Better Than 225 Jobs
Labor Classification—Lumber Industry
Physical and Technical Qualifications
| Physical requirements. | Training and experience. | Remarks. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physique. | Arms. | Legs. | Eye- sight. | Hear- ing. | Technical knowledge. | Mechanical skill. | ||||||
| Low. | Average. | High. | Low. | Aver- age. | High. | |||||||
| A. Logging engineering: | ||||||||||||
| (1) Land surveys— | ||||||||||||
| a. Instrument man. | Robust. | 2 | [13]2 | Good. | Fair. | Yes; mathematical. | Must be able to travel on foot for long distances. | |||||
| b. Rodman. | do. | 2 | [13]2 | Fair. | do. | Yes; general knowledge of surveying. | Do. | |||||
| c. Chainman. | do. | 2 | [13]2 | do. | do. | do. | Do. | |||||
| d. Axeman. | do. | 2 | [13]2 | do. | do. | Yes. | Do. | |||||
| (2) Timber cruising— | ||||||||||||
| a. Cruiser. | do. | 1 | [13]2 | Good. | do. | Yes; timber estimating. | Do. | |||||
| b. Compassman. | do. | 2 | [13]2 | Fair. | do. | Compass work. | Do. | |||||
| c. Cook. | do. | 2 | [13]2 | 1 eye, fair. | do. | General qualification for cook. | ||||||
| (3) Topographic mapping and map making. | do. | 2 | [13]2 | Good. | do. | Compass work. | Must be able to travel on foot for long distances. | |||||
| (4) Railroad location— | ||||||||||||
| a. Instrument man. | do. | 2 | [13]2 | do. | do. | Yes; Mathematical. | Do. | |||||
| b. Rodman. | do. | 2 | [13]2 | Fair | do. | Yes; general knowledge of surveying. | Do. | |||||
| c. Chainman. | do. | 2 | [13]2 | do. | do. | do. | Do. | |||||
| d. Axeman. | do. | 2 | [13]2 | do. | do. | Yes. | Do. | |||||
| (5) Planning logging operations— | ||||||||||||
| a. Forester or logging engineer. | do. | 2 | [13]2 | do. | do. | Knowledge of logging methods. | Do. | |||||
| B. Logging: | ||||||||||||
| (1) Felling and bucking (including saw fitting)— | ||||||||||||
| a. Head faller. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | Fair. | Fair. | Yes. | ||||||
| b. Second faller. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| c. Saw filer. | Fairly robust. | 2 | 1 | Good. | Fair to poor. | Knowledge of saw fitting. | ||||||
| d. Saw boss. | do. | 1 | 2 | 1 eye, fair. | Fair. | do. | ||||||
| (2) Skidding and yarding (animal)— | ||||||||||||
| a. Teamster. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | Fair. | do. | Yes. | Must be a skilled teamster. | |||||
| b. Swamper. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | Yes. | Must be able to handle an ax. | ||||||
| c. Grab setter. | do. | 2 | 2 | 1 eye. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| d. Tong hooker. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| e. Tong unhooker. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| f. Cant hookman. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| g. Skidway man. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| (Power—Pacific coast): | ||||||||||||
| a. Hook tender. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | Yes. | |||||
| b. Rigging shingle. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| c. Choker man. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | Good. | Yes. | ||||||
| d. Sniper. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | Fair to poor. | Yes. | ||||||
| e. Signalman. | Average. | 1 | 2 | 1 eye, fair. | Good. | Yes. | ||||||
| f. Yarding and road engineer. | do. | 2 | 2 | Good. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| g. Yarding and road-engine fireman. | do. | 2 | 2 | Fair. | Fair. | Yes. | ||||||
| h. Wood buck. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | Fair to poor. | Yes. | ||||||
| i. Head loader. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | Fair. | Yes. | ||||||
| j. Second loader. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| k. Loading engine engineer. | Average. | 2 | 2 | do. | Good. | Yes. | ||||||
| l. Loading engine fireman. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| m. Pump man. | do. | 2 | 1 | do. | Fair. | Yes. | ||||||
| o. Master mechanic. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| n. Blacksmith. | Robust. | 2 | 1 | Good. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| p. Carpenter. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| q. Car repairer. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| r. Pole road construction (foreman). | do. | 2 | 2 | Fair. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| s. Pole road construction (laborers). | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| t. Landing construction (foreman). | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| u. Landing construction (men). | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| (3) Transportation— | ||||||||||||
| a. Locomotive engineer. | do. | 2 | 2 | Good. | Good. | Yes. | ||||||
| b. Locomotive fireman. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| c. Conductor, log train. | Average. | 1 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| d. Brakeman, log train. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| e. Section foreman. | Average. | 1 | 2 | do. | Fair. | Yes. | ||||||
| f. Section man. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | Fair. | Fair to poor. | Yes. | ||||||
| g. Railroad construction (foreman). | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | Fair. | Yes. | ||||||
