Bed No. 4 is now standing full and No. 1 is filling. When compression dome chamber No. 4 was filled, water started flowing through timing siphon valve No. 4 into timing chamber No. 4 at a rate determined by the amount of the opening of the timing valve. As this chamber fills compression is transmitted to blow-off trap 4b and when sufficiently great this trap is blown and timed siphon No. 4 is put into operation. Bed No. 4 is emptied by it, and compression dome chamber No. 4 is emptied through the withdraw siphon at the same time. This completes a cycle for the filling and emptying of one bed and the method of passing the dose on to another bed has been explained. The principle can be extended to the operation of any number of beds.
Fig. 186.—Plural Timed and Alternating Siphons for Contact Bed Control.
Courtesy, Pacific Flush Tank Co.
INDEX
- A. B. C. process of sewage treatment, [4]
- Abandonment of contract, [225]
- Access to work, [228], [229]
- Accident, contractor’s responsibility, [221], [224]
- Acetylene, explosive, [347]
- Acid precipitation. See Miles Acid Process.
- of sludge, [503]
- Acids as disinfectants, [489], [490]
- Activated sludge. Chapter XVIII, [465]–479
- advantages and disadvantages, [469], [470]
- aëration tank, [471], [472]
- air diffusion, [475], [477]
- air distribution, [473]–478
- air quantity, [475], [476]
- area of filtros plates, [478]
- colloid removal, [358]
- composition, [465]–469
- cost, [478], [479]
- definition, [466]
- dewatering, [468], [469], [497]–505
- fertilizing value, [469], [470]
- historical, [470], [471]
- how obtained, [478]
- nitrogen content, [468]
- patent, [471]
- process, [465]
- quantity, [469]
- reaëration tank, [473]
- results, [467], [468], [476]
- sedimentation tank, [472]
- Advertisement, [214]
- Aëration, effect on oxygen dissolved, [373]–375
- Aërobes, [363]
- Aërobic decomposition, [366], [367]
- Aftergrowths, [492]
- Aggregates, specifications, [172]–174
- Air, see also ventilation, activated sludge, compressed air, etc.
- Algæ, [363]
- Alkalinity, [358]
- Alleys, sewers in, [80]
- Alum, [407], [408]
- Alvord tank, [427], [429]
- Ammonia, [366], [367], [374], [375], [410]
- explosives, [297]
- Analyses, bacteriological, [364]
- Anaërobes, [363], [365]–367
- Anaërobic, action, [410]
- Ann Arbor, Michigan, Population, [14]
- Annual expense, method of financing, [157], [158]
- Ansonia air ejector, [150], [151]
- Antibiosis, definition, [363]
- Appurtenances to sewers. Chap. VI, [99]–115
- Arch, analyses, [204]–208
- Ardern and Lockett, development of activated sludge, [467], [468], [471]
- Area of cities, [31]
- Asphyxiation in sewer gas, [336]
- Assessments, special, [15], [16]
- Augers, earth, [21]
- Automatic, regulators, [117]–121
- Bacillus, definition and morphology, [362], [363]
- Backfilling, [328]–331
- Backfill, puddling, [330]
- Backwater curve, [73]
- Bacteria, definition and morphology, [362], [363]
- Bacterial analyses, results in sewage, [364]
- Baffles, scum, [404], [413], [414], [421]
- Balls, for cleaning sewers, [338]
- Band screen, [384]
- Barring, definition, [263]
- Bars for screens, [390]
- Basins, sedimentation, baffling, [404]
- Basket handle sewer section, [67], [69]
- Bathing beaches, pollution, [381]
- Bazin’s formula, [54]
- Bearings, for centrifugal pumps, [131], [137], [138]
- thrust, [138]
- Bellmouth, [121], [122]
- Bends in pipe, loss of head in, [116]
- Berlin, sewage farm, [460], [461]
- sewers, date of, [3]
- Bids, proposal, [217]–219
- Bidder’s duties, [215]–217
- Bio-chemical oxygen demand, [359]–361
- Biolysis of sewage, [366], [367]
- Black and Phelps dilution formulas, [377]–379
- Blasting and explosives, [294]–304
- caps, [297], [299], [300]
- detonators, [294], [297]–300
- firing, [302]–304
- fuses and detonators, [297]–300
- fuses, delayed action, [291], [300]
- fuses, electric, [299], [300]
- splicing, [303]
- gelatine, [296]
- loading holes, [303]
- powder, [295]
- precautions, [300]–302
- priming and loading, [303]
- rock, [269]
- size of charge, [304], [305]
- tunneling, [290], [291]
- Bleach, characteristics of for disinfection, [491]
- Block sewer, construction, [311]–314
- hollow tile as underdrains, [126]
- Blocks, vitrified clay, [189], [190]
- Boilers, steam, [147]–150
- Boilers, efficiencies, [149]
- horse-power, [149]
- Bond, contractor’s, [213], [214], [232]
- issues, [14]
- Bonds, definition and types, [14]–16
- Boring underground, [20]
- Bottom, activated sludge aëration tank, [472]
- Box sheeting, [272]
- Branch sewer, defined, [7]
- Breast boards, [288]
- Brick, arch construction, [312], [313]
- Bricks for sewers, [316]
- British Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal, [4]
- Broad irrigation. See under Irrigation.
