[1] Escorial MS., No. 1249, given in Casiri’s Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana Escur., ii. 7.

[2] Hist. du Roy Saint Loys, Paris, 1668, p. 39. He calls the projectile “ung tonneau,” which it probably was. See the section on “Incendiary Fireballs.”

[3] Estimated for gunpowder at 3373° C.

[4]

“... to be the mark

Of smoky muskets.”

—All’s Well that Ends Well, iii. 2.

[5] Chaucer’s “Legend of Good Women,” 637. Professor Skeat points out that the word “gonne” applies to the projectile in this line.

[6] Only the whirring of the shot.

[7] Only the faint light of the time fuze.