It is the main result of our last chapters, devoted to systematics, transformism, and human history in particular, that no conclusions really useful for further philosophical discussion can at present be gained from these topics; there either is too little actual knowledge, or there are only combinations of natural elementalities, but no elementalities of any new kind.
To sum up: we expected that a rational system might be a biological result of the future, but we could not claim at all to possess such a system. We said that transformism might be proved one day to be a true evolution, governed by one immanent principle, which then would have to be regarded as a new primary factor in nature, but we did not know the least about that principle.
Human history, on the other hand—that is, the only historical process concerned with life that is actually known to have occurred—could not teach us anything of an elemental character, since human history, at present at least, did not appear to us as a true evolution, but only as a sum of cumulations, and the singularities of this history, taken by themselves, could only be of practical or emotional interest.
Thus it is from the study of the living individual only, that we have so far gained elemental principles in biology. The analysis of individual morphogenesis and of individual inheritance has yielded us the concept of entelechy as the chief result of the first part of our lectures. We shall be able to get more proofs of the autonomy of the individual life in the beginning of the second part; indeed, the beginning of that part will bring us to a full understanding of what the living individual is, and what it is not. And then the real philosophy of life, that is, the philosophy of the individual, will occupy us for the greater half of our lectures of next summer.
INDEX
Absolute, [5]
Acclimatisation, [191]
Acquired characters, [217], [276] f.
Adaptation (definition), [166], [171], [185]
to changes from without, [172] ff.
functional, [114], [176] ff.
and Lamarckism, [272], [280]
mechanical, [177] f.
morphological, [168] ff.
physiological, [184] ff.
primary and secondary, [188] f.
Adaptedness, [186] f.
Adiantum, [279]
Adventitious, [55], [74], [111], [221]
Albumen, [200]
Allelomorphs, [231]
Amphibious plants, [172] ff.
Annelids, [65], [70], [221]
Answering reaction, [181]
Anti-bodies, [206] f.
Antitoxins, [207] f.
A priori, [6]
Aristotle, [144]
Ascaris, [93]
Aspergillus, [195]
Assimilation, [17]
Atrophy, [178]
Autonomy of life, [143], [224] f., [324]
Babák, [177]
Baer, C. E. v., [48] f. 282
Bateson, [229] ff., [238]
Bayliss, [204], [212]
Begonia, [221]
Bergson, [305]
Berkeley, [6]
Berthold, [91]
Biogenetisches Grundgesetz, [248]
Biology, [8] ff., [15] f.
Blaringhem, [238], [276]
Blastoderm, [39]
Blastomeres, [36], [59], [61] f., [79]
Blastula, [37], [61], [79]
Blumenbach, [26]
Boirivant, [174]
Bonnet, [26]
Boveri, [29], [60], [95], [235] f.
Buckle, [308], [310]
Bunge, v., [248]
Bütschli, [91]
Calcium, [97]
Calkins, [33]
Cambium, [120], [183], [220]
Catalysis, [164], [203]
Categories, [6] f.
Cause, [99] ff.
Cell, [27] f.
-division, [28] ff., [53], [94]
-lineage, [58], [70]
-theory, [27] f.
Chemical theory (of morphogenesis), [134] ff.
Chemistry, systematics of, [244].
Child, C. M., [180]
Chromatic regulations, [197]
Chromatin, [28] f.
Chromosomes, [30], [237]
Chun, [66]
Classification, [246] f.
Clavellina, [129], [154], [162] f.
Cleavage, [35] ff., [53], [58], [60], [63], [71], [92]
Colloids, [187]
Compensatory process, [112]
Complex potencies, [112], [120]
Conic sections, [243]
Conjugation, [33]
Conklin, [86]
Contingency, [218], [284] ff. 304
Continuity of germ-plasm, [215], [227]
Cope, [273]
Correlation (of masses), [93]
(of parts), [247]
Correns, [228]
Crampton, [70] f.
