1. Raniformia.
2. Firmisternia. [Dendrobatinae and Engystomatidae.]
3. Gastrechmia: Hemisus.
4. Bufoniformia. [Bufonidae.]
5. Aglossa. Pipa.
6. Odontaglossa. Xenopus.
7. Arcifera. [Cystignathidae, Hylidae, Pelobatidae and Discoglossidae.]
Cope consequently considered the characters of the pectoral arch as equivalent to those of the dentition.
Boulenger, 1882, "Catalogue of the Batrachia Gradientia s. Ecaudata," recognises that the pectoral arch is of greater systematic value than the dentition. The latter is used, together with the shape of the sacral diapophyses, for the separation into families.
| I. Phaneroglossa. | A. Firmisternia. |  | 1. Ranidae. |
| 2. Dendrobatidae. | |||
| 3. Engystomatidae. | |||
| 4. Dyscophidae. | |||
| B. Arcifera. |  | 5. Cystignathidae. | |
| 6. Dendrophryniscidae. | |||
| 7. Bufonidae. | |||
| 8. Hylidae. | |||
| 9. Pelobatidae. | |||
| 10. Discoglossidae. | |||
| 11. Hemiphractidae. | |||
| 12. Amphignathodontidae. | |||
| II. Aglossa. |  | 13. Dactylethridae. | |
| 14. Pipidae. | |||