At the gates of Rome there lies a human form, clothed in rags, leprous, half dead, an object of horror and pity. Suddenly this abject figure is touched with a staff, on which biblical sentences are inscribed. He rises, his hideous coverings and disfigurements vanish, and he stands erect in the beautiful glow of youth. Similes are but lame, and give no adequate representation of a phenomenon to which there is no equal in every-day existence. In any case, the Jewish nation is an extraordinary phenomenon, dating as it does from hoary antiquity, but possessing youthful vigor, having passed through numberless vicissitudes, yet remaining ever true to itself.
[INDEX.]
- Aaron de la Papa, rabbi in Smyrna, anti-Sabbatian, [136].
- Abdul Meg'id, sultan of Turkey, [634].
- Abendana, Jacob, rabbi in London, [214].
- Abensur, Daniel, Jewish millionaire, [205].
- Aboab, Immanuel, defends Talmudical Judaism, [55].
- Aboab, Isaac, de Fonseca, rabbi at Amsterdam, and Spinoza's unbelief, [92–3].
- Aboab, Samuel, rabbi at Venice, excommunicates Moses Chayim Luzzatto, [240–1].
- Abraham Ibn-Ezra, studied by Spinoza, [88].
- Abraham Vita di Cologna. See [Vita, Abraham, di Cologna].
- Abt, Thomas, rival of Moses Mendelssohn, [303].
- Abudiente, Abraham Gideon, Sabbatian, [155].
- Abulafia, Moses, arrested on the blood-accusation in Damascus, [636].
- converted to Islam, [638].
- Abydos, Sabbataï Zevi at, [148–9], [151].
- Acosta, Gabriel. See [Da Costa, Uriel].
- Act of Federation for the German states, and the Jews, [518–20].
- Adam Kadmon, Kabbalistic term, [121], [143].
- Adams, Hannah, historian of the Jews, [593].
- Adath Jeshurun, a separatist community in Amsterdam, [457].
- Admission of Jews into England, the feeling about, [44–7].
- Adrianople, Sabbatians at, [159].
- "Advice to the Representatives of the People," by Van Swieden, [453–4].
- Aguilar, de, Baron, frees the Moravian Jews from a tax, [252].
- intercedes for the Austrian exiles, [253].
- Ahmed Coprili, grand vizir, and the Sabbatians, [146].
- imprisons Sabbataï Zevi, [148].
- Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of, and the emancipation of the Jews, [525–7].
- Akiba, disciples of, enthusiasm of, [724–5].
- Alenu prayer, the, attacked, [185], [191–2].
- Alexander I, of Russia, and the improvement of the condition of the Jews, [472–3], [525], [527].
- Alexandria, Jews of, and the Damascus blood-accusation, [647], [660].
- Algazi, Moses Joseph, rabbi at Cairo, supports Crémieux, [664].
- Algazi, Solomon, anti-Sabbatian, [144].
- Ali Ibn-Rahmadan, mathematician, [76].
- Alliance Israélite Universelle, the, foundation of, [664], [701–2].
- "Almansor," by Heine, [548–9].
- Almanzi, Jewish scholar, [622].
- Alsace, Jews of, appeal to Mendelssohn, [351].
- Amigo, Abraham, Talmudist, [126].
- Amschel, representative of the Frankfort Jews, [505].
- Amsterdam, Portuguese community of, prosperity of, [166–7].
- Anan, founder of the Karaites, [727].
- Ananites, the, rise of, [727].
- Andrade, Abraham, rabbi, member of the Assembly of Notables, [484], [490].
- "Anglo-Jewish Association, The," [703].
- Anteri, Jacob, rabbi, charged with Father Tomaso's murder, [638].
- "Anti-Phædon" by John Balthasar Kölbele, [316].
- Anti-Semitism, prevalence of, [704].
- Anti-Talmudists. See [Frankists].
- Anton, Charles, apostate, defender of Eibeschütz, [267].
- "Apology for the Honorable Nation of the Jews," by Edward Nicholas, [28–9].
- Apostasy among the Jews of Germany, [420–22].
- Arari, David, and the Damascus blood-accusation, [636], [637], [638].
- "Are there means to make the Jews happier and more useful in France," prize essay in Metz, [434–5].
- Argent, d', intercedes for Moses Mendelssohn, [304].
- Arias, Joseph Szemach, translator, [113–14].
- Arnstein, von, Nathan Adam, husband of Fanny Itzig, [414].
- Ascarelli, Deborah, poetess, [68].
- Asher, Saul, defends the Jews, [463].
- Ashkenazi, Jacob, father of Chacham Zevi, Sabbatian, [150].
- Ashkenazi, Jacob Emden. See [Emden, Jacob].
- Ashkenazi, Zevi, chacham at Amsterdam, father of Jacob Emden, anti-Sabbatian, cause of, espoused by the European rabbis, [227].
- Asiré ha-Tikwah, by Joseph Penso, [112–13].
- Asser, Amsterdam deputy to the Synhedrion, [497].
- Asser, Carolus and Moses, active in the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, [453], [454].
- Astruc, Aristides, founder of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, [701].
- Atias, Isaac, da Costa, president of the Batavian National Assembly, [458].
- Attaman, Cossack chieftain, [2].
- Auerbach, Jacob, preacher at the Leipsic reform synagogue, [573].
- August, of Brunswick, and Jacob Jehuda Leon, [114–15].
- Augustus III, of Poland, protects the Frankists, [283].
- Austria, Jews of, emancipated, [697].
- Austrian Succession, War of the, and the Jews, [251–2].
- Autobiography by Solomon Maimon, [409].
- Ayllon, Solomon, Sabbatian rabbi at Amsterdam, characterization of, [214–15].
- Baal-Shem (Baal-Shemtob). See [Israel of Miedziboz].
- Babylonian exile, the, changes during, [719–20].
- Baden, Jews of, show gratitude to Riesser, [601].
- the "hep, hep" persecution in, [530].
- Bail, defender of the Jews, [522].
- Bailly, mayor of Paris, and the emancipation of the Jews, [445].
- Baki, Simon, rabbi, superstition of, [201–2].
- Bamberg, Jews of, persecuted, [529].
- Barebones Parliament, the, Puritan character of, [34].
- Barlæus, Caspar, and Manasseh ben Israel, [22].
- Barnave favors the emancipation of the Jews, [441].
- Barrios, de, Daniel, historian, [202], [204].
- Baruch, Jacob, father of Börne, deputy of the Frankfort Jews in Vienna, [513].
- Baruch, Löb (Louis). See [Börne, Ludwig].
- Basnage, Jacob, historian of the Jews, [195–97].
- banishment of, [196].
- Bassan, Isaiah, teacher of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, [235], [238], [239], [241].
- Batavian Republic, the. See [Holland].
- Baudin, secretary of Ratti Menton, [637].
- Bavaria, Jews of, partially emancipated, [508].
- Bayonne, the Jewish community of, [436].
- Bayreuth, the "hep, hep" persecution in, [530].
- Beer, Jacob, private synagogue of, [563].
- Beer, of Mizricz, founder of the new Chassidim, [375], [379–83].
- Belgium, Catholic agitation in, hostile to Jews, [655].
- "Belief of the Universe, The," by Nehemiah Chayon, [219–20].
- Belillos, Jacob, rabbi at Venice, pronounces against Moses Chayim Luzzatto, [239].
- "Bellerophon" by Lefrank, [471–2].
- Belmonte, Manuel, Marrano poet, [113].
- Belmontes, the, Jewish millionaires, [205].
- Ben-David, Lazarus, lecturer on Kant's philosophy, [409–10].
- member of the "Society for the Culture and Science of the Jews," [583].
- Benedictus XIV, pope, petitioned to acquit the Jews of the blood-accusation, [282].
- Benet, Mordecai, rabbi, orthodox leader, [567].
- protests against the Temple innovations, [572].
- Benisch, Abraham, founder of the Anglo-Jewish Association, [703].
- Ben Usiel, disciple of Bernays, opposes the reform movement, [627].
- Benvenisti, Chayim, rabbi at Smyrna, Sabbatian, [136], [155].
- Ben-Zeeb, one of the Measfim, [400].
- Berachya, son of Jacob Querido, accepted successor of Sabbataï Zevi, [211].
- Berish. See [Beer of Mizricz].
- Berlin, Jewish physicians of, restricted, [461].
- Berlin, Jews of, apply to be baptized, [421–2].
- "Berlin religion, the," [333].
- Berlin, the progressive party in, [418].
- Bernal, Abraham Nuñes, martyr, [92].
- Bernal, Marcos da Almeyda, martyr, [92].
- Bernard, Isaac, employer of Moses Mendelssohn, [296].
- Bernays, Isaac, chacham of the Hamburg congregation, [574–8].
- Bernays, Jacob, organizer of the Breslau seminary, [700].
- Bernstorff, Danish minister, decides against Eibeschütz, [265].
- Bernstorff, deputy from Holstein to the Congress of Vienna, and the emancipation of the Jews, [519], [527].
- Berr, Berr Isaac, representative of the Lorraine Jews, [431].
- Berr, Cerf, representative of the Alsatian Jews, [351], [436].
- Berr, Lipmann Cerf, addresses the Assembly of Notables, [487].
- Berr, Michael, first Jewish attorney in France, champions the Jews at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, [527].
- Bertolio, abbé, favors the emancipation of the Jews, [445].
- Besht. See [Israel of Miedziboz].
- Beugnot, state councilor under Napoleon, friendly to the Jews, [480].
- helps to frame the Westphalian constitution, [500].
- Beyrout, Jews of, protected by European consuls, [641].
- "Bible for Israelites, The," by Sachs, [693].
- Bible, the, characterized by Heine, [553–5].
- Biblical exegesis, [695–6].
- "Biblical Orient, The," ascribed to Isaac Bernays, [575–6].
- Biester proposes a statue to Moses Mendelssohn, [372].