| h. Railroad construction (men). | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | Fair to poor. | Yes. | ||||||
| i. Rafting or boom foreman. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | Fair. | Yes. | ||||||
| j. Rafting or boom men. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| k. Driver foreman. | do. | 2 | 2 | Good. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| l. River driver. | do. | 2 | 2 | Fair. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| (4) Timber measurement— | ||||||||||||
| a. Scaler. | Average. | 1 or 2 | 2 | Good. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| b. Scaler’s helper. | do. | 2 | 2 | Fair. | Fair to poor. | Yes. | ||||||
| (5) General camp crew— | ||||||||||||
| a. Foreman. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | Wide experience. | |||||
| b. Barn man. | Average. | 2 | 1 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| c. Cook. | Robust. | 2 | 1 | 1 | do. | General qualifications for industrial camp cook. | ||||||
| d. Flunkey. | Average. | 2 | 1 | 1 eye, fair. | do. | |||||||
| e. Chore boy. | do. | 2 | 1 | Fair. | do. | |||||||
| f. Camp clerk. | do. | 1 | 1 | do. | do. | Ordinary clerical ability. | ||||||
| Lumber manufacture: | ||||||||||||
| C. (1) Log storage— | ||||||||||||
| a. Log car unloaders. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | Fair. | Yes. | Loss of 1 or 2 fingers no detriment. | |||||
| b. Pond foreman. | Average. | 2 | 2 | 1 eye, fair. | do. | Yes. | Do. | |||||
| c. Sinker raiser. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | Do. | |||||
| d. Boom men and jacker feeder. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| (2) Sawmill proper— | ||||||||||||
| a. Dock man and scaler. | Average. | 2 | 2 | Good. | Fair. | Yes. | Yes. | Loss of 1 or 2 fingers no detriment. | ||||
| b. Sawyer. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | Yes. | |||||
| c. Setter. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | Yes. | Loss of 1 finger no detriment. | ||||
| d. Carriage rider. | do. | 2 | 2 | Fair. | do. | Yes. | Loss of 1 or 2 fingers no detriment. | |||||
| e. Swamper or off-bearer. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | Do. | |||||
| f. Tripper. | Average. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | Do. | |||||
| g. Edgerman. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | Good. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| h. Tail edger. | do. | 2 | 2 | Fair. | do. | Loss of 1 finger no detriment. | ||||||
| i. Slasherman. | Average. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Loss of 1 or 2 fingers no detriment. | ||||||
| j. Gang sawyer. | do. | 2 | 2 | Good. | do. | Yes. | Loss of 1 finger no detriment. | |||||
| k. Gang feeder. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | Fair. | do. | Do. | ||||||
| l. Gang tailer. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Do. | ||||||
| m. Trimmer loader. | do. | 2 | 1 | do. | do. | |||||||
| n. Trimmer leverman. | Average. | 2 | 1 | Good. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| o. Clean-up man. | do. | 2 | 1 | Fair. | do. | Loss of 1 finger no detriment. | ||||||
| p. Oiler. | do. | 2 | 2 | Good. | do. | Yes. | Do. | |||||
| q. Foreman. | do. | 1 | 1 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| r. Saw filer. | do. | 2 | 1 | do. | do. | Yes. | Yes. | |||||
| s. Saw filer helper. | do. | 2 | 1 | do. | do. | Yes. | Yes. | |||||
| t. Jump saw operator. | do. | 2 | 1 | Fair. | do. | Yes. | Loss of 1 or 2 fingers no detriment. | |||||
| u. Millwright. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | Good. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| v. Watchman. | Average. | 1 | 2 | do. | do. | Loss of 1 finger no detriment. | ||||||
| (3) Sorting and grading— | ||||||||||||
| a. Inspector, lumber. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | Do. | |||||
| b. Graders. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| c. Sorting table man. | do. | 2 | [14]1 | Fair. | do. | |||||||
| (4) Yard and kiln work— | ||||||||||||
| a. Foreman. | Average. | 1 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | Yes. | |||||
| b. Teamsters. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| c. Stackers. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| d. Send-in men. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| (5) Planing mill— | ||||||||||||
| a. Foreman. | Average. | 1 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| b. Machinist. | do. | 2 | 2 | Good. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| c. Shipping clerk. | do. | 1 | 1 | Fair. | do. | Ability to handle men and handle office work. | ||||||
| d. Machine feeders. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| e. Grades behind Machines. | Average. | 2 | 2 | Good. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| f. Machine tailers. | do. | 2 | 2 | Fair. | do. | |||||||
| g. Tyers. | do. | 2 | 1 | do. | do. | |||||||
| (6) Loading and shipping— | ||||||||||||
| a. Truckers. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Loss of 1 or 2 fingers no detriment. | ||||||
| b. Car loaders. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| c. Checkers. | Average. | 2 | 2 | Good. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| (7) Office and Sales— | ||||||||||||
| a. Clerk. | do. | 2 | 1 | Fair. | do. | General clerical ability. | ||||||