Crayfish, [105]
Ctenophores, [66]
Cumulation, [301] ff., [308] ff., [314], [317]
Cuvier, [247]
Darwin, Ch., [260] ff., [271], [283]
Darwinism, [260] ff., [271], [283] ff., [293] ff., [304]
Davenport, [191], [206]
Delage, [32]
Descent, theory of, [250] ff.
Description, [12], [50]
Detto, [172]
Directive stimuli, [102] ff.
Doncaster, [232]
Dreyer, [92]
Echinus, [27], [33] ff., [60] ff., [68], [81], [85], [87], [98], [104], [108], [111], [154], [232], [235]
Ectoderm, [41], [81], [122]
Egg, [31], [33] f.
Ehrlich, [207] f.
Eimer, [292]
Elementary organs, [46] ff.
processes, [46] ff.
Elements of nature, [9]
Embryo, [44]
frog’s, [59], [65], [67]
half, [59], [61], [66] ff.
whole, [61], [67] f.
Endoderm, [41], [81]
Entelechy, [143] f., [224] f., [295]
Entwickelungsmechanik, [57], [70], [78], [241]
Enumeration, [297], [300]
Enzymes, [164], [203]
Epigenesis, [26], [45], [54], [72], [144], [301]
Equifinality (of restitutions), [159] f.
Equipotential, [83]
Eschenhagen, [195]
Evolutio, [26], [45] f., [54], [59], [61], [64], [72], [144], [205], [301]
Evolution, [8], [21], [46], [250], [301], [305], [311] ff., [317]
Experience, [7] f., [12], [212]
Experiment, [51], [56] f.
“Explaining,” 51, [309]
Explicit potency, [84]
Fasting, [199] f.
Ferments, [164], [203] f.
Fertilisation, [32] ff.
Fischer, [278]
Foges, [107]
Form, closed or open, [49]
Form, organic, specific, [16] ff., [25], [92], [293] ff.
Forma accidentalis, [293]
essentialis, [294] f.
Formative stimuli, [102] ff., [113], [118], [133]
Francé, [158], [239]
Frédéricq, [196]
Frog, embryo of, [59], [65], [67]
Fromm, [205]
Function (mathematical), [80]
Fungi, metabolism of, [201]
Gaidukow, [197] f.
Galls, [101]
Galton, [228], [238]
Gamble and Keeble, [198]
Gastrula, [41], [61], [81]
Gautier, [239]
Geographical distribution, [251] f.
Geometry, solid, [243]
Germ-layers, [41], [44], [61]
-lineage, [215]
-plasm, [52], [215]
Gifford, Lord, [1] ff., [322]
Godlewski, [105], [155], [235]
Goebel, [116]
Goethe, [247]
Goette, [48], [56], [214]
Goltz, [181]
Growth, [30], [93] f.
Gruber, [236]
Haeckel, [37], [41]
Half-embryo, [59], [61], [66] ff.
Haller, A. v., [26]
Harmony, [107] ff., [117], [295]
Hausmann, [206]
Heat production, [193]
Hegel, [307], [311] ff.
Herbst, [96] ff., [102], [104] ff., [172], [177], [200], [232], [236]
Heredity, [21], [52]
Hering, [216] f.
Hertwig, O., [60], [65]
Hertwig, R., [32] f., [60], [107]
His, [56], [93]
History, [2], [14], [21], [250], [257], [297] ff.
of mankind, [306] ff.
Holmes, [180]
Hume, [6]
Hypertrophy, [112], [114]
Hypertypy, [112]
Idealism, [5], [7]
Immunity, [204] ff.
Implicit potency, [84]
Improvement (of morphogenesis), [212]
Indifferent cells, [182]
Inflammation, [206]
Inheritance, [35], [214] ff.
of acquired characters, [217], [275] ff., [290]
Irritability, [190] ff.
Jacoby, [207]
Jaeger, [214]
Jennings, [218]
Kammerer, [176], [280]
Kant, [6] f.