- Bucket excavators, [246], [255], [256]
- Building material, weight of, [201]
- Burkli-Ziegler formula, [47], [425]
- Butyrine, [366]
- Cableway excavators, [246], [250]–252
- Cage screen, [384], [385]
- Caisson excavation, [285], [286]
- Calcium carbide, explosive, [347]
- Calumet pumping station, [128], [142]
- Cameron septic patent, [411]
- Capacity of sewers, diagrams, [57]–60
- Capital, private invested in sewers, [17]
- Capitalization, method of financing, [157]–160
- Caps, blasting. See blasting.
- Carbohydrate, [366], [367]
- Carbon, analysis for, [356]
- Carson Trench machine, [250], [251]
- Cast-iron pipe, [122], [164], [190], [191]
- Castings, iron, [101], [102]
- Catch-basins, [99], [107]–108, [217]
- Catenary sewer section, [69]
- Cellars, depth of, [88]
- Cellulose, [367]
- Cement. See also Concrete,
- Centrifugal pumps. See pumps, centrifugal.
- Centrifuge for sludge drying, [501], [502]
- Cesspool, [411], [416], [417]
- Champaign, Illinois, septic tank, [415], [416]
- Changes in plan, [222], [223]
- Channeling, definition, [263]
- Character of surface, [44]
- Chemical analyses, [354]–362
- Chemical precipitation, [371], [405]–409
- Chezy formula, [52], [53]
- Chicago. See also Sanitary District of Chicago.
- Chlorine. See also Disinfection.
- Chlorine liquid, application, [491], [492]
- Cholera, transmittable disease, [364]
- Chromatin, [365]
- Chutes for concrete, [187]
- Circular sewer section, hydraulic elements, [65], [66], [69]
- City, growth of area, [31]
- Clay, life of pipe, [349]–351
- Cleaning, grit chambers, [398], [400]
- Coccus, [362]
- Coefficient of uniformity of sand, [456]
- Coffin sewer regulator, [117], [118]
- Colloid, nature of, [358]
- treatment for, [358]
- Color of sewage, [352], [353]
- Combined sewer system, [78], [79]
- Commercial districts, characteristics of and sewage from, [32], [34], [35]
- Compensators for pumps, [142]
- Compressed air. See also ventilation, tunneling, drilling, etc.
- Concentration, time of flood flow, [41]–43, [96], [97]
- Concrete, aggregates, [172]–174
- Concrete, proportioning, [179]–183
- Conduits, special sections, [67], [70], [71]
- Connections to sewers, ordinances, [344], [345]
- record of 92, [238]
- Construction of sewers, Chap. XI, [233]–331
- Construction, elements of, [233]
- Contact bed, [432]–437, [506]
- advantages and disadvantages, [432]–434
- automatic control, [437], [506]
- cleaning, [435]
- clogging, [435]
- construction, [434]–436
- control, [437], [506]
- cycle, [436], [437]
- depth, [434]
- description, [432], [433]
- design, [434]–436
- dimensions, [434], [435]
- loss of capacity, [435]
- material, [435], [436]
- multiple, [433], [435]
- operating conditions, [432]–437
- rate, [435]
- results, [433], [434]
- ripening, [432]
- Continuous bucket excavators, [246]–250
- Contour interval on maps, [79], [80]
- Contracts, Chap. X, [211]–232
- abandonment of, [225]
- assignment, [228]
- completion of, [222], [228]
- bond, [213], [222]
- content, [213], [230], [231]
- cost-plus, [212], [213]
- disputes, [220]
- divisions of, [213]
- drawings, [213]
- engineer as an arbitrator, [220]
- the instrument, [230], [231]
- interpretation of, [220], [234], [235]
- lump sum, [212]
- nature of, [211], [212]
- sample, [230], [231]
- time allowed, [222]
- types, [212], [213]
- unit-price, [213]
- Contractor, absence of, [222]
- Contractor’s powder, [294]
- Control devices, automatic, for sewers, [117]–121
- Copper sulphate, disinfectant, [490]
- Copperas, precipitant, [406]–408
- Cordeau Bickford, [298], [303]
- Corrugated iron pipe, [165]
- Cost. See under item wanted.
- Cost, annual. Method of financing, [157]–160
- Couplings, flexible for shafts, [138]
- Covers, Imhoff tanks, [424]
- Crops on sewage farms, [463], [464]
- Cunette, [67], [70]
- Cut, depth of excavation, [88], [92]
- Cycle, contact bed, [436]
- Cylinders, stresses in, [194], [202]–204
- Cytoplasm, [365]
- Damages, liquidated, [222]
- Darcy’s formula, [52]
- Day labor, [211]
- Decomposition of sewage, [365]–367
- Definitions. See word defined.
- Deflagration, definition, [294]
- Delays in contract work, [228]
- Delayed action fuses, [291], [300]
- Densities. See population.