- Bing, Isaiah Berr, refutes the charges against the Alsatian Jews, [434].
- Bloch, Matathias, emissary of Sabbataï Zevi, [133], [137].
- Blood-accusation, the, at Damascus. See [Chap. XVII].
- Blood-accusation, the, groundlessness of, asserted by Moses Germanus, [177].
- Blood-accusation, the, in Jülich, [642].
- in Rhodes, [640–41].
- Bohemia, Jews of, banished, [252–3].
- Bonafides, character in "Nathan the Wise," [325].
- Bonafoux, Daniel Israel, Sabbatian, [207], [208].
- Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise, hostility of, to the Jews, [477–8].
- Bonifaccio, Balthasar, accuser of Sarah Sullam, [70].
- Bonnet, Caspar, a Geneva author, and Moses Mendelssohn, [309], [313–314].
- Bordeaux, Jews of, unrestricted, [499].
- Börne, Ludwig, a figure in Jewish history, [536–44].
- and the reaction, [541–2].
- as a political leader, [556].
- attitude of, towards Judaism, [538], [540].
- champions the Jews, [542–4].
- characterization of, [538].
- compared with Heine, [544].
- converted, [542].
- employed in the ducal police of Frankfort, [505], [541].
- in German literature, [537].
- Jewish qualities of, [538–9].
- publishes a journal, [542].
- 's love of liberty, [538–9].
- 's opinion of the Jews, [539–40].
- style of, [556].
- Bourbons, the, and the emancipation of the Jews, [596].
- Brancas, de, duc, derives an income from the Jews of Metz, [348], [446].
- Brandenburg, Jews settle in, [173–4].
- Breidenbach, Wolff, and the abolition of the poll-tax, [466–8], [472].
- Bremen, Jews of, emancipated, [507].
- Brendel, professor at Würzburg, friendly to the Jews, [528].
- Breslau, a theological seminary founded in, [699], [700].
- Bresselau, Mendel J., one of the Measfim, Hebrew stylist, [398–9], [672].
- Brieli, Jehuda Leon, rabbi at Mantua, condemns Chayon, [225], [226].
- culture of, [200].
- Brody, culture strivings in, [612].
- Broglie, de, duc, opposes the emancipation of the Jews of Alsace, [447].
- Bromet, Herz, active in the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, [453], [454], [458].
- Brühl, Saxon minister, and the Eibeschütz controversy, [263].
- Brunswick, conference of rabbis at, [677–8], [681–2].
- Jews of, under restrictions, [512].
- Buchholz, a writer hostile to the Jews, [468].
- Buda-Pesth, theological seminary at, [700].
- Buena, David, de Mesquito, Jewish millionaire, [205].
- Buol Schauenstein, von, count, president of the Diet, and the Frankfort Jews, [530].
- Buxtorf, John, senior, Hebrew scholar, [21].
- Byk, Jacob Solomon, member of the Galician school, [617].
- Caballo, Jules, founder of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, [701].
- Caceres, de, Simon, Marrano in London, [49].
- Cairo, Jewish schools opened at, [664].
- Calabrese. See [Vital, Chayim].
- Campo Formio, peace of, and the poll-tax, [464].
- "Can the Jews remain in their present condition without harm to the state?" an anti-Jewish tract, [469–70].
- Cansino family, the, dragomans in Oran, [169].
- Capo d'Istrias, and the emancipation of the Jews, [527].
- "Captives of Hope, The," by Joseph Penso, [112–13].
- Cardoso, Abraham Michael, Sabbatian, [163–5].
- announces himself as the Ephraimite Messiah, [207–8].
- Cardoso, Abraham Michael, works of, forbidden, [220–21].
- studied by Eibeschütz, [248].
- Cardoso, Isaac (Fernando), anti-Sabbatian, [163–4].
- Carlsruhe, the confirmation ceremony introduced in, [573].
- the "hep, hep" persecution in, [530].
- Carpentras, the Jewish community of, [436].
- Carvajal, Fernandez, Marrano in London, [38], [49].
- Castellane, de, advocates freedom of conscience in the National Assembly, [439].
- Castro, de, speaker at the London meeting in behalf of the Damascus Jews, [653].
- Castro, de, Balthasar Orobio, Marrano physician, [115–17].
- Castro, de, Bendito (Baruch Nehemiah), Marrano physician, Sabbatian, [140–1], [150].
- Castro, de, Isaac Orobio, writer, character of, [199–200].
- refutes Spinoza's philosophy, [167].
- Castro-Tartas, de, Isaac, Marrano martyr, [31–2].
- Ceba, Ansaldo, friend of Sarah Sullam, [69–70].
- Chacham Zevi. See [Ashkenazi, Zevi].
- Chages, Jacob, scholar at Jerusalem, [126].
- Chages, Moses, and Moses Chayim Luzzatto, [238–9], [241].
- Chamiz, Joseph, disciple of Leo Modena, [67], [74].
- Charles VII, emperor, in Prague, [251].
- Charles, of Baden, grants civil rights to the Jews, [502–3].
- Charles X, of France, and the emancipation of the Jews, [596].
- Charles X, of Sweden, against Poland, [15].
- Charles XI, of Sweden, and the Karaites, [182–3].
- Charles XII, of Sweden, and Karaism, [184].
- Chasdaï Crescas, studied by Spinoza, [88].
- Chassidim, a Polish Sabbatian sect, [212].
- Chassidism, attacked, [612].
- Chateaubriand, and the connection between Judaism and Christianity, [427–8].
- Chaumette, atheist deputy to the National Assembly, [450].
- Chaves, de, Jacob, pupil of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, [242].
- Chaves, de, Moses, patron of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, [242].
- Chaya, daughter of Elisha Schor, a Sabbatian, [275].
- Chayim of Lublin, partisan of Eibeschütz, [261], [263].
- Chayon, Nehemiah Chiya, Sabbatian, [215–31].
- acquitted of the charge of heresy, [225].
- at Amsterdam, [221–7].
- at Constantinople, [227–8].
- at Prague, [218].
- countenanced by the Amsterdam council, [226].
- death of, [231].
- excommunicated, [216], [223–4].
- freed from the ban, [228].
- in Europe a second time, [230–1].
- influences Eibeschütz, [248].
- Kabbalistic theories of, [216–17], [219–20].
- son of, converted to Christianity, [231].
- Chebrath Dorshe Leshon Eber, society for the promotion of the Hebrew language, [398].
- Chelebi, Raphael Joseph, follower of Sabbataï Zevi, [124–5], [127–8], [129], [145], [160].
- Chinuch Nearim, free school for Jews in Berlin, [416].
- Chmielnicki, Bogdan, Cossack leader, allied with the Russians, [14].
- Chorin, Aaron, rabbi, and innovations in Judaism, [569], [571].
- Chosen people, the, meaning of, [718].
- Christian IV, of Denmark, alluded to, [115].
- Christian VII, of Denmark, subscribes to Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation, [334].
- "Christian Denunciation, The," by Wagenseil, [186].
- Christians study Hebrew, [178], [184].
- Christians, the, under Mehmet Ali, [634].
- Christina, of Sweden, and Manasseh ben Israel, [22], [23].
- Cincinnati, theological seminary at, [700].
- Circumcision regulated by the Frankfort Senate, [676–7].
- "Citizen's Cry against the Jews, The," anti-Jewish pamphlet, [434].
- "Claims of the Jews to German Citizenship," by Rühs, [517].
- Clement IX, pope, death of, [171].
- Clement XIII, pope, acquits the Jews of the blood-accusation, [285–6].
- Clermont-Tonnerre, count, favors the emancipation of the Jews, [440], [441].
- Cochelet, French consul-general, and the Damascus affair, [647], [649].
- Coen, David, de Lara, philologist, [115].
- Coen Belmonte, Bienvenida, poetess, [203].
- Cohen, Malachi, rabbi at Leghorn, partisan of Eibeschütz, [264].
- Cohen, Moses Gerson. See [Anton, Charles].
- Cohen, Naphtali, rabbi at Prague, and Nehemiah Chayon, [217], [218], [219], [227].
- Cohen, Nehemiah, Messianic prophet, and Sabbataï Zevi, [152–4].
- Cohen, Nehemiah Vital, rabbi at Venice, and Moses Chayim Luzzatto, [239].
- Cohen, Raphael, rabbi of the "three communities," biography of, [570].
- Cohen, Sabbataï, and the Cossack persecutions, [13].
- Cohen, Shalom, employed by the orthodox party in Hamburg, [573].
- Cohn, Isidore, founder of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, [701].
- Collectants. See [Rhynsburgians].
- Collier, Thomas, defends the Jews, [46].
- Commune, the Paris, favors the emancipation of the Jews, [443–445].
- "Communities of the Friends of Light," established, [682].
- "Conciliador" by Manasseh ben Israel translated, [22].
- Conference of rabbis at Brunswick, [677–8], [681–2].
- at Frankfort, [683–4].
- "Confessions" by Heine, [553–5].
- Confirmation ceremony, the, in various communities, [573].
- introduced by Jacobson, [562].
- Conforte, David, Jewish historian, [202].
- Constantine, emperor, persecutes the Jews, [725].
- Constantinople, Sabbataï Zevi in, [146–8].
- Conversions to Christianity, [7–8], [13], [213], [420–22], [587].
- to Judaism, [177–8].
- Copenhagen, the "hep, hep" persecution in, [531].
- Copia, Sarah. See [Sullam, Sarah].
- Correa, Isabel (Rebecca), Marrano poetess, [114].
- Cossacks, the, ill-treatment of, [6].
- Creizenach, Michael, reformer, [674–675].
- Crémieux, Adolf, and the Damascus blood-accusation, [644].
- appealed to, by the Jews of the East, [651].
- appeals to Louis Philippe in behalf of the Damascus Jews, [645].
