ILLUSTRATIONS TO
VOLUME THIRD.
| Page. | |||||
| Figure | 1. | Mill for grinding dry samples | [7] | ||
| ” | 2. | Comminutor for green samples | [9] | ||
| ” | 3. | Rasp for sugar beets | [10] | ||
| ” | 4. | Dreef grinding apparatus | [11] | ||
| ” | 5. | Water jacket drying oven | [14] | ||
| ” | 6. | Thermostat for Steam-Bath | [15] | ||
| ” | 7. | Spencer’s drying oven | [17] | ||
| ” | 8. | Electric vacuum drying oven | [19] | ||
| ” | 9. | Steam coil drying oven | [21] | ||
| ” | 10. | Carr’s vacuum drying oven | [22] | ||
| ” | 10. | (Bis.) vacuum oven open | [23] | ||
| ” | 11. | Apparatus for drying in a current of hydrogen | [25] | ||
| ” | 12. | Caldwell’s hydrogen drying apparatus | [27] | ||
| ” | 13. | Liebig’s ente | [28] | ||
| ” | 14. | Drying apparatus used at the Halle Station | [29] | ||
| ” | 15. | Wrampelmayer’s oven | [30] | ||
| ” | 16. | Ulsch drying oven | [31] | ||
| ” | 17. | Courtoune muffle | [39] | ||
| ” | 18. | Knorr’s extraction apparatus | [45] | ||
| ” | 19. | Extraction flask | [46] | ||
| ” | 20. | Extraction tube | [46] | ||
| ” | 21. | Extraction siphon tube | [46] | ||
| ” | 22. | Soxhlet extraction apparatus | [48] | ||
| ” | 23. | Compact condensing apparatus | [49] | ||
| ” | 24. | Improved compact extraction apparatus | [51] | ||
| ” | 25. | Knorr’s apparatus for recovering solvents | [54] | ||
| ” | 26. | Apparatus for recovering solvents from open dishes | [55] | ||
| ” | 27. | Common forms of pyknometers | [63] | ||
| ” | 28. | Bath for pyknometers | [66] | ||
| ” | 29. | Aereometers, pyknometers and hydrostatic balance | [68] | ||
| ” | 30. | Hydrostatic balance | [69] | ||
| ” | 31. | Course of rays of light in a nicol | [77] | ||
| ” | 32. | Theory of the nicol | [78] | ||
| ” | 33. | Laurent lamp | [83] | ||
| ” | 34. | Lamp for producing constant monochromatic flame | [85] | ||
| ” | 35. | Field of vision of a Laurent polariscope | [86] | ||
| ” | 36. | Laurent polariscope | [88] | ||
| ” | 37. | Tint polariscope | [89] | ||
| ” | 38. | Double compensating shadow polariscope | [91] | ||
| ” | 39. | Triple shadow polariscope | [92] | ||
| ” | 40. | Apparatus for producing a triple shadow | [92] | ||
| ” | 41. | Control observation tube | [95] | ||
| ” | 42. | Apparatus for the volumetric estimation | |||
| of reducing sugars | [131] | ||||
| ” | 43. | Apparatus for the electrolytic deposition of copper | [151] | ||
| ” | 44. | Apparatus for filtering copper suboxid | [154] | ||
| ” | 45. | Apparatus for reducing copper suboxid | [154] | ||
| ” | 46. | Distilling apparatus for pentoses | [179] | ||
| ” | 47. | Autoclave for starch analysis | [199] | ||
| ” | 47. | (Bis). Maercker’s hydrolyzing apparatus for starch | [204] | ||
| ” | 48. | [Maranta starch] | × 350 | to face | 220 |
| ” | 49. | [Potato starch] | × 350 | ||
| ” | 50. | [Ginger starch] | × 350 | ||
| ” | 51. | [Sago starch] | × 350 | ||
| ” | 52. | [Pea starch] | × 350 | ||
| ” | 53. | [Bean starch] | × 350 | ||
| ” | 54. | [Wheat starch] | × 350 | ||
| ” | 55. | [Barley starch] | × 350 | ||
| ” | 56. | [Rye starch] | × 350 | ||
| ” | 57. | [Oat starch] | × 350 | ||
| ” | 58. | [Indian corn starch] | × 350 | ||
| ” | 59. | [Rice starch] | × 350 | ||
| ” | 60. | [Cassava starch] | × 150 | ||
| ” | 61. | [Indian corn starch] | × 150 | ||
| ” | 62. | Laboratory cane mill | [230] | ||
| ” | 63. | Weighing pipette | [231] | ||
| ” | 64. | Gird’s gravimeter | [233] | ||
| ” | 65. | Machine for cutting canes | [236] | ||
| ” | 66. | Cane cutting mill | [237] | ||
| ” | 67. | Apparatus for pulping beets | [243] | ||
| ” | 68. | Apparatus for cold diffusion | [245] | ||
| ” | 69. | Sickel-Soxhlet extractor | [247] | ||
| ” | 70. | Scheibler’s extraction tube | [248] | ||
| ” | 71. | Battery for alcoholic digestion | [250] | ||
| ” | 72. | Rasp for sampling mother beets | [251] | ||
| ” | 73. | Hand press for beet analysis | [251] | ||
| ” | 74. | Perforating rasp | [252] | ||
| ” | 75. | Tube for continuous observation | [253] | ||
| ” | 75. | (Bis). Chandler and Rickett’s Polariscope | [266] | ||
| ” | 76. | Apparatus for polarimetric observations | |||
| at low temperatures | [267] | ||||
| ” | 77. | Construction of desiccating tube | [268] | ||
| ” | 78. | Apparatus for polarizing at high temperatures | [269] | ||
| ” | 79. | Oil press | [312] | ||
| ” | 80. | Apparatus for fractional distillation | |||
| of petroleum ether | [314] | ||||
| ” | 81. | Section showing construction of a funnel | |||
| for hot filtration | [316] | ||||
| ” | 82. | Balance and Westphal sinker | [318] | ||
| ” | 83. | Melting point tubes | [322] | ||
| ” | 84. | Apparatus for the determination of melting point | [324] | ||
| ” | 85. | Apparatus for determining crystallizing point | [327] | ||
| ” | 86. | Abbe’s refractometer | [329] | ||
| ” | 87. | Charging position of refractometer | [330] | ||
| ” | 88. | Prism of Pulfrich’s refractometer | [331] | ||
| ” | 89. | Pulfrich’s new refractometer | [332] | ||
