], [161]
• Carboxyl, [295]
• Carr’s disintegrator, [319]
• Carter’s disintegrator, [319]
• Cascalote, [286]
• Casein, [68]
• Cassia, [235], [287], [299]
• Castanea, [251]
• Casuarina, [249]
• Catechins, [298]
• Catechol, [295]
• — tannages, [234], [295]
• Catechu, [277], [289]
• Caustic alkalies, [22]
• — soda, [114], [136]
• Cavallin, [202]
• Cavallo, [285]
• Cebil, [293]
• Cells, [10]
• Cellulose, [12]
• Centigrade thermometer, [481]
• Centrifugal pumps, [458]
• Ceriops, [283]
• Chain-conveyors, [325], [453]
• Chamois leather, [9], [378]
• — — dyeing, [496]
• Chamoising, [369], [378]
• Chemical deliming, [153]
• Chenailier evaporator, [424]
• Chestnut, [251]
• — -oak, [254], [263]
• — -wood extract, [222], [231]
• Chlorides in water, [104]
• Chondrin, [63]
• Chromalin, [212]
• Chrome-alum, [201]
• — -blacks, [402]
• — combination tannages, [215]
• — -iron ore, [200]
• — leather, [4], [9]
• — — dyes for, [494]
• — tannages, [200]
• Chromic acid, [200]
• Chromium, [185], [200]
• Churco bark, [280]
• Clark, [95]
• Cleistanthus, [293]
• Coal-tar or C. T. bate, [29], [163]
• — — dyes, [394]
• Coccoloba, [267]
• Cocos, [249]
• Cockle, [45]
• Cæsalpinia, [285]
• Coffee-mill, [317]
• Cohn’s solution, [177]
• Colloids, [77], [396]
• Colour, theory of, [416]
• — -measurement, [479]
• Colouring matters, [299]
• Colours, primary, [416]
• — secondary, [416]
• — tertiary, [416]
• Combination-tannages, [4], [236]
• Combretaceæ, [280], [293]
• Concentration of extracts, [339]
• Concrete pits, [455]
• Cone-mill, [317]
• Coniferæ, [246]
• Connective tissue, [50]
• Conocarpus, [283]
• Contact-beds, [472]
• Conveyors, [325], [327], [453]
• Copper in water, [104]
• — sulphate, [26]
• Coriariaceæ, [277]
• Coriaria, [272], [277]
• Corium, [46]
• Coriin, [64]
• Cork, [244]
• Cork-cambium, [243]
• Cork oak, [257]
• Corrosive sublimate, [25]
• Cortegia rossa, [248]
• Couperus, [277]
• Creasote, [28]
• Creolin, [28]
• Cresotinic acid, [29], [162]
• Crown leather, [381]
• Crystallisation, [77]
• Crystalloids, [77]
• Cupuliferæ, [251]
• Curtidor bark, [280]
• Curupy bark, [293]
• Cutch, [289]
• Cuticle, [46]
• Cutis, [46]
• Cylinder-oils, [100]
• Danish glove-leather, [236], [238]
• Daphne, [267]
• Daphnoidæ, [267]
• Decoloration of extracts, [337]
• Degrees of hardness, [94], [105]
• Dégras, [368], [380]
• “Dégras-former,” [370], [385]
• Deliming by acids, [154]
• — by washing, [154], [160]
• De Lof, [242]
• Denaturised salt, [23]
• Dennis, [163], [211]
• Depickling, [91]
• Depilation, [7], [54], [119]
• Depletion by puers and bates, [91]
• Derma, [46]
• Dermestes vulpinus, [42]
• “Devil disintegrator,” [318]
• Dextrose, [16]
• Diazo-compounds, [399]
• Digallic acid, [295]
• Diffusion, [78]
• Dippel’s oil, [62]
• Disc-mill, [317]
• Disinfectants, [21], [474]
• Disintegrators, [318]
• Dissociation, [85]
• Distilled grease, [359]
• Divi-divi, [285]
• Djaft, [263]
• Docks, [264]
• Dog-dung, [174], [179], [181]
• “Dogskin,” [197]
• Dongola, [197]
• — imitations, [241]
• — leather, [236], [239]
• Doornbosch, [293]
• Drench fermentation, [19]
• Drenching, [8], [20], [152], [166], [195], [233]
• Drepanocarpus, [285]
• Dressing-leather tannage, [232]
• — leathers, [8]
• Driers for oils, [363]
• Drum-stuffing, [388]
• Drumming, [234]
• Drums, [117]
• Dry hides, [110]
• Drying, effect on skin, [112]
• — hides, [41]
• — leather, [424]
• — oven, [308]
• — rooms, [431]
• — of sole leather, [232]
• Dry-salted hides, [110]
• — -salting, [38]
• Dschigh dschighe, [286]
• Dubbing, [386]
• Dust-prevention, [325]
• Dye-testing, [419]
• Dyeing alumed leathers, [402]
• — chrome leather, [403], [493]
• — Continental method, [408]
• — defects in, [404]
• — in drum, [408]
• — in paddle, [407]
• — in tray, [406], [408]
• — kid, [196]
• — oil-leathers, [404]
• — selection of goods, [409]
• — theories of, [396]
• Dyes, acid, [395], [412]
• — basic, [395], [411]
• — lists of, for leather, [486], et seq.
