The passive voice of transitive verbs is formed by conjugating the past participle with the substantive verb maning, “to be.” Thus:—
- Infinitive Mood—khalk maning—to be beaten.
- Present Participle—khalk are—being beaten.
- Past Participle—khalk mas—been beaten.
| Imperative Mood. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular. | Plural. | ||
| ní khalk mares | be thou beaten. | num khalk mabo | be thou beaten. |
| o khalk mare | be he, etc. beaten. | ofk khalk marer | be they beaten. |
| Indicative Mood. | |||
| Present. | |||
| Singular. | Plural. | ||
| í khalkut | I am beaten. | nan khalkun | we are beaten. |
| ní khalkus | thou art beaten. | num khalkure | you are beaten. |
| o khalk are-e | he, etc. is beaten. | ofk khalkarer | they are beaten. |
| Imperfect. | |||
| Singular. | Plural. | ||
| í khalk asut | I was beaten. | nan khalk asun | we were beaten. |
| ní khalk asus | thou wast beaten. | num khalk asure | you were beaten. |
| o khalk asak | he, etc. was beaten. | ofk khalk asor | they were beaten. |
| Perfect. | |||
| Singular. | Plural. | ||
| í khalk masasut | I have been beaten. | nan khalk masasun | we have been beaten. |
| ní khalk masasus | thou hast been beaten. | num khalk masasure | you have been beaten. |
| o khalk masas | he, etc. has been beaten. | ofk khalk masasor | they have been beaten. |
| Past. | |||
| Singular. | Plural. | ||
| í khalk masunut | I had been beaten. | nan khalk masunun | we had been beaten. |
| ní khalk masunus | thou hadst been beaten. | num khalk masunure | you had been beaten. |
| o khalk masune | he, etc. had been beaten. | ofk khalk masunor | they had been beaten. |
| Future Present. | |||
| Singular. | Plural. | ||
| í khalk marew | I will be beaten. | nan khalk maren | we will be beaten. |
| ní khalk mares | thou wilt be beaten. | num khalk marere | you will be beaten. |
| o khalk marek | he, etc. will be beaten. | ofk khalk marer | they will be beaten. |
The other tenses can be supplied from the paradigm of the substantive verb. Negation is expressed by interposing f or af between the first two syllables of the verb, as bafarew, I will not come—kafarek, he did not do it—í khor afut, I am not blind—dá kárem o hech gáhas kafarot, he will never have done this deed—ní tifes, thou wilt not give? Prohibition is expressed by na or ma, don’t, placed before the imperative, as na kar, do not—ma khalt, do not beat. But the f is also used in an imperative sense, as nájor mafarew, may you not be ill—pa, speak; paf, don’t speak—ka, do; kafa or kapa, don’t.
With nouns negation is expressed by afak added to the word, as jor-afak, not well, sick—nyám-afak, not justice, unjust—zor afak, not strong, weak.
ADVERBS.
The adverbs are very numerous, and include interjections and prepositions. The adverbs of time are the following and others:—
- dásá, now.
- gurá, then.
- gáhas, never.
- padá, again.
- zú, quickly.
- madá, slowly.
- wakhtí, early.
- madáná, late.
- ná gumán, suddenly.
- har-vakht, always.
- hech-vakht, at no time.
- gáhas, ever.
- chi-vakhtas-ki, when.
- hamo-vakht, then.
- asi-asi-vakht, sometimes.
- harde, every day.
- asit-jár, once.
- irat-jár, twice.
- musit-jár, thrice.
- báz-jár, often.
- ewáde, formerly.
- awal, at first.
- ákhir, at last.
- begáh, this evening.
- ano, to-day.
- pagáh, to-morrow.
- palme, day after to-morrow.
- kúde, three days hence.
- daro, yesterday.
- mulkhudo, day before yesterday.
- kúmulkhudo, three days ago.
- ano-nan, to-night.
- manjan, midday.
- ním-shab, midnight.
- peshín, forenoon.
- digar, afternoon.
The adverbs of place are the following and others:—