[110]. Der Wille zur Macht, p. 358.
[111]. Mrs. Havelock Ellis, James Hinton, 1918.
[112]. This has been well seen by Jules de Gaultier: “The joys and the sorrows which fill life are, the one and the other,” he says (La Dépendance de la Morale et l’Indépendance des Mœurs, p. 340), “elements of spectacular interest, and without the mixture of both that interest would be abolished. To make of the representative worth of phenomena their justification in view of a spectacular end alone, avoids the objection by which the moral thesis is faced, the fact of pain. Pain becomes, on the contrary, the correlative of pleasure, an indispensable means for its realization. Such a thesis is in agreement with the nature of things, instead of being wounded by their existence.”
[113]. Alfred Niceforo, Les Indices Numériques de la Civilisation et du Progrès. Paris, 1921.
[114]. Professor Bury, in his admirable history of the idea of progress (J. B. Bury, The Idea of Progress, 1920), never defines the meaning of “progress.” As regards the meaning of “civilisation” see essay on “Civilisation,” Havelock Ellis, The Philosophy of Conflict (1919), pp. 14-22.
[115]. Quetelet, Physique Sociale. (1869.)
[116]. See e.g., Maurice Parmelee’s Criminology, the sanest and most comprehensive manual on the subject we have in English.
[117]. Élie Faure, with his usual incisive insight, has set out the real characters of the “Greek Spirit” (“Reflexions sur le Génie Grec,” Monde Nouveau, December, 1922).
[118]. This tendency, on which Herbert Spencer long ago insisted, is in its larger aspects quite clear. E. C. Pell (The Law of Births and Deaths, 1921) has argued that it holds good of civilised man to-day, and that our decreasing birth rate with civilisation is quite independent of any effort on Man’s part to attain that evolutionary end.
[119]. Professor McDougall refers to the high birth-rate of the lower stratum as more “normal.” If that were so, civilisation would certainly be doomed. All high evolution normally involves a low birth-rate. Strange how difficult it is even for those most concerned with these questions to see the facts simply and clearly!