- attempts to emancipate the Egyptian Jews, [662–4].
- attends London meetings in behalf of the Damascus Jews, [645], [653].
- hampered by the French government, [658].
- influences Mehmet Ali, [660].
- influences the European consuls in favor of the Damascus Jews, [660].
- medal struck in honor of, [670–1].
- ovations to, [667–8].
- president of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, [702].
- received by Mehmet Ali, [659].
- reception of, in France and Italy, [658].
- 's proposal to commemorate the Damascus affair, [671].
- "Critical History of the Old Testament, The," by Richard Simon, [179].
- Cromwell, Oliver, and Marrano merchants in London, [49].
- Cuenqui, Abraham, biographer of Sabbataï Zevi, [212].
- Czarnicki, Polish general, [15].
- Da Costa, Joseph, president of the Amsterdam community, [34].
- Da Costa, Uriel, and the Church, [56–7].
- D'Aguilar, Raphael Moses, rabbi at Amsterdam, Sabbatian, [139], [160].
- Dalberg, von, Karl, imperial chancellor, and the emancipation of the Jews, [468], [504–5].
- Damascus affair, the, how to celebrate, [671–2].
- Damascus, Jewish women of, tormented, [637].
- Damascus, Jews of, accused of the murder of Father Tomaso, [635].
- Damascus prisoners, the, liberated, [660], [661].
- Damascus, the blood-accusation at. See [Chap. XVII].
- the Jewish community of, [634].
- "Danger to the Welfare and Character of the Germans through the Jews," by J. F. Fries, [521].
- "Dangerous Courses, The," by Joseph Penso, [113].
- Daniel Jehuda. See [Oliver y Fullana], de, Nicolas.
- Danz, Frankfort deputy to the Congress of Vienna, and the emancipation of the Jews, [519].
- Darmstadt, the "hep, hep" persecution in, [530].
- Da Silva, Samuel, opponent of Uriel da Costa, [59].
- Daub, professor at Heidelberg, protects the Jews, [531].
- Daya, character in "Nathan the Wise," [324–5].
- Dayanim, assistant rabbis, [566].
- "Defense of the Rational Worshipers of God," by Hermann Samuel Reimarus, [320–23].
- Delaborde, count, on the Turkish Jews, [649].
- De la Vega, Joseph Penso. See [Penso, Joseph].
- De Lemon, Herz, active in the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, [453–5].
- deputy to the Batavian National Assembly, [458].
- Delitzsch, Franz, devoted to neo-Hebraic literature, [628–9].
- Della Volta, Samuel Vita, Jewish scholar, [622].
- Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon, scholar, [56], [75–80], [84].
- Dembowski, Nicolas, bishop of Kamieniec, and the Frankists, [278–280], [281], [282].
- Descartes, inconsistency of, [90].
- studied by Spinoza, [89].
- Deutz, Menahem, member of the French central consistory, [502].
- De Wette, Bible exegete, [695].
- De Witt, John, friend of Spinoza, [107–8].
- "Die Waage," journal published by Börne, [542].
- Diebitsch, von, Freiherr, a defender of the Jews, [470].
- Diez, Prussian ambassador to Turkey, friendly to the Jews, [358–9].
- Djabar, Jews of, attacked, [641].
- Dob Beer. See [Beer of Mizricz].
- Dohm, Christian William, military councilor, advocate of the Jews, [336].
- Dolmäh, the, a Sabbatian-Mahometan sect, [211].
- Dominicus Haman Epiphanes, nom de plume of a Jewish writer, [471].
- Donmäh, the. See [Dolmäh], the.
- Dormido, David Abrabanel, petitions Parliament to admit Jews, [35].
- Dresden, Jews of, threatened with expulsion, [344].
- Dubno, Solomon, commentator on Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation, [329–34].
- Duchan, Jacob Israel, Sabbatian, [156].
- Duport favors the emancipation of the Jews in the National Assembly, [441], [447–8].
- Dury, John, opposes the admission of the Jews into England, [46].
- Düsseldorf, the "hep, hep" persecution in, [530].
- Du Vallié, Paul (Isaac), convert, hostility of, to Jews, [175].
- East, the, Jews of, appeal for aid to the European Jews, [651].
- Eastern question, the, [634].
- Edzardus, Esdras, preacher, and David de Lara, [115].
- and the Sabbatians, [151].
- Eger, Akiba, rabbi, orthodox leader, [567].
- Eger, Samuel, rabbi, protest of, against Jacobson's reforms, [562].
- Egypt, Jews of, emancipation of, [662–4].
- Eibeschütz, Jonathan, addresses a letter to his followers, [261–2].
- amulets by, [256–7], [260].
- and his disciples, [249–61].
- and Rabbinical Judaism, [248].
- characterization of, [247–8].
- condemned by the Danish government, [265].
- declared a secret Christian, [270–71].
- declared innocent by the Danish government, [268].
- employs Charles Anton, [267].
- excommunicated, [263–4].
- excommunicates his adversaries, [259–60].
- excommunicates the Sabbatians, [249].
- exposed as a Sabbatian, [229–30].
- in communication with the Jesuits, [250].
- in Metz, [251], [253–4].
- Kabbalistic studies of, [246–7].
- publishes an imperfect Talmud, [250–51].
- rabbi of the "three communities," [254].
- Sabbatian doctrines of, [248].
- supposed author of a Kabbalistic work, [229].
- suspected of Sabbatianism, [250–58].
- the great Gaon of the Frankists, [289].
- traitor to Austria, [252–3].
- triumphs over his opponents, [271].
- Eichhorn, Bible exegete, [695].
- Eisenmenger, John Andrew, and the Jews, [187–8].
- suppression of work of, [189–93].
- "Eisenmenger the Second, an open letter to Fichte," by Saul Asher, [463].
- Eisenstadt, Meïr, teacher of Eibeschütz, [250].
- Elijah Wilna. See [Wilna, Elijah].
- Elijah Zevi, brother of Sabbataï Zevi, [145].
- Elizabeth, of Brunswick, and Jacob Jehuda Leon, [114–15].
- Emancipation, the, of the European Jews, [696–9].
- of the French Jews, [596–8].
- Emden, Jacob, and Moses Mendelssohn, [318–19].
- anti-Sabbatian, [256].
- appealed to by the orthodox Jews of Poland, [277–8].
- biographer of Sabbataï Zevi, [266].
- characterization of, [254–5].
- criticises Eibeschütz's vindication, [270].
- discovers Eibeschütz's Sabbatian
- heresy, [257–8].
- excommunicated, [261].
- fails to be elected rabbi of the "three communities," [255–6].
- on the Frankists, [278].
- persecuted, [260].
- proves the Zohar a forgery, [278].
- rebuked by the council of the "three communities," [258–9].
- returns to Altona, [265].
- triumphs over Eibeschütz, [289].
- Engel proposes a statue to Mendelssohn, [373].
- England, civil war in, [25–6].
- England, Jews of, emancipated, [698–699].
- England, settlement of Jews in, [18–19], [34–5].
- Enriquez, Antonio, de Gomez, the Jewish Calderon, [110–11].
- Ensheim, Moses, one of the Measfim, poem by, on the French victories, [450].
- tutor in Mendelssohn's house, [401].
- Ergas, Joseph, Kabbalist, accuses Chayon of heresy, [227].
- Erter, Isaac, Hebrew poet, [612–17].
- Eskapha, Joseph, teacher of Sabbataï Zevi, [118], [122].
- Eskeles, Issachar Berush, rabbi at Vienna, frees the Jews of Moravia from a tax, [252].
- intercedes for the Austrian exiles, [253].
- Essenes, a Jewish sect, [722–3].
- Essingen, Samuel, follower of Eibeschütz, [262].
- "Esther," by Ansaldo Ceba, [69], [70].
- Euchel, Isaac Abraham, one of the Measfim, Hebrew stylist, [398–9].
- Ewald, Heinrich, Bible exegete, [696].
- Ewald, Johann Ludwig, defends the Jews, [522].
- "Examination of the Pharisaic Traditions, An," by Uriel da Costa, [60].
- "Example of Human Life, An," Uriel da Costa's autobiography, [64–5].
- Exilarchate, the, [726].
- Faliachi, Jacob, Sabbatian, [156].
- Falk, Jacob Joshua, rabbi at Metz and Frankfort-on-the-Main, [251].
- against Eibeschütz, [262].
- "Familianten," privileged Jews in Austria, [253].
- Farchi, Chayim Maalem, minister of the pasha of Acco, [460].
- Farchi family, the, charged with the murder of Father Tomaso, [638].
- Farchi, Raphael Moses, charged with the murder of Father Tomaso, [639].
- member of the Damascus city council, [661–2].
- Fast of the seventeenth Tammuz abolished by the Sabbatians, [151].
- Fast of the tenth of Tebeth abolished by the Sabbatians, [143–4].
- Fauma Kadin, Mahometan name of Sarah, wife of Sabbataï Zevi, [154].
- February Revolution, the, [696–8].
- Felgenhauer, Paul, mystic, and Messianic expectations, [35–6].
- Felix Libertate, a Dutch club, [453].
- Ferber, von, cabinet councilor, appealed to in behalf of the Jews of Dresden, [344].
- Ferrajo, Lucio, proves the blood-accusation from the Talmud, [639].
- Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, opposes the granting of civil rights to Jews, [461–3].
- Fifth Monarchy, the, and the Jews, [23].
- "Five Evidences of the Faith," a Sabbatian work, [162].
- Florentin, Solomon, Talmudist, supports Querido as the Messiah, [210].
- Fonseca Pinto y Pimentel, de, Sarah, poetess, [203].
- Fontanes, de, countess, derives an income from the Jews of Metz, [348], [446].
- Fontanes, reactionary politician in France, [477], [479].
- "Fool's Voice, The," by Leo Modena, [73–4].
- Fould, Achille, questions Thiers on the Damascus affair, [649].
