[495] Sir James Turner’s Pallas Armata, 1670, p. 188.
[496] Robins’ “New Principles of Gunnery,” 1742, p. 120.
[497] Bishop Watson’s “Chemical Essays,” 1781, ii. 16.
[498] MS. in Bib. Nat., Paris, given in Lacabane’s Bib. de l’École des Chartes, 2 ser., i. 51. The quantity of charcoal is not given.
[499] Spak’s Öfversigt öfver Artilleriets Uppkomst, &c., Stockholm, 1878-81, p. 66.
[500] Ib., p. 62. Spak gathers from Fronsperger that the manufacture of powder in Germany was in a very backward state during the second half of the sixteenth century: “att kruttillverkning i Tyskland äfven under senare hälften af 1500-talet befann sig på en särdeles primitiv ståndpunkt, framgår af Fronspergers beskrifning öfver krutets korning.” A Brandenburg MS. of 1597 gives a powder of 73.5 : 13.7 : 10.8, but this must have been for small arms. C. von Decker’s Geschichte des Geschützwesens, &c., 1822, p. 87, powder No. 31.
[501] Blom’s Kristian d. IV.’s Artilleri, Copenhagen, 1877, p. 49.
[502] Napoleon III., iii. 329. The grains of this powder were as large as hazel nuts.
[503] Spak, p. 166.
[504] Castner’s cocoa powder, ballistically the best powder ever made. Romocki, ii. 31.