• — list of manufacturers, [485]
• — mixtures for leather, [491]
• — -woods, [412]
• Earp, W. R., [143]
• East India skins, [235], [238], [241]
• Eberle, [212]
• Edge-stones, [316]
• Effluents, [467]
• Egg-albumin, [67]
• — -yolk, [68], [393]
• Eglinton Tanning Co., [203]
• Egyptian leathers, [2]
• Einbrennen, [390]
• Eitner, [105], [109], [112], [114], [131], [168], [205], [212], [216], [252], [366], [382], [392]
• Elandsboschjes, [293]
• Elastic fibres, [53], [69]
• Electric driving, [449]
• Electrolytes, [79]
• Electrolytic dissociation, [79]
• Elephantorrhiza, [293]
• Ellagic acid, [231], [297]
• Ellagitannic acid, [231], [297]
• Emulsifying, [240]
• Enzymes, [15], [16], [171], [173]
• Epidermis, [46], [68]
• Epithelium, [46]
• — -cells, [13]
• Erector pili, [50]
• Ericaceæ, [279]
• “Erodin,” [174]
• Espinillo, [293]
• Essential oils, [31]
• Eucalyptus, [284]
• Eudermin, [27]
• Euphorbiaceæ, [293]
• Evaporation, [421]
• — for analysis, [307]
• — in vacuo, [423]
• Evaporator, Yaryan, [339]
• Evergreen oak, [256]
• Excise-duties on leather, [3]
• Extraction, optimum temperature, [344]
• Extracts, liquid, analysis, [301], [305], [475], [476], [477]
• — solid, analysis, [301], [305], [476], [477]
• — use of, [342]
• Fading of colours, [405]
• Fahrion, [61]
• Faller-stocks, [116]
• Fan, Blackman, [428], [430], [434]
• — Capel, [437]
• — centrifugal, [437], [439]
• — drying by, [433]
• — screw, [430], [434], [437]
• Fat, [461], [462]
• — -cells, [52]
• — -glands, [48]
• — -liquoring, [217], [237], [239], [393]
• — -liquors, [100]
• — -tanned leathers, [1], [4]
• Fats and oils, [350]
• — solvents of, [353]
• Fatty acids, liquid, [354]
• — — saturated, [354]
• — — unsaturated, [355]
• Fellmongering, [34]
• Fermentation, [13], [15]
• Ferric chloride, [86]
• — salts, [198]
• Ferrocyanides, [339]
• Ferrous salts, [198]
• Fibre-bundles, [50]
• Fibres, elastic, [53]
• Fibrils, [50]
• Filao bark, [249]
• Filter method, [311], [478]
• Filtration for analysis, [307], [477], [483]
• — of sludge, [470]
• “Fine-hairing,” [180]
• Finishes for leather, [401]
• Fire insurance, [325]
• Fish-tallow, [368]
• Flaying, [42]
• Fleshing, [8], [146]
• — machines, [147]
• Fleshings, [461]
• Flückiger and Hanbury, [277]
• Fluorides, [26]
• “Foots,” [356]
• Formaldehyde, [30], [380]
• Formalin, [31], [380]
• Formic acid, [154], [159], [410]
• Frizing, [378]
• Fuchsia, [284]
• Fuchsine, [395]
• Fungi, [15]
• Fusanus, [267]
• Gall oak, [261]
• Gallotannic acid, [295]
• Galls, [261], [280]
• Gambier, [222], [231], [277]
• — extraction, [349]
• Garcinia, [293]
• Gas-engine, [449]
• — -lime, [141]
• Gaseous state of matter, [74]
• Gaultheria, [251], [373]
• Gelatin, [56], [58]
• — action of bacteria on, [61]
• — analyses, [57]
• — chemical constitution, [57]
• — decompositions, [60]
• — determination, [59], [60]
• — properties of, [58]
• — reactions, [62]
• — swelling of, [82]
• Glaeser mill, [318]
• Glassy layer, [50], [398]
• Glazing, [418]
• Globulin, [67]
• Globig, [17]
• Glove-kid, [194]
• Glucose, [13], [16], [177], [390]