- "Fragments of an Unknown, The," by Reimarus, published by Lessing, [320–23].
- France, Catholic agitators in, hostile to Jews, [655].
- Jewish communities of, [435–6].
- France, Jews of, and the religion of Reason, [451–2].
- France, the protector of Christianity in the East, [634].
- Francis I, of Austria, and the emancipation of the Jews, [508], [523].
- Franciscus, of Sardinia, a Capuchin, employed against the Damascus Jews, [639–40].
- Franconia, Jews of, persecuted, [529].
- Frank, Eva, daughter of Jacob Frank, [289].
- Frank, Jacob, Sabbatian, advises his followers to accept baptism, [278–9], [284].
- Fränkel, David, rabbi at Berlin, teacher of Moses Mendelssohn, [293–4].
- Frankel, Jonas, patron of the Breslau seminary, [700].
- Fränkel, Sæckel, opposes the omission of Hebrew from the prayers, [564].
- Frankel, Zachariah, and the reform movement, [684–5].
- Frankenberg, von, Abraham, mystic, and Manasseh ben Israel, [24].
- Frankfort-on-the-Main, conference of rabbis at, [683–4].
- Frankfort-on-the-Main, Jews of, and Eisenmenger, [189].
- Frankfort-on-the-Main, seat of the reform movement, [674–5].
- the "hep, hep" persecution in, [529–30].
- Frankfurter, Naphtali, Kabbalist, [55].
- defends the Talmud, [56].
- Frankists, the, a Sabbatian sect in Podolia founded by Jacob Frank, [274–5].
- accused of dissoluteness, [275–6].
- baptized, [287–8].
- believers in the Trinity, [279].
- condemned by Emden, [278].
- confession of faith of, [280–81].
- denounced to the bishop of Kamieniec, [278].
- disputation of, with Talmudists, [281–2], [286–7].
- excommunicated, [276–7].
- persecuted, [283].
- petition for baptism, [284–5].
- protected by Augustus III, of Poland, [283].
- protected by Bishop Dembowski, [279–80].
- Frederick Franz, duke of Mecklenburg, grants civil rights to the Jews, [507].
- Frederick V, of Denmark, and the Eibeschütz controversy, [265], [267–8], [269], [271].
- Frederick I, of Prussia, and the Alenu prayer, [191–2].
- Frederick II (the Great), of Prussia, and French literature, [411].
- Frederick William, elector of Brandenburg, admits the Jews, [173–4].
- Frederick William II, of Prussia, the emancipation of the Jews expected from, [414–16].
- Frederick William III, of Prussia, and the Berlin reform movement, [563].
- French Revolution, the, influence of, on the Jews, [429–30].
- Frenks. See [Frankists].
- Fresco, Moses, grand rabbi of Constantinople, urges the Jews to learn Turkish, [664].
- Friedländer, David, advises Israel Jacobson, [502].
- and conversion to Christianity, [421–2].
- conducts the Berlin Free School for Jews, [416].
- house of, a literary center, [412].
- imitator of Mendelssohn, [397].
- member of the "Society for the Culture and Science of the Jews," [583].
- on the ill-treatment of the Jews, [534].
- representative of the Berlin Jews, [415].
- urges the repeal of anti-Jewish laws, [414].
- works for the emancipation of the Jews, [508].
- Friedländer family, the, [397].
- Friedrichsfeld, David, one of the Measfim, Hebrew stylist, [400–1].
- work by, defending the Jews, [454].
- "Friends of Reform," the, principles of, [675–6].
- Fries, J. F., writer against the Jews, [521].
- "Fulfillment of Prophecy, The," by Pierre Jurieu, [176].
- Furtado, Abraham, acquaints Napoleon with the agitation against the Jews, [498].
- addresses the Synhedrion, [495], [497].
- deputy to the National Assembly, [438].
- member of Malesherbes' Jewish commission, [432].
- member of the Assembly of Notables, [483].
- president of the Assembly of Notables, [487].
- replies to Molé in the Assembly of Notables, [489–90].
- representative of the French Jews, [436].
- view of, of Judaism, [496].
- Gad, Baruch, emissary from Palestine, [126].
- Gaffarelli, Jacob, pupil of Leo Modena, [71].
- Gailan, emir, persecutes the Jews, [151].
- Galaïgo, Joseph Chayim, of Trieste, addresses Mendelssohn, [369].
- Galante, Moses, Sabbatian, [132].
- Galicia, Jews of, degradation of, [703].
- Galicia, the new culture in, [611–12].
- Galician school, the, [607].
- Galileo, teacher of Joseph Delmedigo, [75].
- Gans, David, criticises Eibeschütz's vindication, [270].
- Gans, Edward, and Heine, [551–2].
- "Gaon," title of Elijah Wilna, [389].
- "Gate of Heaven, The," by Abraham de Herrera, [54].
- "Gatherer, The," a Hebrew journal, [399–400].
- Gaza, Jews of, flee before Napoleon, [459].
- proclaimed the Holy City, [132].
- Geiger, Abraham, rabbi and scholar, [626].
- Geldern, von, Betty, Heine's mother, [545].
- "Gemul Athalia," by David Franco Mendes, [401].
- Gentz, von, Frederick, frequenter of Henrietta Herz's salon, [423].
- quoted, [413].
- George II, of England, ratifies the naturalization of the Jews, [337].
- George, of Hesse, and the Jews, [185].
- German Catholic Church, the, established, [682].
- "German Jewish Church," a, established, [686].
- Germanus, Moses. See [Speeth, John Peter].
- Germany, Jews of, and citizenship, [465–6], [517].
- and the Damascus affair, [669–70].
- apostatize, [420–22].
- educated rabbis employed by, [582].
- emancipated, [601].
- endeavor to have the poll-tax removed, [466–8].
- hostility to, [468–70], [521], [655].
- indifference of writers to ill-treatment of, [533].
- petition the Congress of Ratisbon, [465–6].
- schism among, [672–91].
- Germany, the reform movement in, [627–8], [674–91].
- Gerson, Christian, convert, asperses the Talmud, [181].
- Gerville, de, Cahier, favors the emancipation of the Jews, [444–5].
- Gesenius, Bible exegete, [695].
- Ghirondi, rabbi, Jewish scholar, [622].
- Gleim, and Mendelssohn's "Phædon," [307].
- Gley, a priest, establishes a journal for Jews, [494].
- "Glorious Stone, The, or the Image of Nebuchadnezzar," by Manasseh ben Israel, [37–8].
- "Glory to the Virtuous," by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, [242–4].
- Glynn, Lord Chief Justice, member of Cromwell's Jewish commission, [43].
- Godard advocates the cause of the Jews before the National Assembly, [443].
- Goldberg, Samuel Löb, founder of the "Kerem Chemed," [621].
- Goldbergs, the, members of the Galician school, Hebrew style of, [617].
- Goldschmidt, Moritz, founder of the "Israelitische Allianz," [703].
- Goldsmid brothers, and the Damascus blood-accusation, [645].
- Gomez, Isaac, de Sosa, Marrano poet, [113].
- "Good News of the Messiah for Israel!" by Paul Felgenhauer, [36].
- Goethe, and Mendelssohn's "Phædon," [307].
- Göze, opponent of Lessing, [322].
- Gradis, David, deputy to the National Assembly, [438].
- Granville, Lord, English ambassador at Paris, [668].
- Grattenauer, writer, hostile to the Jews, [468].
- Grégoire, abbé, advocate of the Jews, [432], [440].
- Greeks, creative power of, [706–7].
- inability of, to resist destruction, [707–8].
- Grotius, Hugo, Hebrew scholar, [21].
- and Manasseh ben Israel, [22].
- Grund, Christopher (Christian), defends the Jews at the Congress of Rastadt, [463].
- draws up a petition for the Jews of Germany, [465–6].
- Guarini, Italian dramatist, [114].
- "Guide of the Perplexed, The," studied by Mendelssohn, [295].
- studied by Solomon Maimon, [407].
- Guidon, physician to the sultan, charged with the conversion of Sabbataï Zevi, [153–4].
- Guldberg, von, Danish minister, appealed to, in behalf of Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation, [333].
- Gumpertz, Aaron Solomon, teacher of Mendelssohn, [295].
- Gumprecht, representative of the Frankfort Jews, [505].
- Hadrian, persecution by, [725].
- Haidamaks, Tartar troops, [8].
- persecute the Jews, [388].
- Halevi, Elia, a Jewish poet in France, [460].
- Halfen, Azaria and Solomon, rabbis, charged with the murder of Father Tomaso, [638].
- Halle, Aaron, editor of Ha-Meassef, [400].
- Hamburg, Dayanim of, oppose the Temple, [569–70].
- Jews of, emancipated, [506].
- Hamburg Temple, the, [564–5].
- Hamburg, the reform movement in, [563–4].
- Ha-Meassef, a Hebrew journal, [399–400].
- Hanna Bachari Bey, and the Damascus blood-accusation, [633], [635].
- Hanover, Jews of, under restrictions, [512].
- Hanse Towns, the, Jew-hatred in, [506–8].
- Jews of, send deputies to Vienna, [513].
- Hardenberg, Prussian chancellor, and the emancipation of the Jews, [507], [520], [527].
- Harrach, count, patron of Lazarus Ben-David, [410].
- Harrison, Puritan general, [34].
- Hartmann, Frederick Traugott, opponent of the Jews, [359].
- Hasselbauer, bishop of Prague, friend of Eibeschütz, [250].
- Hebert, atheist deputy to the National Assembly, [450].
- "Hebrew Chrestomathy," by Adam Martinet, [628–9].
- Hebrew language, the, renaissance of, [399].
- "Hebrew Rites, The," by Leo Modena, [71].
- translated, [180].
- Hebrew scholarship in Holland, [20–21].
- Hebrew studied by Christians, [178], [184].