- Depreciation, of sewers, [348]–351
- rate of, financial, [158]
- Depth of sewers, [88]
- Design conditions, [88]–92
- Detention period, grit chamber, [397]
- Detonation, definition, [294]
- Detonator. See blasting cap.
- Diameter of sewers, [57]–60, [72], [88]–92
- Diaphragm pump, [257], [258]
- Diesel engine, [152], [154]
- Digestion chamber, Imhoff tank, [422], [423]
- Digestion of sludge in separate tank, [427]–430, [497]
- Dilution, amount needed, [377]–380
- Dilution, definition, [372]
- Diseases, water-borne, [364]
- Disinfection, [489]–493
- Disk screen, [384]
- Disposal of sewage, See sewage treatment.
- Disputes, engineer to settle, [220]
- Dissolved oxygen. See Oxygen dissolved.
- Distribution of sewage,
- Districts, character of, [29], [30], [32]–37
- Domestic sewage, defined, [6], [7], [352]
- Dorr Thickeners, [472], [504]
- Dortmund tank, [404]
- Dosing devices, [506]–512
- Dosing tank design, for trickling
- filter, [446]–450
- Doten tank, [429], [430]
- Drag line excavators, [255], [256]
- Drainage areas, [81], [84], [94]
- Drills, electric, [267]
- Drilling, methods, [20]–23, [264]–270
- Drop manhole, [100], [101]
- Drop-down curve, [73], [77]
- Drum screen, [384]
- Dry weather flow, [24], [38]
- Drying sludge. See sludge drying.
- Dualin, [296]
- Duty of contractor. See Contractor, duties
- Duty of engineer. See Engineer, duties.
- Duty of inspector. See Inspector, duties.
- Duty of a pump, defined, [135]
- Dynamite, [296]–298, [300]–302, [304], [305]
- Dysentery, [365]
- Earth pressures, theories, [274], [275]
- Economical dimensions, mathematics of, [401]–403
- Effective size of sand, defined, [456]
- Efficiency of a pump, defined, [135]
- Effluents, character of
- Effluents, sedimentation tank, [401]
- septic tank, [412]–414
- Egg-shaped section, [67], [68], [70]
- Ejectors, air, [150], [151]
- Elastic arch analysis, [206]–208
- Electric motors, [150]–152
- Electrolytic treatment, [487]–489
- Elevations, method of recording, [92]
- Emergencies, duties of engineer, [235]
- Emerson pump, [261]
- Engines, internal combustion, [152]–154
- steam, types, [142]–144.
- Engineer, absence of, [221]
- Engineering News pile formula, [125], [126]
- Entering sewers, precautions, [335], [336]
- Enzymes, [365]
- Equipment for construction, [237]
- Equivalent sections, defined, [72]
- solution of problems in, [67]–72
- Estimates, cost and work done, [10]–14
- Excavation, depth of open cut, [284]
- Excavation, hand, opening trench, [243]
- Excavating machines, bucket, [246], [255]
- Excavation, machine, organization, [249]
- Explosions in sewers, [108], [336], [346]–348
- Explosives. See also Blasting.
- Explosives, and blasting, [294]–304
- ammonia compounds, [297]
- blasting gelatine, [296]
- contractor’s powder, [294]
- deflagrating, [294]
- detonating, [294]
- detonators, [294], [297]–300
- “Don’ts,” [300], [301]
- dynamite, [296]–298, [300]–302, [304], [305]
- fuses and detonators, [297]–300
- gelatine dynamite, [296]
- gunpowder, [295]
- handling, [300]–302
- nitro-glycerine, [295]
- nitro-substitution compounds, [295]
- permissible, [297]
- quantity, [304], [305]
- requirements, [294]
- strength of, [297], [298]
- T.N.T., [295]
- types, [294]–297
- Exponential formulas for flow of water, [54], [55]
- Extra work, compensation, [227]
- Facultative bacteria, [363]
- Fanning’s run-off formula, [49]
- Farms, septic tanks for, [416], [417]
- Farming with sewage. See irrigation.
- Fats in sewage, [357]–359, [366], [367]
- from Miles acid process, [485]–487
- Feathers, for splitting rock, [264]
- Ferrous sulphate, precipitant, [406]–408
- Fertilizer from sludge, [470], [495], [497]
- Fertilizing value of, activated sludge, [470]
- Filter press for sludge, [500], [501]
- Filters. See under name of filter.
- Filtration, of sewage, [370], [371], [431]–459
- Filtros plates, [477], [478]
- Finances, mathematics of, [157]–160
- Financing, methods of, [14]–17
- Flamant’s formula, [54], [56]
- Flies on trickling filters, [438]
- Flight sewer, [101], [102]
- Flood, crest velocities, [42], [43]
- Flow, laws of, [52]
- Fluctuations, in rate of sewage flow, [33]–38
- in quality of sewage, [368]–370
- Flush-tanks, automatic, [109]–113
- Flushing, [109]–113, [341]–343
- Foaming of Imhoff tanks, [425], [426]
- Foot valves, [141]
- Force main, defined, [8]
- Forms, design of, [322], [323]
- Formulas, hydraulic, methods for solution, [55]–61
- for flow of water, [52]–55
- for rainfall. See Rainfall,
- for run-off. See Run-off.