| ” | 90. | Heating apparatus for Pulfrich’s refractometer | [333] | ||
| ” | 91. | Spectrometer attachment | [333] | ||
| ” | 92. | Oleorefractometer | [335] | ||
| ” | 93. | Section showing construction of oleorefractometer | [335] | ||
| ” | 94. | Butyrorefractometer | [339] | ||
| ” | 95. | Doolittle’s viscosimeter | [343] | ||
| ” | 96. | [Lard crystals] | × 65 | to face | 348 |
| ” | 97. | [Refined lard crystals] | × 65 | ||
| ” | 98. | Apparatus for determining rise of temperature | |||
| with sulfuric acid | [358] | ||||
| ” | 99. | Apparatus for determining heat of bromination | [362] | ||
| ” | 100. | Olein tube | [374] | ||
| ” | 101. | Apparatus for saponifying under pressure | [380] | ||
| ” | 102. | Apparatus for the distillation of volatile acids | [388] | ||
| ” | 103. | Apparatus for amid nitrogen | [425] | ||
| ” | 104. | Sachsse’s eudiometer | [425] | ||
| ” | 105. | Dialyzing apparatus | [447] | ||
| ” | 106. | Scovell’s milk sampling tube | [470] | ||
| ” | 107. | Lactoscope, lactometer, and creamometer | [474] | ||
| ” | 108. | Areometric fat apparatus | [493] | ||
| ” | 109. | Babcock’s butyrometer and acid measure | [500] | ||
| ” | 110. | Gerber’s butyrometers | [502] | ||
| ” | 111. | Gerber’s centrifugal | [503] | ||
| ” | 112. | Thermometer for butyrorefractometer | [515] | ||
| ” | 113. | Apparatus for determining carbon dioxid in koumiss | [533] | ||
| ” | 114. | Cuts of mutton | [548] | ||
| ” | 115. | Cuts of beef | [548] | ||
| ” | 116. | Cuts of pork | [548] | ||
| ” | 117. | Bath for artificial digestion | [559] | ||
| ” | 118. | Bag for collecting feces | [563] | ||
| ” | 119. | Fecal bag attachment | [563] | ||
| ” | 120. | Hempel and Atwater’s calorimeter | [570] | ||
| ” | 121. | Apparatus for acetic acid | [603] | ||
| ” | 122. | Apparatus for smoking | [610] | ||
| ” | 123. | Metal distilling apparatus | [613] | ||
| ” | 124. | Distilling apparatus | [614] | ||
| ” | 125. | Improved ebullioscope | [623] | ||
VOLUME THIRD.
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.
PART FIRST.
SAMPLING, DRYING, INCINERATION
AND EXTRACTIONS.
1. Introduction.—The analyst may approach the examination of agricultural products from various directions. In the first place he may desire to know their proximate and ultimate constitution irrespective of their relations to the soil or to the food of man and beast. Secondly, his study of these products may have reference solely to the determination of the more valuable plant foods which they have extracted from the soil and air. Lastly, he may approach his task from a hygienic or economic standpoint for the purposes of determining the wholesomeness or the nutritive and economic values of the products of the field, orchard, or garden. In each case the object of the investigation will have a considerable influence on the method of the examination.
It will be the purpose of the present volume to discuss fully the principles of all the standard processes of analysis and the best practice thereof, to the end that the investigator or analyst, whatever may be the design of his work, may find satisfactory directions for prosecuting it. As in the previous volumes, it should be understood that these pages are written largely for the teacher and the analyst already skilled in the principles of analytical chemistry. Much is therefore left to the individual judgment and experience of the worker, to whom it is hoped a judicious choice of approved processes may be made possible.
2. Scope Of the Work.—Under the term agricultural products is included a large number of classes of bodies of most different constitution. In general they are the products of vegetable and animal metabolism. First of all come the vegetable products, fruits, grains and grasses. These may be presented in their natural state, as cereals, green fruits and fodders, or after a certain preparation, as starches, sugars and flours. They may also be met with in even more advanced stages of change, as cooked foods, alcohols and secondary organic acids, such as vinegar. In general, by the term agricultural products is meant not only the direct products of the farm, orchard and forest, but also the modified products thereof and the results of manufacture applied to the raw materials. Thus, not only the grain and straw of wheat are proper materials for agricultural analysis, but also flour and bran, bread and cakes made therefrom. In the case of maize and barley, the manufactured products may extend much further, for not only do we find starch and malt, but also alcohol and beer falling within the scope of our work. In respect of animal products, the agricultural analyst may be called on to investigate the subject of leather and tanning; to determine the composition of meat, milk and butter; to pass upon the character of lard, oleomargarine, and, in general, to determine as fully as possible the course of animal food in all its changes between the field, the packing house and the kitchen.