- Hegel, influence of, on Young Israel, [585].
- Heidelberg, the "hep, hep" persecution in, [530–31].
- Heidenheim, Wolf, one of the Measfim, student of the Masora, [400].
- Heilmann, rabbi, proceeds against Eibeschütz, [262].
- Heilperin, Jechiel, historian, [202].
- Heine, Heinrich, a figure in Jewish history, [536].
- and Edward Gans, [551–2].
- and Jehuda Halevi, [555].
- as a political leader, [556].
- attachment of, to the Jewish race, [546].
- attitude of, towards Judaism, [546–548].
- characterization of, [544–5].
- compared with Börne, [544].
- conversion of, [550–51].
- hatred of, towards apostates, [548–549].
- Hellenism of, [555–6].
- in German literature, [537].
- member of the Berlin "Society for Culture," [547].
- mother of, [545].
- on Isaac Bernays, [577].
- on Judaism, [552].
- on Moses Moser, [583].
- on Shylock, [552–3].
- on the Bible, [553–5].
- on the conversion of Edward Gans, [587].
- on the journal for the Science of Judaism, [587].
- on the shortcomings of modern Jews, [547–8].
- religious education of, [545–6].
- reverence of, for Judaism, [553–5].
- studies of, in Jewish history, [549–550].
- style of, [556].
- Hell, persecutes the Jews of Alsace, [349–50].
- Hellenism, the, of Heine, [555–6].
- Heller, Lipmann, and the Cossack persecutions, [13].
- Hengstenberg, Bible exegete, [695].
- Hennigs, von, Augustus, Danish state councilor, and Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation, [333–4].
- "Hep, hep" persecutions, the, [528–532].
- Herder, and Mendelssohn's "Phædon," [307].
- feeling of, towards Jews, [462].
- Herod, king of the Jews, [723].
- Herrera, de, Alonzo (Abraham), Kabbalist, [54–5], [88].
- Herschel, Solomon, rabbi in London, swears to the groundlessness of the blood-accusation, [654–5].
- Herz, Henrietta, and Schleiermacher, [423].
- Herz, Leb, Sabbatian, [152].
- Herz, Marcus, physician, husband of Henrietta Herz, [412–3].
- Heschels, Leb, rabbi, proceeds against Eibeschütz, [262].
- Hess, Isaac, introduces Mendelssohn to Lessing, [297].
- Hesse, the electorate of, emancipates the Jews, [601].
- Hetman, Cossack chieftain, [2].
- "High Tower, The, or the Innocence of the Virtuous," by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, [235].
- Hildesheim, Jews of, under restrictions, [512].
- Hildesheimer, Frankfort deputy to the Synhedrion, [497].
- Hillel, work of, [723].
- Hirschel, jeweler, and Voltaire, [339].
- "History of neo-Hebraic Poetry," by Franz Delitzsch, [628].
- "History of the People of Israel, The," by Ewald, [696].
- "History of the Religion of the Jews," by Basnage, [197].
- Hodges, English consul, and the Damascus blood-accusation, [653], [659].
- Hodki, Tartar leader, [9].
- Holdheim, Samuel, and Sachs, [691].
- Holland, and the settlement of the Jews in England, [46].
- Holland, Jews of, emancipation of, [452–9].
- Holland, learning in, [20–21].
- Portuguese Jews of, averse to emancipation, [454–5].
- Holmes, Nathaniel, Puritan, and Messianic expectations, [29–30].
- and the Jews, [27].
- Holst, Dr. Ludwig, a Jew-hater, opposed by Börne, [543].
- Holstein, Jews of, protected, [519].
- Homberg, Herz, one of the Measfim, [402].
- "Homilies of the Jews in Divine Worship," by Zunz, [620].
- Hooghe, de, Romeine, celebrates the Amsterdam synagogue, [167].
- Hoornbeck, John, asperses the Jews, [46].
- "House of God, The," by Abraham de Herrera, [54].
- Howdon, Lord, addresses the Mansion House meeting in behalf of the Damascus Jews, [656].
- Huet, Peter Daniel, Jesuit, and Manasseh ben Israel, [22].
- Hufnagel, translates Wessely's "Songs of Glory," [404].
- Humboldt, von, William, and Henrietta Herz, [423].
- framer of the Prussian constitution, [514].
- Hundt, Hartwig, writer against the Jews, [532].
- Hurwitz, Isaiah, Kabbalist, [52], [55].
- Hurwitz, Phineas Levi, rabbi, opposes Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation, [331].
- Hurwitz, Sabbataï, compiler of penitential prayers, [13].
- Hurwitz, Salkind, deputy to the General Assembly of the Paris Commune, [443].
- urges the emancipation of the Jews, [434].
- Ibn-Raz of Alkala, character in Leo Modena's work, [73].
- Immortality of the soul, the doctrine of the, in the eighteenth century, [305–6].
- "Inquiry into Light and Truth," pamphlet against Mendelssohn, [363].
- "Inquiry into Probability," by Mendelssohn, [299].
- "Investigation into the Evidences of Christianity against Unbelievers," by Bonnet, [309].
- "Investigation of Van Swieden's Work in Reference to the Civil Rights of the Jews," by David Friedrichsfeld, [454].
- Isaiah Chassid, Sabbatian leader, [213], [229–30].
- Isaiah, the second, characterized, [720].
- Isambert, on the Damascus accusation, in the Chamber of Deputies, [650].
- Israel, Abraham, envoy from Jerusalem, partisan of Eibeschütz, [264].
- Israel, of Kozieniza, a prominent Chassidistic leader, [393].
- Israel, of Miedziboz, founder of the new Chassidim, [375–9].
- "Israelitische Allianz," founded in Vienna, [703].
- "Israel's Hope," by Manasseh ben Israel, [31], [32–3].
- Isserles, Moses, Talmudist, [4], [51].
- Itzig, Daniel, Berlin banker, [397], [415].
- Itzig, Fanny, salon of, [413–14].
- Itzig, Itzig Daniel, conducts the Berlin Free School for Jews, [416].
- Jacob Ashkenazi. See [Ashkenazi, Jacob].
- Jacob de Perpignan, permitted in Bordeaux, [344].
- Jacob Querido, supposed son of Sabbataï Zevi, accepted as the Messiah, [209–10].
- Jacob, Syrian priest, antagonizes the Jews of Damascus, [662].
- Jacobi, charges Lessing with Spinozism, [372].
- Jacobson, Israel, reformer, and the poll-tax, [466–7].
- Jacoby, Joel, writer on the Jews, [630–31].
- quoted, [632].
- Jaffa, Marcus Schlesinger, court factor in Vienna, [172].
- Jankiev, Lejbovicz. See [Frank, Jacob].
- Janow, Hirsch, rabbi, opposes Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation, [330–31].
- Jaroslav, Aaron, works on Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation, [334].
- Jehuda Halevi, and Heine, [555].
- Jerome (Bonaparte), of Westphalia, friendly to the Jews, [500].
- reprimands Jacobson, [562].
- Jerusalem, Jews of, distress of, [16].
- Kabbalistic center, [125].
- "Jerusalem, or upon Ecclesiastical Power and Judaism," by Mendelssohn, [364–5].
- Jeshurun, Isaac, accused of child murder, [42].
- Jesse, Henry, and Messianic expectations, [24], [35].
- Jessel, Sir George, Master of the Rolls, [699].
- Jessica, Shakespeare's, characterized by Heine, [553].
- Jesuits, the, in Poland, [1], [2], [3], [6].
- Jewish colonies, [722].
- Jewish conception, the, of God, [709–710].
- "Jewish Curiosities," by Schudt, studied by Heine, [549].
- "Jewish Letters," addressed to Voltaire by a Catholic priest, [346–347].
- Jewish millionaires, [205].
- Jewish morality, [710–12].
- Jewish race, the, solidarity of, [632–3].
- "Jews' porcelain," [415].
- Jews, the, and French literature, [411–12].
- "Jews, The, and their Just Claims on the Christian States," by August Krämer, [521–2].
- "Jews, The," by Lessing, [297].
- Jews, the, cessation of persecution of, [176].
- chastity of, described by Heine, [553].
- cognizant of their mission, [708].
- condition of, at the end of the seventeenth century, [199–200].
- defects of, [713–14].
- defended by German and French writers, [521–2].
- degeneration of, [204–5].
- emancipation of, opposed by Fichte, [461–3].
- histories of, [592–3].
- in the Act of Federation for the German states, [518–20].
- in the European armies, [511].
- lack of æsthetic sense in, [300–1].
- literature of, [714].
- literary tastes of, [397].
- maligned by Eisenmenger, [187–8].
- Jews, the modern, described by Heine, [547–8].
- Jews, the, moral degeneracy of, [419–420], [422–3].
- Joel, Emanuel, organizer of the Breslau seminary, [700].
- John Casimir, of Poland, and the Jews, [13], [14].
- John George, elector of Brandenburg, expels the Jews, [173].
- John Sobieski, of Poland, and the Karaites, [182].
- Jollivet, French government commissioner, and the poll-tax in Germany, [465].
- Jonghe, de, Isaac, active in the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, [455].
- Jonghe, de, Lublink, deputy to the Batavian National Assembly, [455–6].
- Joseph I, of Austria, refuses to remove the ban from "Judaism Unmasked," [193].
- Joseph II, of Austria, abrogates the poll-tax on Jews, [415].
- Joseph II, of Austria, reforms of, displease the orthodox, [369–70].
- opposed by the Chassidim, [394].
- Joseph Zevi, brother of Sabbataï Zevi, [145].
- Jost, Isaac Marcus, historian of the Jews, [594–6].
- Jourdan, French general, frees the Frankfort Jews from the Ghetto, [503–4].
- Judah Chassid, Polish Sabbatian leader, [212–13].
- Judah I, compiler of the Mishna, [725].
- Judah of Galilee, chief of the zealot party, [723].