| b. Salesman. | do. | 1 | 2 | do. | do. | Sales ability. | ||||||
| (8) Commissary employees. | do. | 2 | 1 | 1 eye, fair. | do. | General store clerk ability. | ||||||
| (9) Power house— | ||||||||||||
| a. Engineer. | do. | 2 | 2 | Fair. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| b. Fireman. | do. | 2 | 1 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| c. Common labor. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| (10) Machine shop— | ||||||||||||
| a. Foreman. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| b. Blacksmith. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | Good. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| c. Machinist. | do. | 2 | 1 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| d. Boiler maker. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| e. Pattern maker. | do. | 2 | 1 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| f. Welders. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| g. Electrician. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| h. Helpers. | do. | 2 | 2 | Fair. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| i. Common labor. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| (11) Miscellaneous— | ||||||||||||
| a. Timekeeper. | Average. | 2 | 1 | do. | do. | Average clerical ability. | ||||||
| b. Common labor. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| D. Lath Manufacture: | ||||||||||||
| a. Foreman. | Average. | 2 | 1 | Fair. | Fair. | Yes. | ||||||
| b. Slab picker. | Robust. | 2 | 1 | do. | do. | |||||||
| c. Machine feeders. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| d. Machine tailers. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| e. Lath bundlers and Graders. | Average. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| E. Shingle manufacture: | ||||||||||||
| a. Foreman. | do. | 2 | 1 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| b. Bolter. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| c. Shingle sawyer. | do. | 2 | 1 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| d. Knob sawyer. | do. | 2 | 1 | do. | do. | |||||||
| e. Grader and bundler. | Average. | 2 | 1 | do. | do. | |||||||
| F. Paper industry: | ||||||||||||
| (1) Millwork— | ||||||||||||
| a. Head piler (wood). | do. | 1 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| b. Wood handlers. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| c. Conveyor man. | do. | 2 | 1 | do. | do. | |||||||
| d. River man. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| e. Head wood handler. | Average. | 1 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| f. Slip man. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| g. Head preparer. | Average. | 1 | 1 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| h. Swing sawyer. | Robust. | 2 | 1 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| i. Barker. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| j. Splitter. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| k. Waste handler. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| l. Chipper. | Average. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| m. Head grinder man. | do. | 1 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| n. Stone sharpener. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| o. Grinder man. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| p. Block handler. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| q. Screenman. | Average. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| r. Sliver man. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| s. Head pressman. | do. | 1 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | Yes. | |||||
| t. Pressman. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | Yes. | |||||
| u. Decker man. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| v. Sulphur burner. | Average. | 1 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| w. Acid maker. | do. | 1 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| x. Lime slacker. | do. | 1 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| y. Lime handler. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| z. Towerman. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| aa. Cook (digesters). | do. | 1 | 1 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| bb. Cook, first helper. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| cc. Cook, second helper. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| dd. Blow pitman. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| ee. Screenman. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| ff. Waste handler. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| gg. Head pressman. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | Yes. | |||||
| hh. Pressman. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | Yes. | |||||
| ii. Head beater man. | Average. | 1 | 1 | do. | do. | Yes. | Yes. | |||||
| jj. Beater man. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| kk. Clay and size man. | Average . | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| ll. Machine tender. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | Yes. | |||||