• Glue, [461]
• Gluestuff, [461]
• Glutin, [56], [58]
• Glycerin, [351]
• “Golden spoon,” [269]
• — tan bark, [248]
• Gonagra, [264]
• Grain, [233]
• — “drawn,” [228]
• — -layer, [51]
• — microscopic examination, [52], [55]
• — pattern of, [52]
• Grains of various skins, [52]
• Granataceæ, [285]
• Grease, recovery, [462]
• — refining, [463]
• Greases, [357]
• “Green leather,” [197], [239]
• Grevillia, [268]
• Griffith, [231]
• Grinding machinery, [452]
• — samples, [303], [476]
• Grounding, [189]
• Guano, [177]
• Gum tree, [284]
• Gumming, [20]
• Guttiferæ, [293]
• Gunnera, [284]
• Gunneraceæ, [284]
• Glycocine, [61]
• Glycocoll, [61]
• Hæmatoxylon, [286]
• Hair, [68], [460]
• — -bulb, [49]
• — -cuticle, [48], [49]
• — -muscle, [50]
• — -papilla, [49]
• — structure and growth, [47]
• Hand-stuffing, [386]
• Handlers, [221]
• Hardness determination, [94]
• — effect on dyeing, [100]
• — effects on tanning, [98], [105]
• — of water, [93]
• Harrison, [273], [473]
• Hauff, [157], [162], [163]
• Heal, [203]
• Heat, capacity for, [422]
• — consumed in evaporation, [423], [428]
• — — in melting ice, [423]
• — given by pipes, [432]
• — loss through walls, [431]
• — measure of quantity, [422]
• — of combustion of coal, [423]
• Heating by hot water, [442]
• — by steam, [432], [436], [440]
• Heath honeysuckle, [268]
• Heaths, [279]
• Hehner, [94]
• Heinzerling, [203]
• Helvetia leather, [381]
• Hemicollin, [60]
• Hemlock-bark, [222]
• Hen-dung, [179], [181]
• Henry, [95]
• “Hickory” bark, [291]
• Hide-fibre, analysis, [57]
• — -markets, [33]
• — -mill, [117]
• — powder, [310], [312], [479], [484]
• — — filter, [311], [478]
• — — chromed, [313], [483]
• High-speed machinery, [451]
• Hofmeister, [56], [57], [60]
• Holbrook system, [331]
• Holden fat, [359]
• Horns, [464]
• Horn-sloughs, [464]
• Horny structures, [50]
• Horse-fat, [357]
• — -flesh, [177]
• — -power, [423]
• Hruschau, [214]
• Hull, [163], [165]
• Hummel, [203], [250], [285]
• Hunt, [188]
• Hyaline layer, [50], [176], [398]
• Hydrochloric acid, [86], [154], [157]
• Hydronaphthol, [30]
• Hypoderma bovis, [43]
• Hyposulphite of soda, [204]
• Hyphæ, [14]
• I.A.L.T.C. method, [300], [311], [475]
• Ice, heat to melt, [423]
• Ilex, [256]
• Immiscible liquid, [76]
• Inga, [293]
• Inks, [402]
• “Inoffensive,” [143]
• International Association of Leather Trade Chemists, [300], [311], [475]
• Internal pressure of liquids, [76]
• Invertase, [16]
• Iodine-value, [353]
• Ionisation-pressure, [81]
• Ions, [80]
• Iron-alum, [199]
• — -bark tree, [284]
• — -blacks, [398], [413]
• — in water, [102]
• — stains, [22], [38]
• — tannages, [198]
• Izal, [28]
• Jamrosa bark, [282]
• Japans, [355]
• Jeye’s fluid, [28]
• Jellies, [77]
• Jensen, [241]
• Jones fleshing machine, [148]
• Juniper, [248]
• Kaspine leather, [380]
• Kath, [289]
• Kathreiner, [301]
• Kation, [80]
• Kent, [236]
• Keratin, [14], [56], [68]
• Kermes oak, [258]
• Kid-leather, [9]
• Kilogram, [481]
• Kips, soaking, [113]
• Kjeldahl’s method, [70], [179]
• Klemm, [381]