- Foundations, [99], [124]–126
- Franchises for sewers, [17]
- Free ammonia, [366], [367], [374], [375], [410]
- Freezing, catch-basins, [108]
- Fresh sewage, characteristics, [352]–354
- Friction losses. See Head losses.
- Fuel, consumption by prime movers, [153]
- Fungus growth in sewers, [333]
- Fuses. See blasting fuses.
- Ganguillet and Kutter’s formula, [52]–65
- Gas, chamber in Imhoff tank. See Scum chamber.
- Gasoline, explosive, [108], [109], [335], [346], [347]
- Gearing, reduction for turbines, [140], [146]
- Gelatine dynamite, [296]
- Glycerol, [366]
- Gothic section, [67]
- Governmental control, stream pollution, [380], [381]
- Grade, of sewers. See also Slope.
- Gravel, specifications, [172]
- Grease, in sewers, [99], [108], [333], [345]
- Gregory’s imperviousness formulas, [44], [46]
- Grit, clogs sewers, [333]
- Grooves in concrete, working joints, [319]
- Ground water in sewers, [38], [39], [85], [87], [256], [352]
- Gun cotton, [296]
- Gunpowder, [295]
- Hazen, theory of sedimentation, [392]–395
- dilution formula, [380]
- Hazen and William’s formula, [55], [57]
- Head loss, in bends, [116]
- Hercules powder, [296]
- Hering, Rudolph, dilution recommendations, [380]
- Hering, Rudolph, introduction of Imhoff tank and hydraulic formulas, [425]
- Historical résumé of sewerage and sewage treatment, [2]–5
- Hitch, tunnel frame, [286], [287]
- Holes, drill. See Drill holes.
- Holidays, work on, [221]
- Hook for lifting pipe, [304], [306]
- Horse-power, boiler, [149], [150]
- of pumps, [144]–146
- Horseshoe sewer section, [71]
- House, connections, record of, [92], [234]
- Hydraulic, elements, [65], [69]
- Hydraulics of, sewers, Chap. IV, [51]–77
- Hydrocarbon, [367]
- Hydrogen sulphide, [353], [366], [410]
- Hydrolytic tank, [427], [428]
- “Hypo” as a disinfectant, [491]
- Hytor Turbo blower, [473], [474]
- Illinois River, self-purification, [374]–376
- Imhoff tank, and chlorination, costs, [487]
- cover, [424]
- description, [417]–419
- design, [419]–424
- digestion chamber, [422]
- inlet and outlet, [421]
- operation, [426]–427
- patent, [418]
- results, [414], [424], [425], [439], [467]
- sedimentation chamber, [419]–422
- scum chamber, [424]
- slot, [422]
- sludge, [414], [467]
- sludge pipe, [423], [424]
- status, [425], [426]
- and trickling filter, cost, [479]
- Impeller, for centrifugal pump, [131], [136]
- Imperviousness, relative, [40], [42], [44]–46, [95]–97
- Industrial, districts, [32]–37
- Information and instructions for bidders, [213], [215]–217
- Inlets, street, [93], [94], [99], [104]–107
- Inspection, contract stipulations, [221]–224
- Inspector, absence of, [221], [222]
- Institutional sewage treatment plants, [416], [417]
- Intercepting sewer, defined, [7]
- Intermittentsand filter. See Sand filter.
- Internal combustion engines, [152]–154
- Inverted siphon, [113]–116
- Iron, ferrous sulphate, precipitant, [406]–408
- cast. See cast iron.
- Irrigation. See also Farming and Sewage farming.
- area required, [463]
- Berlin sewage farm, [460], [461]
- crops, [463], [464]
- description, [459]
- fertilizing value of sewage, [460], [470], [495], [498]
- vs. farming, [459]
- operation, [461]–463
- preliminary treatment, [462], [463]
- preparation for, [461]–463
- process, [459], [460]
- sanitary aspects 463
- status, [460], [461]
- theory, [432]
- in the United States, [461]
- Jack hammer drill, [264], [265]
- Jetting method, [21]–23
- Jet pump, [259], [341], [343]
- Joints, bituminous, [309]–311
- Junctions, [99]
- Kuichling, run-off rules, [46], [47], [49]
- storm intensity formulas, [50]
- Kutter’s formula, [52]–65
- Labor, day vs. contract, [211]
- Labyrinth packing rings, [136], [137]
- Lagging, tunnel frames, [287]
- for forms, [322]
- Lagooning sludge, [495]–497
- Laitance, [186], [188]
- Lakes, self-purification of, [376]
- Lampé’s formula, [54]
- Lampholes, [99], [104]
- Lateral sewer, defined, [7]
- Lawrence Experiment Station, [4]
- Leaping weir, [118]–121, [337]
- Legal requirements, construction, [224]
- Liernur system, [5]
- Life, organic in sewage, [363], [364]
- of sewers, [348]–351
- Lime as a precipitant, [405]–408
- Line and grade, [281]–284
- how given, [281]–283
- Liquefaction of sludge, [411]–413, [496], [497]
- Liquid chlorine. See also Chlorine, [491]
- Liquidated damages, [222]
- Loads on, pipe, [198]–202
- Lock bar pipe, [197]
- Lock-joint pipe, [177]
- Long loads, [201]
- Machine excavation. See Excavation.