- Judaism, a split in, [565–6].
- Judaism, reform of, begun in Germany, [560].
- necessary, [559–60].
- Judaism, reforms in, [561–3].
- "Judaism Unmasked," by Eisenmenger, contents and title of, [188].
- Jülich, the blood-accusation in, [642].
- July Revolution, the, and the emancipation of the Jews, [596].
- "Jumpers, The," a Christian sect, [378].
- Jurieu, Pierre, Huguenot preacher, defends the Jews, [176].
- Jussuf Pasha, governor of Rhodes, investigates the charge against the Jews, [640].
- punishment of, [647].
- Justinian, emperor, persecutes the Jews, [725].
- Kabbala manuscripts, [53].
- Kabbala, the, and Rabbinical Judaism, [144].
- Kabbala, the later, [120–1].
- Kabbala, the, rise of, [728].
- study of, forbidden, [277].
- Kabbalistic terms, [120–1], [143].
- Kabbalists, [52–5].
- Kahana, Jacob, rabbi, and Moses Chayim Luzzatto, [241].
- exposes Moses Meïr Kamenker, [229–30].
- Kahtz, Christian, convert, maligns the Jews, [191].
- Kamenker, Moses Meïr, Sabbatian emissary, [228–30].
- Kant, Immanuel, and Marcus Herz, [405–6].
- Karaism explained by Mordecai ben Nissan, [183–4].
- Karaites, the, and Charles XI, of Sweden, [182–3].
- Karl Ludwig, count palatine, patron of Spinoza, [108].
- Karlinians, the, a branch of the Chassidim, [388].
- Karo, Joseph, Rabbinical authority, [51].
- Katzenellenbogen, Ezekiel, rabbi, denounces Moses Chayim Luzzato, [238].
- proposes to forbid the study of the Kabbala to young men, [241].
- Kelifoth, Kabbalistic term, [120].
- Keller, Alexander, reformer of the Galician Jews, [394].
- Kerem Chemed, a Hebrew journal, [621], [693].
- Kewanoth, Kabbalistic term, [121].
- Kley, Edward, introduces reforms in Hamburg, [563–4].
- Kofrim (unbelievers), anti-Sabbatians, [144–50].
- Kölbele, John Balthasar, writes against Mendelssohn, [316–17].
- "Kol Sachal," by Leo Modena, [73–4].
- Koniecpolski, a family of the Polish nobility, [3].
- Königsberg, Jewish center of culture, [397–8].
- Kosmann, a defender of the Jews, [470].
- Kotzebue, murder of, [528].
- Krämer, August, a defender of the Jews, [521–2].
- Krochmal, Nachman Cohen, Bible exegete, [607–10], [695], [699].
- Krysa, Jehuda Leb, Frankist preacher, [275].
- makes a Catholic confession of faith, [285].
- Kryvonoss, Tartar leader, [9].
- Kuranda, Ignatz, founder of the "Israelitische Allianz," [703].
- Kussiel. See [Yekutiel].
- La Fare, bishop of Nancy, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, [441].
- Laguna, Lopez, Marrano poet, translates the Psalms, [203].
- Landau, Ezekiel, chief rabbi of Prague, leader of the orthodox party, [417].
- "Language of Truth, The," compiled by Eibeschütz's enemies, [266].
- Laniado, Joseph, arrested on the blood-accusation in Damascus, [636].
- tortured to death, [638].
- La Peyrère, Isaac, and Messianic expectations, [24–5].
- Lathier, opponent of the Jews of Alsace, [524–5].
- Laurilla, the Dutch consul, protects the Jews of Beyrout, [641].
- Laurin, Austrian consul-general, and the Damascus affair, [647], [653].
- Lavater, John Caspar, apologizes to Mendelssohn, [314].
- Law, the, [716–17].
- translated into Greek, [722].
- "La-Yesharim Tehilla," by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, [242–4].
- "Lectures upon the Modern History of the Jews," by Solomon Löwisohn, [594].
- Lee, Johanna, founder of the Shakers, [378].
- Lefrank, a Jewish satirist, [471–2].
- Lehren, Hirsch, rabbi, at Amsterdam, and the Damascus affair, [649–51].
- protests against the Brunswick resolutions, [682].
- "Leibzoll." See [Poll-tax].
- Leipsic, battle of, celebrated in the synagogue, [528].
- reform synagogue at, [573].
- Lemberg, culture strivings in, [612].
- Jews of, suffer from the Cossack insurrections, [11].
- Lemos, de, Henrietta. See [Herz, Henrietta].
- Leo (Judah) ben Isaac Modena rabbi at Venice, [56], [65–7], [71–4].
- Leon, Jacob Jehuda, Marrano author, [114–15].
- Leon of Filnek, character in "Nathan the Wise," [325].
- Leopold I, of Austria, banishes the Jews from Vienna, [169–71].
- Leopold II, of Austria, hostile to the Jews, [508].
- refuses to remove the ban from "Judaism Unmasked," [193].
- Leopoldstadt, Vienna Jews' quarter, [172].
- Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, advocate of the Jews, [297], [336].
- and Göze, [322].
- and Mendelssohn's dispute with Lavater, [319].
- and "The Fragments of an Unknown," [320–3].
- characterization of, [296].
- charged with Spinozism, [372].
- death of, [326–7].
- estimate of, of Christianity, [319], [325–6].
- opinion of, of Mendelssohn, [297].
- publishes Mendelssohn's "Philosophical Conversations," [299].
- "Letter of Zeal," by Jonathan Eibeschütz, [261–2].
- Léven, Narcisse, founder of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, [701].
- Levi, Aaron. See [Montezinos, de, Antonio].
- Levi, Elisha, emissary from Jerusalem, [130].
- Levi, Gedaliah, and Vital Calabrese, [52].
- Levi, Isaiah, Sabbatian, [152].
- Levi, Nathan Benjamin. See [Nathan Ghazati].
- Levi, Raphael, accused of child murder, [175–6].
- Levi, Wolf, one of the Chassidim, convert to Christianity, [213].
- Levin, Rachel, leader in society and literary circles, [413].
- Levy, Maurice, acquaints Napoleon with the agitation against the Jews, [498].
- Lewin, Hirschel, rabbi at Berlin, and Mendelssohn, [317].
- Libermann, Eleazar, reform emissary, [568–9].
- Liebmann, Jost, favorite of Frederick I of Prussia, [219].
- Lipmann, Solomon, temporary chairman of the Assembly of Notables, [487].
- Lisbona, Samuel, father-in-law of Nathan Ghazati, [130].
- Lissa, Jacob, rabbi, orthodox leader, [567].
- London, Jews of, celebrate Montefiore's return from Damascus, [670].
- London, Mansion House meeting in, in behalf of the Damascus Jews, [655–7].
- theological seminary at, [700].
- Long Parliament, the, dissolution of, [34].
- Lopes-Dubec, deputy to the National Assembly, [438].
- member of Malesherbes' Jewish commission, [432].
- Lopez, Balthasar, martyr, [91–2].
- Lorraine, the Jewish community of, [435].
- Louis XIV, of France, deeds away the Jews of Metz, [348], [446].
- Louis XV, of France, confirms the statute expelling German Jews from Bordeaux, [342].
- Louis XVI, of France, abrogates the Jewish poll-tax, [415], [432].
- Louis XVIII, of France, and the emancipation of the Jews, [524], [596].
- the clergy influential with, [512].
- Louis Philippe, of France, and Montefiore, [668].
- Löwe, Joel, editor of Ha-Meassef, [400].
- Löwisohn, Solomon, historian, [594].
- Löwy, Albert, founder of the Anglo-Jewish Association, [703].
- Lübeck, Jews of, expelled, [520].
- Lubienski, Wratislaw, archbishop of Lemberg, and the Frankists, [284].
- Lüneville, peace of, and the poll-tax, [464], [465].
- Lurya, Isaac, Kabbalist, [51–2].
- ritual of, introduced among the Chassidim, [386–7].
- Lurya, Solomon, Polish Talmudist, [4].
- Luzzatto, Moses Chayim, dramatist, [203–4], [234], [235].
- as Hebrew stylist, [234].
- as hymn writer, [234].
- asserts his orthodoxy, [238].
- at Amsterdam, [242].
- death of, [244].
- excommunicated, [240–1].
- imitates the style of the Zohar, [235].
- Kabbalistic fancies of, [232–3], [236], [239].
- promises to abandon Kabbalistic pursuits, [241].
- replies to Leo Modena's work against the Kabbala, [240].
- Luzzatto, Samuel David, Bible exegete, [622–5], [695], [699].
- Luzzatto, Simone, rabbi at Venice, [56], [67], [80–4].
- "Maccabee, The," by Miguel Silveyra, [111].
- Maccabees, the, victories of, [722].
- Mahomet, and the Jews, [726–7].
- Maimaran, Joseph, adviser of Muley Ismail, [168].
- Maimon, Solomon, and the Chassidim, [407].
- Maimuni, Moses, philosophy of, [728].
- studied by Spinoza, [88].
- Maimunists, the, [728].
- Malach, Chayim, Polish Sabbatian leader, [212], [213–14].
- Malesherbes, and the emancipation of the Jews of France, [431–2].
- Malka Kadisha, Kabbalistic term, [143].
- Manasseh ben Israel, rabbi in Amsterdam. See[ Chap. II].
- and Lord Middlesex, [33].
- and Lord Oliver St. John, [33–4].
- and Messianic expectations, [24–5], [28–33], [36–8].
- and the Hebrew studies of Christians, [22].
- and the Ten Tribes, [31].
- as author, [20].
- characterization of, [19–20].
- death of, [50].
- defends the Jews, [47–9].
- in London, [38–49].
- inclined to mysticism, [55].
- outlines a history of the Jews, [202].
- petitions the Protector, [38–9].
- proposal of, for admission of Jews into England, [44].