• Knapp, [74], [188], [199], [202], [210], [382]
• Knoppern, [262]
• Knotted tree, [268]
• Koch, [251]
• Koerner, [82], [91], [283]
• Krameria, [269]
• Lace-Leathers, [197]
• Lactic acid, [154], [158], [221], [410]
• — fermentation, [18]
• Lamb, [218], [273], [405], [485]
• Land filtration, [470]
• Lanoline, [359]
• Lanosoap, [218]
• Larch, [247]
• Larix, [247]
• Lauraceæ, [267]
• Layers, [222], [231]
• Leach-bottom, [329]
• Leaching, [328]
• Lead-bleach, [399]
• — in water, [104]
• Leather Industries Laboratory Book, [5]
• Leguminosæ, [288]
• Leidgen unhairing machine, [145]
• Lentisque, [269]
• Leucadendron, [268]
• Leucine, [61]
• Leucospermum, [268]
• Levulose, [16]
• Lewkowitsch, [366]
• Lietzmann, [382]
• L.I.L.B., [5]
• Liliaceæ, [248]
• Lime, [21], [120]
• — action on hide, [125]
• — analyses, [124]
• — “available,” [125]
• — -burning, [121]
• — -liquors, analysis, [143]
• — pits, [127], [455]
• — quantity used, [129]
• — solubility in water, [123]
• — -water, [123]
• Limes, age of, [130]
• — bacterial action in, [134]
• — plumping, [133]
• Liming, [126]
• — loss of hide-substance, [132]
• — Pullman’s method, [137]
• — sheep-skins, [34]
• — temperature, [129]
• Linolenic acid, [355]
• Lipowitz, [59]
• Liquor-pipes, [456]
• Liquid state of matter, [74]
• Liquor tanks, [332], [457]
• — -troughs, [333], [457]
• Liter, [481]
• Logwood, [286], [413], [398], [401]
• Loxopteryngium, [269]
• Lubrication, [453]
• Lufkin, Prof., [142]
• Lymph corpuscules, [10]
• Lysol, [28]
• McFadyen, [61]
• Madder, [239], [277]
• Maiden, [290]
• Magenta, [395]
• Magnesia, [95]
• Malpighia, [269]
• Malpighiaceæ, [269]
• Manganese, [185]
• Mangifera, [277]
• Mangle, [283]
• Mango, [277]
• Mangosteen, [293]
• Mangrove, [283]
• — bark, extraction, [348]
• Mangrutta, [269]
• Market-hides, [33], [108]
• “Marking off,” [406]
• — weight of hides, [33]
• Marsh Rosemary, [268]
• Mather and Platt, [97]
• Mauve, [394]
• Maynard, [114]
• “Mellowing” of liquors, [82]
• Mellowness of liquors, [229]
• Mercuric chloride, [25]
• — iodide, [26]
• Metabisulphite of soda, [25], [114], [160]
• Meter, [481]
• Metrical system, [481]
• Milk-shaker, [313]
• Millon’s reagent, [67]
• Mill for samples, [303]
• Mills, arrangement of, [452]
• — construction, [316]
• Mimosa, [231], [290]
• — extraction, [346]
• Mimoseæ, [288]
• Mineral acids, [23]
• Moellon, [368], [380]
• Moisture in tanning materials, [314], [315], [479], [482]
• Molecules, [74]
• Mordant colouring matters, [238]
• Mordants, [398]
• Moulds, [14], [15], [20]
• Mountain ash, [285]
• Mucous layer, [47]
• Mud, [102]
• Muir, John, [141]
• Multiple effect, [342], [423]
• Munkwitz, [145]
• Muscle, voluntary, [53]
• Mycoderma, [14], [20]
• Myrica, [250]
• Myricaceæ, [250]
• Myrobalans, [231], [280], [293]
• — crusher, [322]
• — extraction, [345]
• Myrtaceæ, [284]
• Myrtus, [284]
• Nancite, [269]
• Naphthalene sulphonic acid, [29]
• Naphthols, [29]
• Nauclea, [277]
• Neb-neb, [289]
• Nesbitt’s bating process, [161]
• “Neutralising” chrome leathers, [216]
• Nihoul, [104]
• Nitrates and nitrites in water, [104]
