WELDING INFORMATION

The following tables include much of the information that the operator must use continually to handle the various metals successfully. The temperature scales are given for convenience only. The composition of various alloys will give an idea of the difficulties to be contended with by consulting the information on welding various metals. The remaining tables are of self-evident value in this work.

TEMPERATURE SCALES
Centigrade Fahrenheit Centigrade Fahrenheit
200° 392° 1000° 1832°
225° 437° 1050° 1922°
250° 482° 1100° 2012°
275° 527° 1150° 2102°
300° 572° 1200° 2192°
325° 617° 1250° 2282°
350° 662° 1300° 2372°
375° 707° 1350° 2462°
400° 752° 1400° 2552°
425° 797° 1450° 2642°
450° 842° 1500° 2732°
475° 887° 1550° 2822°
500° 932° 1600° 2912°
525° 977° 1650° 3002°
550° 1022° 1700° 3092°
575° 1067° 1750° 3182°
600° 1112° 1800° 3272°
625° 1157° 1850° 3362°
650° 1202° 1900° 3452°
675° 1247° 2000° 3632°
700° 1292° 2050° 3722°
725° 1337° 2100° 3812°
750° 1382° 2150° 3902°
775° 1427° 2200° 3992°
800° 1472° 2250° 4082°
825° 1517° 2300° 4172°
850° 1562° 2350° 4262°
875° 1607° 2400° 4352°
900° 1652° 2450° 4442°
925° 1697° 2500° 4532°
950° 1742° 2550° 4622°
975° 1787° 2600° 4712°
METAL ALLOYS
(Society of Automobile Engineers)
Babbitt--
Tin........................... 84.00%
Antimony...................... 9.00%
Copper........................ 7.00%
Brass, White--
Copper........................ 3.00% to 6.00%
Tin (minimum) ................ 65.00%
Zinc.......................... 28.00% to 30.00%
Brass, Red Cast--
Copper........................ 85.00%
Tin........................... 5.00%
Lead.......................... 5.00%
Zinc.......................... 5.00%
Brass, Yellow--
Copper........................ 62.00% to 65.00%
Lead.......................... 2.00% to 4.00%
Zinc.......................... 36.00% to 31.00%
Bronze, Hard--
Copper........................ 87.00% to 88.00%
Tin........................... 9.50% to 10.50%
Zinc.......................... 1.50% to 2.50%
Bronze, Phosphor--
Copper........................ 80.00%
Tin........................... 10.00%
Lead.......................... 10.00%
Phosphorus.................... .50% to .25%
Bronze, Manganese--
Copper (approximate) ......... 60.00%
Zinc (approximate) ........... 40.00%
Manganese (variable) ......... small
Bronze, Gear--
Copper........................ 88.00% to 89.00%
Tin........................... 11.00% to 12.00%
Aluminum Alloys--
Aluminum Copper Zinc Manganese
No. 1.. 90.00% 8.5-7.0%
No. 2.. 80.00% 2.0-3.0% 15% Not over 0.40%
No. 3.. 65.00% 35.0%
Cast Iron--
Gray Iron Malleable
Total carbon........3.0 to 3.5%
Combined carbon.....0.4 to 0.7%
Manganese...........0.4 to 0.7% 0.3 to 0.7%
Phosphorus..........0.6 to 1.0% Not over 0.2%
Sulphur...........Not over 0.1% Not over 0.6%
Silicon............1.75 to 2.25% Not over 1.0%
Carbon Steel (10 Point)--
Carbon........................ .05% to .15%
Manganese..................... .30% to .60%
Phosphorus (maximum).......... .045%
Sulphur (maximum)............. .05%
(20 Point)--
Carbon........................ .15% to .25%
Manganese..................... .30% to .60%
Phosphorus (maximum).......... .045%
Sulphur (maximum)............. .05%
(35 Point)--
Manganese..................... .50% to .80%
Carbon........................ .30% to .40%
Phosphorus (maximum).......... .05%
Sulphur (maximum)............. .05%
(95 Point)--
Carbon........................ .90% to 1.05%
Manganese..................... .25% to .50%
Phosphorus (maximum).......... .04%
Sulphur (maximum)............. .05%
HEATING POWER OF FUEL GASES
(In B.T.U. per Cubic Foot.)
Acetylene....... 1498.99 Ethylene....... 1562.9
Hydrogen........ 291.96 Methane........ 953.6
Alcohol......... 1501.76
MELTING POINTS OF METALS
Platinum....................3200°
Iron, wrought...............2900°
malleable.................2500°
cast......................2400°
pure......................2760°
Steel, mild.................2700°
Medium....................2600°
Hard......................2500°
Copper......................1950°
Brass.......................1800°
Silver......................1750°
Bronze......................1700°
Aluminum....................1175°
Antimony....................1150°
Zinc........................ 800°
Lead........................ 620°
Babbitt..................500-700°
Solder...................500-575°
Tin......................... 450°

NOTE.--These melting points are for average compositions and conditions. The exact proportion of elements entering into the metals affects their melting points one way or the other in practice.

TENSILE STRENGTH OF METALS

Alloy steels can be made with tensile strengths as high as 300,000 pounds per square inch. Some carbon steels are given below according to "points":

Pounds per Square Inch
Steel, 10 point................ 50,000 to 65,000
20 point..................... 60,000 to 80,000
40 point..................... 70,000 to 100,000
60 point..................... 90,000 to 120,000
Iron, Cast..................... 13,000 to 30,000
Wrought...................... 40,000 to 60,000
Malleable.................... 25,000 to 45,000
Copper......................... 24,000 to 50,000
Bronze......................... 30,000 to 60,000
Brass, Cast.................... 12,000 to 18,000
Rolled....................... 30,000 to 40,000
Wire......................... 60,000 to 75,000
Aluminum....................... 12,000 to 23,000
Zinc........................... 5,000 to 15,000
Tin............................ 3,000 to 5,000
Lead........................... 1,500 to 2,500
CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS
(Based on the Value of Silver as 100)
Heat Electricity
Silver....................100 100
Copper.................... 74 99
Aluminum.................. 38 63
Brass..................... 23 22
Zinc...................... 19 29
Tin....................... 14 15
Wrought Iron.............. 12 16
Steel..................... 11.5 12
Cast Iron................. 11 12
Bronze.................... 9 7
Lead...................... 8 9
WEIGHT OF METALS
(Per Cubic Inch)
Pounds Pounds
Lead............ .410 Wrought Iron..... .278
Copper.......... .320 Tin.............. .263
Bronze.......... .313 Cast Iron........ .260
Brass........... .300 Zinc............. .258
Steel........... .283 Aluminum......... .093
EXPANSION OF METALS
(Measured in Thousandths of an Inch per Foot of
Length When Raised 1000 Degrees in Temperature)
Inch Inch
Lead............ .188 Brass............ .115
Zinc............ .168 Copper........... .106
Aluminum........ .148 Steel............ .083
Silver.......... .129 Wrought Iron..... .078
Bronze.......... .118 Cast Iron........ .068

[CHAPTER VI]

ELECTRIC WELDING

RESISTANCE METHOD