- reasons of, for admitting Jews into England, [39–42].
- son of, [38].
- teacher of Spinoza, [87].
- threatens to leave Amsterdam, [34].
- Manchester, Jews of, determine to help the Damascus Jews, [654].
- meeting at, in behalf of the Damascus Jews, [657].
- Mannheimer, Isaac Noah, rabbi at Vienna, [578–82].
- Mansion House meeting, the, in behalf of the Damascus Jews, [655–7].
- Margalita, Aaron, convert, asperses the Midrash Rabba, [194–5].
- Margaret, of Austria, and the Jews, [169–71].
- Maria Anna, of Austria, banishes the Jews from the Spanish provinces, [169].
- Maria Juliana, of Denmark, influenced in favor of Eibeschütz, [267].
- Maria Theresa, of Austria, banishes the Jews from Bohemia and Moravia, [252–3].
- Marini, Israel, disciple of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, [237].
- Marrano authors, [109–18].
- Marranos, the, origin of, [729].
- persecution of, [90–2].
- Marshall, lord mayor of London, calls a meeting in behalf of the Damascus Jews, [655–6].
- Marten, Harry, urges the admission of the Jews into England, [43].
- Martinet, Adam, devotee of neo-Hebraic literature, [628], [629].
- Maruni, Catholic patriarch, antagonizes the Damascus Jews, [662].
- Masuel, Eugene, founder of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, [701].
- Maury, abbé, opponent of the Jews, [441–2], [446].
- Maximilian Joseph, of Bavaria, concedes some civil rights to Jews, [508].
- Mayo, Moses, excommunicated, [261].
- Measfim, the, the Mendelssohn school, [397–404].
- Mecklenburg, Jews of, emancipated, [507].
- Medelsheim, Herz. See [Berr, Cerf].
- Medina, a Jewish capitalist, and Voltaire, [339].
- Megerlin, David Frederick, declares Eibeschütz a secret Christian, [270–1].
- "Mehemenuta de Cola," by Nehemiah Chayon, [219–20].
- Mehmed Effendi, Mahometan name of Sabbataï Zevi, [154].
- Mehmet Ali, pasha of Egypt, and the European powers, [647].
- Meiningen, Jews of, expelled, [530].
- Meisels, rabbi, and the Revolution of 1848, [697].
- Meldola, David, rabbi, in London, swears to the groundlessness of the blood-accusation, [654–5].
- Melo, Francisco, Jewish millionaire, [205].
- Mendelssohn, Dorothea, daughter of Moses Mendelssohn, and Schlegel, [424].
- Mendelssohn, Henrietta, daughter of Moses Mendelssohn, convert to Catholicism, [424].
- Mendelssohn, Joseph, son of Moses Mendelssohn, supports the "Society of Friends," [418].
- Mendelssohn, Moses, accused of abandoning Judaism, [363].
- admired by Mirabeau, [432].
- æsthetic sense of, [300–1].
- and the charge of Spinozism against Lessing, [370–1].
- and the early burial question, [318–19].
- and the Measfim, [402].
- as a Talmud student, [294].
- as a tutor, [296].
- becomes acquainted with Lessing, [297].
- challenged to refute Bonnet, [308–310].
- criticises Dohm's Apology for the Jews, [361–2].
- criticises Frederick the Great's poetry, [302–3].
- criticises Reimarus' work adversely, [320].
- daughters of, leaders in society, [412].
- death of, [371–3].
- Hebrew style of, [295–6].
- house of, a literary center, [412].
- influence of, [729–30].
- influenced by Lessing, [297–8].
- intercedes for the Saxon Jews, [344].
- Jewish critics of, [317].
- lacks appreciation for history, [301–302].
- Lessing's ideal Jew, [323].
- letter of, to Lavater, [311–13].
- misunderstood, [417].
- on the necessity of a Pentateuch translation, [332].
- pamphlets against, [315–17].
- proposed as a member of the Berlin Academy, [308].
- proposed statue to, [372–3].
- rejuvenates the Jewish race, [292–3].
- relation of, to Judaism and Christianity, [310–13].
- "Schutz-Jude," [304].
- shows the untenability of Christian dogmas, [314–15].
- studies German, [298].
- studies "The Guide of the Perplexed," [295].
- visit of, to Königsberg, [398].
- wins a prize offered by the Berlin Academy, [303–4].
- writes a preface to the "Vindiciæ Judæorum," [362–3].
- youth of, [293–4].
- Mendes, David Franco, one of the Measfim, dramatist, [244], [401].
- Merari, Moses Menahem, rabbi, and Moses Chayim Luzzatto, [239].
- Mérilhou, minister of education, proposes the equalization of Judaism with the other religions in France, [597].
- Merkel, secretary of the Westphalian consistory, [502].
- Merlato, Austrian consul, and the Damascus blood-accusation, [639], [646], [653].
- Messiah, the, Sabbatian view of, [142–143].
- Messianic craze, the, in Moravia, [150–1].
- Messianic expectations, [23–5], [28–33], [35–8], [120–1].
- Metternich, and the Damascus blood-accusation, [646], [647], [653].
- Metz, Jews of, accused of child murder, [174–6].
- Metz, the Jewish community of, [435].
- Metz, Moses, follower of Joseph Delmedigo, [77].
- Meyer, Edward, opponent of the Jews, and Riesser, [602].
- Meyerbeer, composes the music for the reform synagogue at Leipsic, [573].
- Michaelis, John David, Hebrew scholar, and Mendelssohn's "Jerusalem," [365–6].
- Michaelis, John Henry, defender of the Jews, [191].
- Middlesex, Lord, and Manasseh ben Israel, [33].
- Migdal Oz, Sabbataï Zevi's prison at Abydos, [148].
- Mikulski, de, canon, and the Frankists, [285].
- "Mirror of the Jews, The," by Hartwig Hundt, [532].
- Mirabeau, admiration of, for Mendelssohn, [432].
- Mises, Jehuda Löb, patron of Galician students, [612–14].
- Mishna, the, compiled by Judah I, [725].
- translated by Surenhuysius, [193].
- Mixed marriages, discussed by the Assembly of Notables, [491].
- by the Synhedrion, [496–7].
- Mizriczians, the, a branch of the Chassidim, [388].
- Mochiach. See [Mordecai of Eisenstadt].
- Mochinger, John, mystic, and Manasseh ben Israel, [24].
- Modena, Leo. See [Leo ben Isaac Modena].
- Mohammed, sultan of Turkey, death of, [634].
- Mohammed El-Telli, and the Damascus blood-accusation, [633], [635], [636].
- Moisling, Jews of, migrate to Lübeck, [506].
- Molé, addresses the Assembly of Notables, [489–92].
- "Moniteur," the, on Jewish history, [485–6].
- Montefiore, Judith, accompanies her husband to Damascus, [654].
- Montefiore, Moses, addresses a meeting in behalf of the Damascus Jews, [653].
- and Louis Philippe, [668].
- appealed to by the Jews of the East, [651].
- attends a meeting for the Damascus Jews, [645].
- chosen to go to Damascus, [652].
- distinguished by Queen Victoria, [670].
- journey of, to Damascus, [654–7].
- ovations to, [668–9], [670].
- received by Abdul Meg'id, [662].
- received by Lord Palmerston, [669].
- received by Mehmet Ali, [659].
- Montefiore, Moses (continued), reception of, in France and Italy, [658].
- Montesquieu, opposes the barbarous treatment of the Jews, [336].
- Montezinos, de, Antonio, and the Ten Tribes, [30–31].
- Moore, Dorothea, Hebrew scholar, [21].
- Moravia, Jews of, banished, [252–3].
- Mordecai ben Nissan, explains the origin of Karaism, [183–4].
- Mordecai of Eisenstadt, founder of the Polish Sabbatians, [208–9], [212].
- poses as the Messiah, [208–9].
- Mordecai Zevi, father of Sabbataï Zevi, [119–20].
- Morpurgo, Elijah, one of the Measfim, [402].
- Mortara case, the, [701].
- Morteira, Saul, rabbi at Amsterdam, [32].
- "Mosaic Law," by John David Michaelis, [359].
- Moser, Moses, founder of the "Society for the Culture and Science of the Jews," [583].
- urges the conversion of the Jews, [587–8].
- Moses da Rieti, alluded to, [112].
- Muley Arshid, sultan of Morocco, oppresses the Jews, [168].
- Muley Ismail, sultan of Morocco, patron of the Jews, [168].
- Müller, von, Johannes, Swiss historian, friendly to the Jews, [359].
- helps to frame the Westphalian constitution, [500].
- Mulot, abbé, favors the emancipation of the Jews, [444], [445].
- Munk, Solomon, scholar, accompanies Crémieux as interpreter, [658], [660].
- Murad el Fallat, servant of David Arari, accuses himself of the murder of Father Tomaso, [637–638].
- Musaphia, Dionysius, (Benjamin), physician and rabbi, [115].
- Mustapha Pasha, deputy-vizir, and Sabbataï Zevi, [147], [153].
- Naar, Isaac, companion of Spinoza, [88], [92].
- Nachman ben Samuel Levi, Frankist preacher, [275].
- Nancy, Jews of, threatened with pillage, [440].
- Napoleon, calls an Assembly of Jewish Notables, [481–2].
- council of, discusses the Jewish question, [479–81].
- fall of, [510–11].
- forms two new political divisions, [500].
- hostility of, to Jews, [474], [476–7], [480].
- in Palestine, [459–60].
- influenced in favor of the Jews, [481].
- legislation for the Jews proposed by, [498–9].
- proposes a Synhedrion, [493].
- return of, from Elba, [518].
- satisfied with the Assembly of Notables, [492].
- supremacy of, [474].
- Napoleon III, protests against the Mortara abduction, [701].
- Nathan Ghazati, follower of Sabbataï Zevi, [130–2], [137].
- Nathan Nata, father of Jonathan Eibeschütz, [246].