• Nitrogen estimation, [70]
• “Non-tannins,” [310], [478], [483]
• Nucleolus, [11]
• Nucleus, [11]
• Oak-Bark, [222], [253]
• — - — extraction, [344]
• — -twigs, [244]
• Oakwood, [254]
• — extract, [222], [231], [256]
• Oaks, [252]
• Œnothera, [284]
• Oil, Arctic sperm, [371]
• — birch, [372]
• — black birch, [373]
• — boiled linseed, [363]
• — bottlenose, [371]
• — castor, [353], [355], [360]
• — cod-liver, [365]
• — cottonseed, [364]
• — egg-yolk, [393]
• — from fats, [463]
• — herring, [368]
• — Japanese, [368]
• — linseed, [362]
• — menhaden, [367]
• — neatsfoot, [358]
• — olive, [359]
• — porgie, [367]
• — Russia, [372]
• — sandalwood, [373]
• — sardine, [368]
• — sassafras, [373]
• — seal, [367]
• — sesamé, [364]
• — shark-liver, [366]
• — sod, [368], [380]
• — sperm, [353], [371]
• — Straits, [367]
• — Three-crown, [367]
• — Turkey-red, [361]
• — vaseline, [375]
• — whale, [367]
• — wintergreen, [373]
• Oils and fats in currying, [384]
• — blown, [355], [361]
• — drying, [353]
• — essential, [350], [372]
• — fixed, [350]
• — lubricating, [453]
• — mineral, [374]
• — non-drying, [353]
• — resin, [376]
• — volatile, [372]
• Oleic acid, [240], [354], [360]
• Oleine, [359]
• Oleostearine, [356], [359]
• Onagraceæ, [284]
• One-bath chrome process, [211]
• Organised ferments, [15]
• Origin of leather manufacture, [1]
• Osmotic pressure, [78]
• Osyris, [267]
• Ovum, development of, [46]
• Oxalates, [159]
• Oxalic acid, [155], [221]
• Oxalideæ, [280]
• Oxalis, [280]
• Oxynaphthoic acid, [30], [163]
• Ozokerit, [376]
• Paal, [57], [62], [66]
• Paessler, [56]
• Pairing, [407]
• Palmer, A. N., [167]
• Palmer, T., [176]
• Palmetto, [245]
• Palmæ, [248]
• Pancreatin, [172]
• Panniculus adiposus, [53]
• Papilionaceæ, [285]
• Paraffin, [375]
• Paraform, [31]
• Parapeptones, [66]
• Parenchym, [243]
• Parker, J. G., [162]
• Parker, C. E., [455]
• Pars papillaris, [51]
• “Partial” pressure, [76]
• Paypay, [293]
• Payne and Pullman, [137]
• Peaty waters, [106]
• Penicillium, [14]
• Pepsin, [171]
• Peptones, [60], [61], [62]
• Perching, [188]
• Perchromic acid, [200]
• Perkin, [250], [394]
• — and Allen, [276]
• — and Gunnell, [269]
• Permanent hardness, [100]
• Persea, [267]
• “Persians,” [235], [287], [299], [365]
• Phenol, [26]
• — for deliming, [162]
• Phenols, [295]
• Phenolphthalein, [155]
• Phloem, [243]
• Phlobaphenes, [231]
• Phloroglucol, [295], [297]
• Phosphates, [159]
• Phyllanthus, [293]
• Phyllocladus, [248]
• Pickling, [23], [89], [187]
• Pigeon-dung, [178]
• Pilang, [290]
• Pinus, [246]
• Pipes, arrangement of, [436], [440]
• — heat from, [432]
• Piptadenia, [293]
• Pistacia, [269], [272]
• Pits, construction of, [454]
• Plaster-cure of Indian kips, [39]
• Pleating, [407]
• Plumbaginæ, [268]
• Podocarpus, [248]
• Poison ivy, [274]
• Polygalaceæ, [269]
• Polygenetic colours, [399], [403]
• Polygonaceæ, [264]
• Polygonum, [266]
• Polysulphides, [165], [211]
• “Polysulphin,” [139]
• Pomegranate, [285]
• Poplars, [264]
• Popp, [172], [174]
• Porcelain, to mark, [304]
• Porter-Clark, [98]