- Macroscopic organisms, [363], [368]
- Main sewer, defined, [7]
- Maintenance of sewers, Chap. XII, [332]–351
- catch-basin cleaning, [343], [344]
- cleaning sewers, [337]–343
- complaints, [333]
- cost, [341]
- entering sewers, [335], [336]
- flushing, [109]–113, [341]–343
- hand cleaning, [341]
- inspection, [333]–337
- organization, [332]
- protection of sewers, [344], [345]
- repairs, [337]
- tools, [338]–341
- troubles, [333]
- work involved, [332]
- Man, shoveling ability, [243]
- Manholes, [81], [99]–104
- Manning’s formula, [55]
- Map, preliminary, [17], [79], [80], [82], [83]
- Marsh gas, [347], [366], [367], [410], [415]
- Marston’s methods for external loads on buried pipe, [198]–202
- Materials, for sewers, Chap. VIII, [164]–193
- McMath’s formula, [47], [48], [94], [95]
- Meem’s theory of earth pressure, [274], [275]
- Mercaptan, [367]
- Metabolism, [365]
- Methane, [347], [366], [367], [410], [415]
- Methylene blue, [360]
- Microscopic organisms, [363], [364], [368]
- Miles acid process, costs, [487]
- Mineral matter in sewage, [357]
- Mirror, inspecting device, [334]
- Money retained by city, [227]
- Mosquitoes in catch-basins, [108]
- Motors, electric, [150]–152
- Municipal, bond, [14], [15]
- corporations, [15]
- n, value of in Kutter’s formula, [53]
- New York City, density of population, [29], [31]
- Needle beam, [286], [287]
- Night, soil, [5]
- work, [221]
- Nitrates, [355], [356]
- Nitrites, [355], [356]
- Nitrifying organisms, [431], [432]
- Nitrobacter, [431], [432]
- Nitro explosives, [295], [296]
- Nitrogen, cycle, [367], [368]
- organic, [355], [356]
- Nitro-glycerine, [295]
- Nitrosomonas, [431], [432]
- Nomograph, [55], [56]
- Non-uniform flow, [72]–77
- Nozzles. See also Trickling filters.
- Numbering, drainage areas, [81], [94]
- manholes, [81]
- Nye steam pump, [260], [263]
- Obstructions to construction, [235]
- Odor of sewage, [353]
- Oil in sewage, [108], [344]–348
- Oiling forms, [174], [186], [322]
- Olein, [366]
- Ordinances, for protection of sewers, [344], [345]
- Organisms in sewage, [363], [364], [368]
- Organic matter, composition, [366]
- Organizations for construction, [315], [317], [328]
- Orders, to whom given, [222]
- Outfall sewer, defined, [8]
- Outlets, [99], [122]–124, [373]
- Overflow weir, [118]–121
- inspection of, [337]
- Overhead, costs, division of, [10], [237], [238]
- Oxidation in streams, [373]–376
- Oxygen, absorption of, [374]–377
- Oxygen dissolved
- Oysters, contamination of, [372], [489]
- Packing rings, labyrinth type, [136], [137]
- Palmatin, [366]
- Parasites, [365]
- Paris sewage farm, [460]
- Patents. Protection of City by contractor, [224], [225]
- Pathogenic bacteria, [364]
- Pavement, replacing, [329]
- Payment, final on contract, [228]
- Payments, methods of making, [217], [218]
- Periscope inspecting device, [334], [335]
- Permissible explosives, [297]
- Phenolphthalein indicator, [408]
- Photographic records, [238]
- Piles for foundations, [123]–126
- Pills for cleaning sewers, [338]
- Pipe, bedding, [230], [304], [328]
- cast-iron. See under cast-iron pipe.
- design of ring, Chap. IX, [194]–210
- external loads on, [198]–202
- joints. See Joints.
- sewer construction, [304]–311
- laying, line and grade, [282]–284
- organization, [311]
- method of laying, [304], [306], [307]
- steel, design, [195]–197
- stresses in, external forces, [194], [202]–204
- stresses due to internal pressure, [194]
- stresses in buried pipe, [198]–204
- stresses in circular ring, [202]–204
- wood design, [197], [198]
- Plankton, defined, [363]
- in sewage, [368]
- Plans, changes in contract, [222], [223]
- Plug and feathers for splitting rock, [264]
- Pneumatic, collection system, [5]
- Poling boards, in open cut, [271], [272]
- in tunnel, [287]
- Pollution, legal features, [380], [381]
- Population, density, [28]–31
- Potter trench machine, [251]
- Powder. See Blasting.
