Life Histories of Manufactured Objects.
The story of the manufacture of the objects found from the securing of the raw material to their finished and to their worn out and broken condition is not shown completely in the case of more than one class of objects, viz., chipped implements, but in a number of cases the signs of manufacture have not been entirely obliterated and some specimens are figured and described which are undoubtedly in process of manufacture. [Plate III, Fig. 1] shows a quarry from which material for the manufacture of chipped implements was obtained. A description of this has been given on [p. 16]. Here could be seen the hammers, one of which is illustrated in [Fig. 40], that were used in breaking up the raw material, and the material in various stages of chipping and flaking together with the waste products. In [Plates I] and [II] may be seen the more or less completed chipped implements. If points of antler were used as flakers, they were either not found or recognized by us. According to Mr. Cotton, there are numerous chips within the "fort" mentioned on [p. 82]. One other example of a series illustrating the life history of an object may be mentioned, namely, that of the pestles. Many oblong pebbles suitable for pestles without being changed from their natural form were seen in both the Yakima and the Columbia Valleys. Other pebbles required but slight shaping to bring them to the required form. [Fig. 22] illustrates such a pebble which is in process of shaping by pecking or bruising and [Fig. 43] shows a suitable tool for executing the work. After being fully shaped by this process such pestles were polished but the materials used for this purpose, whether sandstones and similar abrasives, the horse tail rush or the bare hand, are not known.
War.
Implements used in Warfare. The objects considered under hunting on [p. 23] et seq., such as chipped points for spears, arrows and knives may have served in warfare; so also may bows, mentioned on [p. 29]. Others that were considered as tools, on [p. 57] et seq., such as the celt and hand-adze, may have been used as weapons in war times; but there are some objects that were probably useful only in warfare. Prominent among these are the club-heads and clubs, made of stone, shown in Figs. [60]-[68]. No clubs made of copper, antler or whale's bone have been seen by us that are certainly from this region although it will be remembered[214] that such were found in the Thompson River region, lying to the north, that the latter are common on the coast of British Columbia and Washington[215] to the west of this area and that one of whale's bone labeled from the upper Columbia River has been figured in my report on the archaeology of Puget Sound.[216]
Fig. 60. Grooved Pebble. From the Yakima Reservation near the Gap. ½ nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44455, 2-4. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)
Fig. 61. Club-head or Sinker made of Lava. From the Yakima Reservation near the Gap. ½ nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44503, 6-4. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)
Grooved Pebbles, Club-heads, or Sinkers. The grooved spheroid pebble, shown in [Fig. 60], was found on the Yakima Reservation near Union Gap and is in the collection of Mr. Janeck. There are two encircling grooves which cross each other at nearly right angles. These have been made by pecking. At one intersection of the grooves, the object shows signs of battering such as may have resulted from pounding with it, or such as may have been made to form a pit for the reception of a handle end. It is probably a club-head, net sinker or gaming stone[217] similar to those used in the Thompson River region.[218] In the Nez Perce region[219] to the east unworked river boulders sewed in skin, were used for the heads of war clubs which were sometimes also used in killing game. This kind of club is the same used by the eastern Indians, according to Lewis[220] and was probably introduced. The spheroid specimen made of hard lava, possibly trap, shown in [Fig. 61], was found on the Yakima Reservation near Union Gap, and is also in the collection of Mr. Janeck. There are three grooves, marking great circles at right angles to each other. These have been made by pecking. At each pole or the intersection of two of these grooves, at the top and bottom in the illustration, and in each area marked out by the grooves is a pit making a total of ten. In the equatorial grooves are the remains of two parallel strings, each twisted to the right or contra-screw-wise, made up of two strings twisted to the left and remains of a fabric of loose mesh overlying the strings. It measures 70 mm. by 63 mm. by 57 mm.[221] A club-head made of stone with a handle covered with rawhide and horsehair, was seen by us in the collection of Mr. Janeck. The head is grooved, circular in cross section, and has conoid ends. It consequently resembles the stone clubs of the eastern Plains. The objects shown in Figs. [14]-[16] and considered as sinkers, may have been fastened to handles and used as heads for war clubs or as 'canoe smashers' in warfare.
Stone Clubs. The club[222] shown in [Fig. 62], is made of serpentine. The handle is oval but approaches a lenticular form in cross section. There are eighteen notches across one edge of the knob and eight on the other. The blade is of the characteristic form with lenticular cross section but thicker than the thin type of stone clubs of this form such as are found near the coast.[223] The tip is rather blunt. The reverse is the same as the obverse. It is from Methow River, Okanogan County and here illustrated from a sketch by Mr. Charles C. Willoughby of the original in the Peabody Museum, Harvard University.