• Potassium dichromate, [201]
• — hydrate, [136]
• Potentilla, [285]
• Precipitation tanks, [468]
• Preller, [381]
• Press-leaches, [330]
• “Pricking,” [169]
• Primitive leather manufacture, [1], [73]
• Printing, [418]
• Protaceæ, [268]
• Procter, [203]
• Procter’s extractor, [306]
• Prosopis, [286]
• Protea, [268]
• Protocatechuic acid, [295]
• Protoplasm, [10]
• Pseudopodia, [11]
• Pterocarpus, [285]
• Puering, [8], [19], [152], [170], [233]
• Pulleys, [450]
• “pulling down,” [157]
• Pullman, [380]
• Pullman’s liming method, [137]
• Pulsometers, [459]
• Pumps, [457]
• Punica, [285]
• Putrefaction, [15], [19]
• Putrid soak, [113], [137]
• Putz, Dr., [69]
• Pyrogallol, [295]
• — tannages, [234]
• — tannins, [295]
• Pyroligneous acid, [154]
• Pyrrol, [62]
• Pyrus, [285]
• Quebracho, [231], [269], [277]
• — wood, extraction, [347]
• Quercetin, [263]
• Quercus, [252]
• Quicklime, [122]
• Rabinowitsch, [17]
• Raw hide leather, [381]
• Realgar, [142]
• Reddening of leather by light, [405]
• “Reds,” [231], [297], [339]
• Reimer, [58], [64]
• Resin, [376]
• Rete malpighi, [47]
• Rhatany, [269]
• Rhizophoraceæ, [283]
• Rhus, [270]
• Riems, [381]
• Roans, [235]
• Rollet, [64]
• Rolling machines, [224]
• Roman leathers, [2]
• Rosaceæ, [285]
• Rosin, [376]
• Rounding, [151]
• Rove, [261]
• Rubiaceæ, [277]
• Rumex, [264]
• Rusma, [139]
• “Russia” leather, [251]
• Sabal, [248]
• Saccharomyces, [14], [20]
• Saccharomycetes, [15]
• Saddening, [398]
• Salicaceæ, [263]
• Salicylic acid, [28], [295]
• Saliva-corpuscles, [10]
• Salix arenaria, [238], [263]
• — caprea, [239], [264]
• Salomon, [178]
• Salt, [22]
• — and acids, action on gelatine, [88]
• — -stains, [22], [38]
• Salts, action on hide, [84], [92]
• Salted hides, [109]
• Salting, [35]
• Sampling tanning materials, [301], [475]
• — tool, [301]
• Santalaceæ, [267]
• Saponification, [351]
• Sappan-wood, [287]
• Saturated solutions, [77]
• Saxifragaceæ, [280]
• Schilling, [62]
• Schinia, [272]
• Schinus, [270]
• Schmeija mill, [318]
• Schulze, [178]
• Schultz, A., [203], [204]
• — Jackson S., [112], [454], [456]
• Schutzenberger, [57]
• Scilla, [248]
• Scorza rossa, [248]
• Scouring, [384]
• — machine, [384]
• Screening tanning materials, [323]
• Scudding, [180]
• Sea lavender, [268]
• Seagrave-Bevington dryer, [438]
• Seaside grape, [267]
• Seasonings, [418]
• Sebaceous glands, [48]
• Semiglutin, [60]
• Semipermeable membranes, [78]
• Senna, [288]
• Septa, [14]
• Septic tank, [472]
• Settling tanks, [468]
• Sewage, [467]
• — purification, [468]
• Shafting, [448], [450]
• Shake-method, [312], [483]
• Shaving, [384]
• — machine, [384], [386]
• — mill, [323]
• Sheep-skins, [34]
• Shellac glaze, [401]
• Silent boiling jets, [334], [343]
• Silicic acid in water, [104]
• Silver fir, [246]
• Skens, [272]
• Skin, structure, [46]
• Skivers, alumed, [197]
• Skutch, [462]
• Slaking of lime, [122]
• Slocomb staking machine, [192]
• Sludge, [470]
• Smoked leathers, [2]
• Snakeweed, [266]
• Snoubar bark, [248]
• Soaking and washing, [7]
• — of hides, [108]