- Power pump, [132], [133]
- Precautions in entering sewers, [335], [336]
- Precipitants, chemical, [405]–407
- Preliminary, map, [17], [79], [80], [82], [83]
- Present worth, [158], [160]
- Pressing sludge, [500], [501]
- Priming explosives, [302]–304
- Private, capital, [17]
- sewers, [17]
- Privy, [5]
- Profile, for brick sewers, [312]
- Progress, rate of, [222]
- reports, [238]
- Promotion (inception of sewers), [9]
- Proportioning concrete. See Concrete proportioning.
- Proposal (contract), [213], [217]–219
- Protection of sewers (ordinances), [344], [345]
- Protein, [366]
- Puddling, backfill, [330]
- Pulsometer pump, [260], [261]
- Pumping, in excavations, [256]–263
- Pumps, air ejector, [150], [151]
- Pumps, centrifugal, volute, [130]–132, [154]
- character of load, [129]
- costs, [156], [157]
- description of types, [130]–134
- for construction work, [256]–263
- diaphragm, [257], [258]
- direct-acting, [133]
- duty of, [135], [136]
- efficiencies, [135], [136]
- ejector, [134], [150], [151], [259], [341], [343]
- jet, [259]
- need for, [127]
- number of units, [160]–163
- packing of, [133], [134]
- piston, [133]
- plunger, [133]
- power, [132], [133]
- reciprocating, [130], [132]–135, [154]–156
- for excavation, [262]
- reliability, [127]
- sizes, [135]
- steam, [134], [135], [142]–146
- improvised for trench work, [257]
- turbine, [130]–132, [154]
- volute, [130]–132, [154]
- Putrescibility, [359], [360]
- Quantity, of sewage, [24]–50, [84]–87
- Quicksand, definition, [256]
- Quiescent water, self-purification, [374]
- Racks. See Screens.
- Rainfall, [17], [40], [41], [50], [96], [97]
- Rangers, [270]–274, [276]–279
- Rankine’s theory of earth pressure, [275]
- Rapid sand filtration of sewage, [458]
- Rational method of run-off determination, [40], [95]–98
- Reaëration tank in activated sludge, [473]
- Receiving well, capacity, [129], [130]
- Reciprocating pumps. See Pumps, reciprocating.
- Records, character of, on construction, [238]–240
- Rectangular sewer section, [67]–69
- Regulators, [99], [117]–121, [337]
- inspection of, [337]
- Reinforced concrete sewer design, [209], [210]
- Reinforcing steel, specifications, [191]
- Reinsch Wurl screen, [384]
- Relative stability numbers, [359]
- Relief sewer, defined, [7]
- Repairs to sewers, [337]
- Report, engineer’s preliminary, [10]
- Reservoir, collecting capacity, [129], [130]
- Residences, septic tanks for, [416], [417]
- Residential districts, characteristics, [32]–37
- Residue on evaporation, [356], [357]
- Rideal’s dilution formula, [379]
- Ring, design. Chap. IX, [194]–210
- stresses in circular, [202]–204
- River pollution, legal features, [380], [381]
- Rivers, self-purification of, [373]–376
- Riveted joints, properties, [196]
- Rock, blasting, [268], [290], [291]
- Rods, sewer, [338]
- Roman ordinance relative to sewers, [2]
- Roofs. See Covers.
- Root cutters, [340]
- Roots, [333], [340]
- Row lock bond for bricks, [312]
- Running water, self-purification, [373]–376
- Run-off, computations, [17], [40], [46]–50, [94]–98
- Safeguards during construction, [221], [241]
- Salt water, dilution in, [376], [377]
- Sand, effective size, [456]
- uniformity coefficient, [456]
- filters, [452]–459
- action in, [431], [432], [452]–454
- control, [458], [506]–510
- description, [452]
- dimensions, [456]
- distribution systems, [433], [456]–458
- dosing, [454]–456
- dosing devices, [506]–510
- materials, [456]
- operation, [454], [455]
- preliminary treatment, [455]
- rate, [455]
- results, [452], [453]
- size of sand for, [456]
- thickness, [456]
- in winter, [455]
- Sanitary District of Chicago,
- Sanitary engineering, [1], [2]
- Sanitary sewage, defined, [7], [352]
- Saph and Schoder’s formula, [54]
- Saprophytes, [365]
- Screed, [316]
- Screens, [383]–391
- chlorination and fine screens, costs, [487]
- coarse, [386], [391]
- data on fine, [388], [389]
- design of, [389]–391
- fine, [381], [382], [387]–389
- fixed, [385], [390]
- medium, [386]
- movable, [385], [386], [389]–391
- moving, [384]–386
- openings, [386]–389
- protection to pumps, [127], [141]
- purpose, [383]
- results, [386]–389
- sewage treatment by, [371], [381]
- size and performance, [386]–389
- sizes, [386]–391
- types, [384]–386
- Screening, vs. sedimentation, [383]
- purpose, object, [383]
- Screenings, character of, [386]–389
- Scum, boards for, septic tanks, [413], [414]
- Sediment, velocity of transportation, [396], [397]
- Sedimentation, [383]–405
- definition, [383]
- Hazen’s analysis, [392]–395
- hydraulic values, [393]
- a method of treatment, [370]
- object, [383]
- Peoria Lakes, [376]
- protection of siphons, [113], [114]
- results from plain sedimentation, 401
- theory of, [391]–395
- transportation of debris, [396]
- velocity of, [392], [393]
- vs. screening, [383]
- velocities, limiting, [396], [397]
- Sedimentation, basins, arrangement, [394]
- Self-purification of lakes, [376]
- Self-purification of streams, [373]–376
- Separate sewer systems, [78]–80
- Septic action, [353], [365]–368, [371], [410], [411], [496], [497]
- Septic tank, [411]
- Septic sludge analysis, [414]
- Septicization. Chap. XVI, [410]–430
- Settling solids, [357]
- Sewage and water supply, [32]
- aëration, [371], [376], [465]–479
- alkalinity of, [358]
- analyses, chemical, [355], [369], [467]
- average, [352]–355
- bacteria, [362]–365
- biolysis of, [366], [367]
- changes in, rate of discharge of, [33]–38
- characteristics, [368]–370
- characteristics of, [352]–354
- chemical constituents, [354]–356
- classification of, [6], [7], [352]
- collection, [5]
- color, [352], [353]
- components and properties, [352]–356
- decomposition of, [365]–367
- definition, [6], [7], [352]
- disposal. See also Sewage treatment.