| mm. Machine man (others). | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| nn. Head finisher. | Average. | 1 | 1 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| oo. Cutter man. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| pp. Rewinder. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| qq. Weigher. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| rr. Marker. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| ss. Balers. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| tt. Oilers. | Average. | 2 | 2 | Good. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| uu. Cleaner. | do. | 2 | 2 | Fair. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| vv. Filter man. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| ww. First core cleaner. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| xx. Core cleaner. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| yy. Stock saver. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| zz. Engineer. | do. | 2 | 1 or 2 | do. | Good. | Yes. | ||||||
| aaa. Fireman. | do. | 2 | 1 | do. | Fair. | Yes. | ||||||
| bbb. Dynamo man. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| ccc. Coal and wood handlers. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| ddd. Boiler cleaner. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| eee. Head repair man. | Average. | 1 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| fff. Repair man. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | Fair. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| ggg. Repair man helpers. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| hhh. Core maker. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| G. Cooperage industry: | ||||||||||||
| (1) Woods work (same qualifications as for regular logging). | ||||||||||||
| Average. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | |||||||
| Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | |||||||
| (2) Manufacture— | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| a. Drag saw operator. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| b. Bolter. | ||||||||||||
| c. Peeler. | ||||||||||||
| d. Sawyer. | ||||||||||||
| e. Knife grinder and filer. | Average. | 2 | 1 | Good. | Fair. | Yes. | ||||||
| f. Jointers. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | Fair. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| g. Matchers. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| h. Turners. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| i. Packers. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| j. Truckers. | Average. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| k. Clean-up men. | do. | |||||||||||
| H. Veneer mill: | ||||||||||||
| a. Foreman. | do. | 1 | 1 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| b. Drag saw man. | Robust. | 2 | 1 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| c. Hot box man. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| d. Deck labor. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| e. Machine operator. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| f. Sawyer. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | Yes. | |||||
| g. Grader. | Average. | 2 | 1 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| h. Stock handler. | Robust. | 2 | 1 | do. | do. | |||||||
| i. Trucker. | do. | 2 | 1 | do. | do. | |||||||
| j. Kiln operator. | Average. | 2 | 1 | do. | do. | Yes. | Yes. | |||||
| k. Packer and loader. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| l. Engineer. | Average. | 2 | 1 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| m. Fireman. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| n. Common labor. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| I. Wood preservation: | ||||||||||||
| a. Superintendent. | Average. | 1 | 1 | do. | do. | Yes. | Yes. | |||||
| b. Foreman. | do. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| c. Common labor. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | |||||||
| d. Engineer. | Average. | 2 | 1 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
| e. Fireman. | Robust. | 2 | 2 | do. | do. | Yes. | ||||||
[13] Ability to travel on foot.
[14] Preferably 2.
PLAN No. 914. EMPLOYMENT MANAGEMENT
Acknowledgment
This article was prepared by Edward D. Jones, Director of Course Materials, Employment Management Section of the War Industries Board, under direction of Charles H. Winslow, Chief of the Research Division of the Federal Board for Vocational Education. Acknowledgment is due to Dr. John Cummings of the Research Division for editorial assistance.
The New Labor Problem
A great deal of thought is now being given, by American business men, to the subject of employment management. At one time the labor problem seemed to be solely a matter of the policies of organized labor and the methods of industrial warfare. It now shows itself to be chiefly a question of the intelligent handling of the human relations which result from the normal course of business, day by day. It has to do with a study of the requirements of each occupation, the careful selection of men for their work, their adequate training, the fixing of just wages, the maintenance of proper working conditions, and the protection of man against undue fatigue, accidents, disease, and the demoralizing influences of a narrow and inadequate life, and the opening of a channel through which employees may reach the ear of the management for the expression of any dissatisfaction with its labor policies.