• — with caustic soda, [114]
• Soaps, [351]
• — cold process, [352]
• Soap test, [94]
• Society of Arts, [234]
• Soda in water, [103]
• Sodium bisulphate, [155]
• — carbonate, [139]
• — hydrate, [136]
• — silicate, [216]
• — sulphate, [23], [41]
• — sulphide, [114], [139]
• — thiosulphate, [204], [213], [216]
• Sole-leather tanning, [220]
• Solid solution, [83], [396]
• — state of matter, [74]
• Solubility of liquids, [76]
• Solution-pressure, [76], [78]
• Soluble phenyl, [28]
• Sorbus, [285]
• Souring, [410]
• Spent tan, [329], [464]
• — tans, analysis, [480]
• Spermaceti, [371]
• Splitting, [384]
• Sprinkler, [446]
• — -leach, [336]
• Spruce fir, [246]
• Spueing, [20], [353], [355], [390]
• Squill, [248]
• Staining, [415]
• — dyes suitable for, [486], [491]
• Stains caused by hard water, [99]
• — on sole-leather, [227]
• Staking, [188]
• — machines, [192]
• Staling, [34]
• Stanhope, [98]
• Statice, [268]
• Steam-engine, [423], [433], [448]
• — - — indicator, [449]
• — -pumps, [457]
• — -traps, [442]
• Stearic acid, [351]
• Stearin, [351], [359]
• Stearine glaze, [401], [415]
• Stenhouse, [296]
• Sterilisation, [18]
• Stinco, [272]
• Stippen, [109]
• Stocking, [180]
• Stocks, [116]
• — for unhairing, [145]
• Stone-cells, [245]
• — pits, [454]
• Striking, [223]
• — machine, [223]
• Stringy bark tree, [284]
• Structure of skin, [46]
• Stuffing, [386]
• — drum, [388]
• Sturtevant dryer, [438]
• Sudoriferous glands, [49]
• Sugar-bush, [268]
• Sulphate of soda, [23]
• Sulphates in water, [104]
• Sulphide of sodium, [34], [132], [139], [165]
• Sulphides, [139]
• Sulphur dioxide, [23]
• — in chrome-leather, [216]
• Sulphonated oils, [361]
• Sulphuric acid, [114], [154], [157], [410]
• Sulphurous acid, [23], [114], [338]
• Sumach, [234]
• — Cape, [267]
• — extraction, [347]
• — French, [277]
• — Sicilian, [270]
• — Venetian, [276]
• Sumachs, American, [273]
• Sumaching, [410], [411]
• Supersaturated solutions, [77]
• Surface-tension, [76]
• Suspenders, [221], [227], [232]
• Suspension lime-pit, [128]
• Swan, [202]
• Sweat-glands, [49]
• — -pit, [119]
• Sweating, [1], [19], [34], [119]
• Swedish glove-leather, [236], [238]
• Swelling, [82], [84]
• Tallow, [356]
• — fish, [368]
• Tamarix, [272], [280]
• Tamarisciniæ, [280]
• Tamwood, [269]
• Tan as fuel, [464]
• — -burning furnaces, [464]
• — -press, [467]
• Tanekahi bark, [248]
• Tanghadi bark, [287]
• Tank-waste, [141]
• Tannery, construction, [445]
• — extension, [447]
• — fire risks, [446], [452]
• — selection of site, [444]
• Tannin colour-lakes, [397]
• — materials, extraction, [305]
• — — sampling, [302]
• “Tanning matters,” [311], [478], [483]
• Tannins, [242], [294], [397]
• — pathological, [298]
• — physiological, [298]
• Tari pods, [286]
• Tartar emetic, [411]
• Tawing, [191], [196]
• Temperature, [422]
• — in leaching, [343]
• Temporary hardness, [94], [154], [411]
• Tengah bark, [283]
• Teri pods, [286]
• Terminalia, [280]
• Terra japonica, [277]
• Thann tree, [282]
• Thermophilic bacteria, [17]
• Tinian pine, [249]
• Tintometer, [315], [479]