- methods, [6], [370], [371]
- domestic, [7], [352]
- farming. See Irrigation.
- fertilizing value, [459], [460]
- flow fluctuations, [33]–38
- fresh, [352]–354
- gas, [335], [336], [353]
- industrial, defined, [7], [352]
- life in, [363]–365, [368]
- odor, [353]
- physical, analyses, [352]–354
- characteristics, [352]–354
- quality variations, [368]–370
- quantity. Chap. III, [24]–50, and [84], [87]
- sanitary, defined, [7], [352]
- septic, [353], [365]–368, [371], [410], [411], [496], [497]
- stability, [359], [360]
- stale, [353]
- storm, defined, [7], [352]
- strong, [355]
- temperature, [353]
- turbidity, [353]
- treatment processes, [370], [371]
- A. B. C., [4]
- activated sludge, Chap. XVIII, [465]–479
- biological, [371]
- chemical, [371]
- contact bed, [432]–437, [506]
- costs, [459]
- dilution. Chap. XIV, [372]–382
- disinfection, [489]–493
- electrolytic, [487]–489
- filtration, [431]–459
- increase of, [3]
- irrigation, [431], [459]–464
- mechanical, [471]
- Miles acid process, [482]–487
- purpose of, [6], [370]
- résumé, [6], [370], [371]
- sand filter, [452]–458
- screening, [383]–391
- sedimentation, [391]–409, [411]
- septicization. Chap. XVI, [410]–430
- trickling filters, [437]–452
- weak, [355]
- and water supplies, [31], [32]
- Sewerage, definition, [7]
- Sewers, ancient, [2], [3]
- capacity, diagrams, [56]–60
- cost, [10]–14
- definitions of various types, [7], [8]
- depth of, [88]
- diameter, [58]–60, [88]–92
- flat grades, [73], [109]
- flight, [101], [102]
- inspection of, [333]–337
- life of, [348]–351
- location of, [80], [81], [94]
- materials. Chap. VIII, [164]–193
- medieval, [3]
- pipe, properties of concrete, [175]
- profile, [89], [92]
- section of different types, [67]–72
- separate system, [78], [79], [82], [86], [87]
- slope, [88]–92
- storm-water system, [78], [79], [83], [93], [94]
- stresses in, [194], [198]–204
- Shafts, for tunnels, [284]–287
- Sheeting, [270]–280
- alignment, [240], [241]
- backfilling, [330]
- box, [272]
- design, [275]–280
- driving, [273]
- length, [273]
- lumber, [277]
- moving, [248]
- poling boards, [271], [272], [287]
- pulling, [274]
- skeleton, [270], [271]
- stay bracing, [270]
- steel, [252], [280], [281]
- thickness, [276]–278
- types, [270]
- vertical, [270], [272]–274
- Wakefield piling, [273]
- Shellfish contamination, [372], [489]
- Shields, tunnel, [288]–290
- Short loads on trenches, [202]
- Shovels, for hand excavation, [242]
- steam. See Steam shovels.
- Shovel vane screen, [384]
- Shoveling by hand, height raised, [244]
- performance by one man, [243]
- Symbiosis, definition, [363]
- example, [432]
- Sinking fund, [158]
- Siphons, automatic. Chap. XXI, [506]–512. See also under Dosing devices.
- Skeleton sheeting, [270], [271]
- Slope, of sewers, [88]–92
- Skewback, [204]
- Sludge. Chap. XX, [495]–505
- Sludge, filters, [498]–500
- Soaps, [357]
- Soil, bearing value, [125]
- stack, definition, [7]
- Solids in sewage, [356]–368
- Special assessment, [15], [16]
- Specifications. Chap. X, [211]–232
- Spiling. See Piles.