Kirchhoff, [50]
Klebs, [96], [170], [180], [238], [276]
Kölliker, [292]
Korshinsky, [239]
Krašan, [221], [251]
Lamarck, [271] f., [291]
Lamarckism, [271] f., [284] ff., [293] ff., [304]
Lamprecht, [308], [310]
Larva, [41] f., [44]
Law of nature, [13], [16]
Leibniz, [6]
Lens (of eye), [105], [221]
Liebmann, [256]
Life, [9] f., [16], [21]
Lillie, R. S., [236]
Limits of regulability, [212]
Lithium, [99]
“Living,” 9, [16]
Localisation, [101], [103], [118] ff.
Locke, [6]
Loeb, J., [32], [102], [164], [179], [196], [236]
Loeb, L., [208]
Lyon, [87]
MacDougal, [238] f., [276]
Machine (definition), [139]
Machine-theory of life, [138] ff., [187], [210]
Maillard, [196]
Manifoldness, [25] f., [30], [45]
intensive, [144]
Materialism, [283]
Materials, transport of, [194]
Matter, theory of, [8]
Maturation, [31], [87]
Mayenburg, v., [195]
Means, of morphogenesis, [89] ff., [101], [113], [118], [228], [234]
Memory, [216] f.
Mendel, [229] f.
Merrifield, [198]
Mesenchyme, [39], [41], [104], [111], [151] f.
Metabolic regulations, [198] f.
Metabolism, [16], [184]
of fungi, [201]
Metschnikoff, [206]
Micromeres, [36], [60]
Miehe, [116]
Mill, J. S., [57]
Mimosa, [191]
Minkiewicz, [198]
Modification, [277]
Molluscs, [70] f., [86]
Morgan, T. H., [32], [66] f., [95], [107], [114] f., [162], [230]
Morphaesthesia, [157]
Morphogenesis, [20], [52], [76], [112], [118] f.
Morphology, [12]
Movements, organic, [17]
Mutations, [237] f., [276], [291]
Nägeli, [266], [292]
Nathansohn, [196]
Natural selection, [261] f., [290]
Nature, [5] ff.
Němec, [116]
Newport, [57]
Newt (regeneration of), [155], [221] f.
Noll, [146], [157] f.
Nomothetic, [14] f.
Normal, [78]
Nuclear division, [28] f., [62], [64] f., [72], [235]
Nucleus, [28], [35]
rôle of nucleus in inheritance, [233] f.
Organ-forming substances, [117]
Oscillariae, [197]
Osmotic pressure, [93], [187], [194] f.
Overton, [196] f.
Oxidation, rôle of, [198] f.
Palaeontology, [252]
Parallelism (psycho-physical), [146]
Parthenogenesis, [32]
Pauly, [146], [217], [273] f.
Pawlow, [204], [210], [212]
Pearl, R., [212]
Pfeffer, [195], [201]
Phagocytosis, [206]
Phenomenon, [5] f.
Philosophy, natural, [4]
of nature, [4], [7], [9]
of the organism, [9], [15]
Phylogeny, [255], [291], [297], [304] ff.
Physiology, [12]
of development (morphogenesis), [20]
Planaria, [130], [155], [162] f., [200]
Plants, [48] f.
Plato, [2]
Pluteus, [42]
Poisons, [205] ff.
Pole, [36]
Polarity, [106]
Potencies, complex, [112], [120]
explicit, [84]
implicit, [84]
primary, [84], [111]
prospective, [77] ff., [83], [89], [118], [125], [241]
secondary, [84], [110]
Poulton, [198]
Precipitin, [207] f.
Pressure experiments, [63], [141]
Primary potency, [84], [111]
purposefulness, [146], [287]
regulation, [85], [174], [188]
Progress, [305]
Pronuclei, [55]
Prospective potency, [77] ff., [83], [89], [118], [125], [241]
value, [77] f., [80], [122]
Protista (Protozoa), [27], [130], [236]
Protoplasm, [28], [30]
morphogenetic rôle of, [67]
Przibram, [112], [248]
Rádl, [247]
Rauber, [235]
Reaction, answering, [181]
Reciprocity of harmony, [156] f.