• Titanium, [185], [218], [411], [495]
• Tjamara laut, [249]
• Topping, [406]
• Tormentilla, [285]
• Torula, [14]
• “Total soluble” matter, [307], [477], [478]
• Treacle, [177]
• Tri-formol, [31]
• Trimble, [263]
• Trioxymethylene, [31]
• Trypsin, [171], [172]
• Tsuga, [246]
• Tub-leaches, [331]
• Tugwar, [293]
• Turkey oak, [255], [256]
• — -red oil, [217], [240]
• Turwar bark, [235], [287]
• Turret-dryer, [439]
• Two-bath chrome process, [204], [213], [216]
• Tyrosin, [66]
• Unhairing, [7], [54], [143]
• — machines, [144]
• Unorganised ferments, [15], [16]
• Used liquors, analysis, [480]
• Vacciniæ, [280]
• Vaccinium, [280]
• Vacuoles, [13]
• Vacuum-oven, [308]
• — pans, [342]
• Valdivia leather, [267]
• Valonia, [222], [231], [258]
• — extraction, [345], [346]
• Valve, [457]
• — for liquor troughs, [333]
• Van Tieghem, [243]
• Vapour-pressure, [75], [421]
• Vaseline, [375]
• Vaughn fleshing machine, [145], [148]
• Vegetable-tanned leathers, [2], [3]
• Velocity of gaseous molecules, [75]
• Ventilation and heating, [429]
• — downward, [440]
• Verbeek and Peckholdt, [310]
• Vibration, [452]
• Vitellin, [67]
• Vitis, [272]
• Von Höhnel, [242]
• — Schroeder, [56], [129], [134]
• Wagner, [298]
• Warbles, [43]
• Ward, H. Marshall, [243]
• Wash-wheel, [108], [118], [180]
• — — for unhairing, [145]
• Washing of hides, [108], [111]
• Waste liquids, [467]
• Water, condensed, [442]
• — hardness, [93]
• — impurities, [93]
• — oven, [308]
• — raisers, [459]
• — softening, [95], [101]
• Wattles, [290]
• Wax, bees-, [371]
• — Brazilian, [372]
• — carnauba, [372]
• — Japan, [372]
• — mineral, [374]
• — paraffin, [375]
• Waxes, [350], [353], [370]
• — liquid, [350], [353], [371]
• Weak grain, [108]
• Weighing for analysis, [304]
• Weimannia, [280]
• Weiske, [63]
• “Wet and dry bulb” thermometer, [426]
• “White bark,” [293]
• — leathers, [197]
• — or gelatinous fibres, [50]
• — spruce, [247]
• Wichellow and Tebbutt, [241]
• Wild almond, [268]
• Williams’ patent crusher, [320]
• Willow-bark, [238]
• Willows, [263]
• Wilson, [223], [224], [440]
• Wind, [427], [439]
• Windbores, [459]
• Wood, J. T., [166], [171]
• Woolfat, [358]
• Woolly butt tree, [284]
• “Working,” [180]
• Xanthoproteic acid, [67]
• Yaryan evaporator, [339], [424]
• Yeast, [12]
• Yeasts, [15]
• Yellow fibres, [53], [69]
• Yolk of egg, [68]
• Yorkshire grease, [359]
• Youl, [231]
• Young hair, [144]
• Zinc chloride, [26]
• — sulphate, [26], [159]
• Zollickoffer, [160]
• Zymases, [15], [16], [17], [61], [296]

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LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W., AND DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E.

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Transcriber’s Notes

Inconsistent and unusual spelling, hyphenation, etc. (including in names and non-English words) have been retained, except as mentioned below.

The original work does not have a Fig. 17.

Page 199, (It must be distinctly understood ...: the closing bracket is missing in the source document.