- Spirillum, [362]
- Spores, [363]
- Springing line, [204]
- Sprinkling filter. See Trickling filter
- Square sewer section, [68], [69]
- Stability, relative, [359]–361
- Stagnant water, [374]
- Stakes, contractor to provide, [221]
- Stationing, [92]
- Stay bracing, [270]
- Steam boilers, [147]–150
- Steam, consumption by, pumps, [144], [145]
- Stearin, [366]
- Steel, forms. See Forms, steel.
- Stench, historic in London, [4]
- Sterilization. See Disinfection.
- Storm, sewage, definition, [7], [352]
- Storm, sewer system design, [93]–98
- water, quantity, [40]–50
- Storms, extent and intensity, [50]
- Stream pollution, regulation, [380], [381]
- Streams, self-purification, [373]–376
- Street, inlet. See Inlets.
- wash, definition, [352]
- Stresses, in buried pipe, [198]–204
- Sub-main, defined, [7]
- Subsurface surveys, [18]–20
- Suction for centrifugal pump, [141]
- Sulphur and sand joint compound, [309]
- Sunday work, [221]
- Surface, elevation, [92]
- Surveys, underground, [18]–20
- Suspended matter, [357]
- Talbot’s run-off formula, [49]
- Tamping, backfilling, [328]–331
- Tannery wastes, disinfection, [491]
- Taxation, general, [16], [17]
- Taylor nozzles, [444], [445]
- Temperature of sewage, [353]
- Templates, brick sewers, [312]
- Thawing dynamite, [301], [302]
- Tide gate, [122]
- Timbering tunnels, [286]–288
- Timber, strength of, [277]
- Time of concentration, [41]–43, [95]–97
- Tools, for cleaning sewers, [337]–341
- Tower cableways, [252]
- Trade wastes. See Industrial wastes.
- Traps, in catch-basins, [107]
- Travis tank, [427], [428]
- Tree roots, [333], [340]
- Tremie, [187], [188]
- Trench, backfilling, [328]–331
- blasting in, [244], [269]
- bottom, shape of, [241], [304], [311]
- breaking surface, [243], [244]
- drainage, [256]–263
- excavating, by hand, [242]–245
- machine, [244]–256
- guarding and lighting, [221]
- layout of tasks, [243]
- length of open, [241], [248]
- line and grade, [281]–284
- location, [243], [281]
- opening, [243], [244]
- pumps, [256]–263
- sheeting, [270]–280
- width, [240], [241], [246]
- Trestle excavators, [250], [251]
- Trickling filter, [437]–452
- advantages, [438], [439]
- covers for, [451]
- depth, [441], [442]
- description, [437], [438]
- dimensions, [442]
- distribution of sewage, [442]–451
- dosing siphon, [446]–451
- dosing tank, [446]–451
- head lost, [438]
- insects, [438]
- material, [441]
- nozzles, [442]–451
- layout, [447]–451
- odors, [438], [439]
- operation, [441]
- rate, [441]
- results, [439], [440]
- siphon size, [449]–451
- underdrainage, [451], [452]
- unloading, [431], [437]
- Tripod drill, [265]
- Triton, [295]
- Troubles with sewers, causes, [333]
- Trumpet arch, [121]
- Trunk sewer, defined, [7]
- Tunnels, [283]–294
- Turbidity of sewage, [353]
- Turbine, for cleaning sewers, [340]
- Typhoid fever, [364]
- U-shaped sewer section, [67], [69], [71]
- Underdrains for, sewers, [126]
- Underground surveys, [18]–20
- Unexpected situations, [235]
- Uniformity coefficient of sand, [456]
- Unloading of filters, [431], [437]
- Urea, [367]
- Valuation of sewers, [332], [348]–351
- Velocities, depositing, [395]–397
- Ventilation, air pressures, [291]
- Ventilation, of sewers, [102], [103], [335]
- tunnel, [291]
- Vertical sheeting, [270]–274
- Vitrified clay. See Clay vitrified.
- Volatile matter in sewage, [357]
- Volute pumps, [130], [132], [154]
- Vouissoir arch analysis, [204]
- Wakefield piling, [273]
- Wales, [288]
- Waste pipe, defined, [7]
- Wastes. See Industrial wastes.
- Water consumption, [31]–33
- Watershed. See Drainage area.
- Weight, of backfill, [199]
- Well, hole, [101]
- Wheel excavator, [246]–250
- Wing screen, [384]
- Wood, forms. See Forms.
- Work, extra, [227]
- Workmen, competent, [227]
[1]. Frontinus and the Water Supply of Rome, p. 81, by Clemens Herschel.
[2]. Estimated by G. W. Fuller, Trans. Am. Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 44, 1905, p. 148. The total population connected with sewerage systems was assumed to be the total population in the United States in cities over 4000 in population.
[3]. Estimated by Metcalf and Eddy, American Sewerage Practice, Vol. III, p. 240.
[4]. Computed from report of the United States Census, 1920, on the same basis as Fuller’s estimate for 1905.