Re-differentiation, [75], [111], [163]
Regeneration, [55], [74], [105], [111], [221]
super-, [115] f.
Regulation, [68], [73], [85], [111], [165]
defined, [166]
metabolic, [198] f.
secondary, [85], [165], [188]
Reinke, [146]
Restitution, [21], [74], [110], [112] ff.
defined, [166]
and Darwinism, [267]
and Lamarckism, [286]
of second order, [158]
Retina, [191]
Retro-differentiation, [163] f.
Rhumbler, [93]
Ribbert, [114]
Rickert, [315] ff.
Roux, [26], [48], [55] ff., [66] f., [76], [89], [92] f., [108], [161], [176] f., [241]
Rubner, [193]
Sachs, [117]
Sadebeck, [279]
Salamandra, [175], [281]
Schneider, [146]
Schultz, E., [200]
Schultze, O., [67]
Schwendener, [177]
Science, [14], [297]
natural, [1] ff.
rational, [12]
Sea-urchin, see [Echinus]
Secondary potency, [84], [110]
regulation, [85], [165], [188]
Secretion, internal, [116], [200]
Segmentation, [35]
Selective qualities (of tissues), [186]
Self-differentiation, [108]
Semon, [216] f.
Sex, [107]
Single, the, [315] ff.
Skeleton, [40] ff., [44], [47], [92]
Spemann, [105]
Spermatozoon (spermia), [32] ff.
Splitting (of hybrids), [229] f.
Stahl, [197]
Standfuss, [278]
Starfish, [44], [81], [122]
Starling, E., [116], [204], [212]
Stentor, [131]
Stimuli, directive, [102] ff.
formative, [102] ff., [113], [118], [133]
of restitutions, [113] f.
Structure of protoplasm, [66], [69], [72] f. 85, [88]
Substance, living, [17]
Sumner, [196]
Super-regeneration, [115] f.
Surface-tension, [91]
Sutton, [230]
Symmetry, [39], [68], [70], [72], [89], [98]
System, combined types of, [153] ff.
complex, [219] f.
complex-harmonious, [155]
equipotential, [120]
harmonious-equipotential, [121] ff., [151] f.
mixed-equipotential, [154]
morphogenetic, [119] f., [163], [241]
Systematics, [14] ff., [21], [243] f., [253], [264], [293], [296]
Taine, [308], [310]
Theology, natural, [1] ff.
Thomson, J. A., [16]
Thymus, [204]
Thyroid, [204]
Tissue, [38]
Toxins, [207] f.
Transformism, [251]
Truth, [7]
Tschermak, [228]
Tubularia, [126] ff., [133], [158] ff.
Type, [48], [247] f., [282], [291]
“Understanding” (historically), [302]
Universality, postulate of, [148] f.
Universe, [5]
Univocality, principle of, [161]
“Values,” 317 ff.
prospective, [77] f., [80], [122]
Variation, [218], [237] f., [276]
Variation, fluctuating, contingent, [264] f., [273] f., [282], [290]
Vernon, [232], [238]
Vitalism, [143], [145] f., [210] f., [224] f., [234], [240] f., [272], [277]
Vöchting, [174], [179] f., [182], [221]
Volition, acts of, [274]
Vries, de, [228], [238] f.
Wallace, [292]
Ward, J., [8], [143]
Weber, law of, [191]
Weinland, [202]
Weismann, [33], [52] ff., [58] f., [72], [74] f., [103], [111], [138], [214] f., [237], [277] f.
Weldon, [238]
Whole, the, [28], [80], [117]
-embryo, [61], [67] f.
Wigand, [255], [266], [292]
Wilson, E. B., [27], [65], [70] f., [86] f., [107]
Windelband, [13] f.
Winkler, [116], [221]
Winterstein, [199]
Wolff, C. F., [26]
Wolff, G., [105], [146], [255], [266], [287] f.
Wolff, J., [177]
Yung, [177]
Zeleny, [112], [115], [212]
Zur Strassen, [93]
THE END
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