- Nathan, the hero of "Nathan the Wise," [323–4].
- "Nathan the Wise," influence of, [326–7].
- National Assembly, the Batavian, and the poll-tax, [458].
- National Assembly, the French, abrogates exceptional regulations against Jews, [448].
- National Guard, the French, Jews in, [438], [443].
- Natkes, member of the Galician school, excommunicated, [614].
- Hebrew style of, [617].
- Neander, Augustus, Church historian, asserts the groundlessness of the blood-accusation, [650].
- Neidhard, inquisitor-general, adviser of Maria Anna, of Austria, [169].
- Nepi, Graziadio, rabbi, Italian deputy to the Assembly of Notables, [488].
- Nesselrode, and the emancipation of the Jews, [527].
- Netter, Charles, founder of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, [701].
- Neumann, Andrew, ambassador at Vienna from Brandenburg, and the Jews, [173].
- Nicholas, Edward, apologist for the Jews, [28–9].
- Nicholas I, of Russia, and the Damascus blood-accusation, [657].
- Nicolai proposes a statue to Mendelssohn, [372].
- Nieto, David, rabbi at London, accuses Chayon of heresy, [227].
- culture of, [200].
- "Nineteen Letters on Judaism," by Ben Usiel, [627].
- Nizuzoth, Kabbalistic term, [120].
- Noel, French ambassador to the Batavian Republic, and the emancipation of the Jews, [456].
- interferes with the communal administration in Amsterdam, [457].
- Nomologia, by Immanuel Aboab, [55].
- Notables, the Assembly of, appoints a commission on the twelve questions, [490].
- Notables, the Jewish, of Westphalia, [501].
- Nuñes, Isaac. See [Belmonte, Manuel], [113].
- Nuñez da Almeida, Manuela, poetess, [203].
- "Observations of an Alsatian upon the Present Quarrels of the Jews of Alsace," by Hell, [350].
- O'Connell, Daniel, on the Damascus blood-accusation, [653], [657].
- Olam ha-Tikkun, Kabbalistic term, [121].
- Old Testament, the, and the Puritans, [26–8].
- exegesis of, [695–6].
- Oldenburg, Heinrich, on Sabbatianism, [139].
- Olianow, Elijah, follower of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, [245].
- partisan of Eibeschütz, [262].
- Oliver y Fullana, de, Nicolas, cosmographer, [113], [114].
- Omar, caliph, and the Jews, [727].
- "On the Speedy Glory of Judah and Israel," by Henry Jesse, [35].
- Onias, Temple of, [722].
- Oppenheim, painter, alluded to, [601].
- Oppenheim, David, chief rabbi of Prague, Kabbalist, [217].
- Oppenheim, Joseph, son of the preceding, patron of Nehemiah Chayon, [217].
- Oppenheim, Samuel, philanthropist, and Eisenmenger, [189–90].
- patron of the Chassidim, [213].
- Oran, Jews of, banished, [169].
- Orenstein, Jacob, rabbi of Lemberg, excommunicates Erter, [614–15].
- "Orient, The," a German Jewish journal, [693].
- Orthodox party, the, disorganization of, [567–8].
- protests against the Temple innovations, [571].
- Paalzow, a writer hostile to the Jews, [468].
- Palestine, Napoleon in, [459–60].
- wrested from Turkey, [633].
- "Palingénésie," by Bonnet, [314].
- Palmerston, Lord, and Montefiore, [669].
- Pardo, Joseph, rabbi at Amsterdam, [58].
- Paris, Jews of, praised by the Carmelites district, [444–5].
- Pasquier, imperial commissioner to the Assembly of Notables, [485].
- Pastor, a member of the Galician school, excommunicated, [614].
- "Pastor Fido," translated, [114].
- Patriarchate, the, [725].
- Paul, apostle, influence of, [724].
- Pauli, Oliger, espouses the cause of the Jews, [176–7].
- Peel, Sir Robert, introduces the Damascus affair in the House of Commons, [652–3].
- Pelham, English minister, advocates the naturalization of the Jews, [337].
- Penso, Isaac, philanthropist, [111].
- Penso, Joseph (Felice), Marrano poet, [112–13].
- Pentateuch, the, Mendelssohn's translation of, [328–9].
- Penya, Chayim, anti-Sabbatian, [136].
- Sabbatian, [145].
- Pereira, Abraham, Sabbatian, [139], [150], [160].
- Pereira, Jacob Rodrigues, representative of the Bordeaux Jewish community, [342–4].
- Peringer, Gustavus, studies Karaism, [182–3].
- Perl, Joseph, founds a High School in Tarnopol, [612].
- Peters, Hugh, Cromwell's secretary, [43].
- member of Cromwell's Jewish commission, [45].
- Pfizer, opponent of the Jews, and Riesser, [602].
- "Phædon, or the Immortality of the Soul," by Mendelssohn, [306–8].
- Pharisees, the, a Jewish sect, [723].
- Philanthropin, school at Frankfort-on-the-Main, [674].
- Philosoph, Joseph, Talmudist, father-in-law of Sabbataï Zevi, [166].
- supports Jacob Querido as the Messiah, [210].
- "Philosophical Conversations," by Mendelssohn, [298–9].
- Philip IV, of Spain, and the Jews of Oran, [169].
- Philippi, Francis Lothair. See [Levi, Wolf], [213].
- Picciotto, Isaac Levi, and the Damascus blood-accusation, [638–9].
- Pinedo, de, Thomas (Isaac), philologist, [114].
- Pinheiro, Moses, Kabbalist, [164].
- Pinto, David, broker, partisan of Eibeschütz, [264].
- Pinto, de, Aaron, espouses Chayon's cause, [222].
- Pinto, Isaac, answers Voltaire's attack upon the Jews, [344–6].
- Pintos, de, Jewish millionaires in Amsterdam, [205].
- Pius VII, pope, and the emancipation of the Jews, [518].
- Pius IX, pope, and the Mortara case, [700–1].
- "Plaints of a Jew, The," by Joel Jacoby, [630–1].
- Plantavicius, Jacob, bishop, pupil of Leo Modena, [71].
- Podolia, Sabbatianism in, [228].
- Poland, civil war in, [387–8].
- Poland, Jews of, butchered by Cossacks, [7–11], [14].
- Poland, Rabbinical Judaism in, [385–386].
- Poll-tax, the, on Jews, abolished in Austria, [357], [415].
- Polytheism, weakness of, [709].
- Poniatowski, Stanislaus Augustus, of Poland, issues laws against the Jews, [387].
- Portalis, imperial commissioner to the Assembly of Notables, [485].
- Portugal re-admits Jews, [532].
- Potocki, a family of the Polish nobility, [3].
- Polish general, [7].
- "Prayer-Book for Israelites" by the Hamburg Temple, [673].
- Preteau, president of the National Assembly, defender of the Jews, [441].
- Primo, Samuel, secretary of Sabbataï Zevi, [133], [213], [216].
- "Prophets of the Old Testament, The," by Ewald, [696].
- Prophets, the, [719].
- "Proposals in Favor of the Jews," by Grégoire, [437].
- Prosnitz, Löbele, Sabbatian, and Jonathan Eibeschütz, [248].
- Prussia, constitution of, promises equality to Jews, [514].
- Prussia, Jews of, emancipated partially, [507], [508].
- Prynne, William, opposes the admission of Jews into England, [45–46].
- Puffendorf, John, and Karaism, [183].
- "Punishment of Athalia, The," by David Franco Mendes, [401].
- Puritans, the, and the admission of Jews into England, [27–8].
- Quadruple Alliance, the, formation of, [658].
- Querido, Jacob. See [Jacob Querido].
- Rabbanites, reconciled with Karaites in Cairo, [664].
- "Rabbi of Bacharach, The," by Heine, [549–50], [552].
- Rabbinical Judaism. See [Talmudical Judaism].
- Rabbis, the, disregard of, in Germany, [566].
- Ragoczi, Transylvanian general, [15].
- Ramson, a defender of the Jews, [470].
- Rapoport, Solomon Jehuda, scholar, and Krochmal, [610], [617–18].
- Rastadt, the Peace Congress at, and the emancipation of the Jews, [463].
- and the poll-tax, [459].
- Ratti Menton, the French consul in Damascus, and the blood-accusation, [633].
- Reaction, the, [512–13].
- Reason, the religion of, and the Jews, [450–52].
- Rebbe, the, leader of the Chassidim, [392].
- subordinate to the supreme Zaddik, [393].
- Recha, character in "Nathan the Wise," [324].
- "Reflections," by Isaac Pinto, [345].
- Reform Association, the Berlin, at the Frankfort conference, [684], [685–6].
- Reform movement, the, in America, [702].
- Reform party, the, aggressiveness of, [568].
- Reform Temple Union, the, in Hamburg, [564].
- Reformers, attitude of, towards Judaism, [629–30].
- Reggio, Jewish scholar, [622].
- Regnault, state councilor under Napoleon, favorable to the Jews, [480–81].
- Reign of Terror, the, end of, [452].
- Jews during, [450].
- Reimarus, Eliza, friend of Lessing, [320].
- interested in Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation, [329].
- Reimarus, Hermann Samuel, critic of Christianity, [319–23].
- Reischer, Nehemiah, excommunicated, [261].
- "Religious Poetry of the Jews in Spain, The," by Michael Sachs, [555], [694].
- Rembrandt, illustrates one of Manasseh ben Israel's works, [38].
- Renaissance, the, of Judaism, [291–292], [395–6], [558].
- "Return of the Jewish Warrior, The," painting by Oppenheim, [601].
- "Return of the Jews, The," by Isaac La Peyrère, [25].
- Reubell, deputy to the National Assembly, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, [441], [448].
- "Revelation according to the System of the Synagogue," by Solomon Ludwig Steinheim, [604–7].
- Rhodes, the blood-accusation in, [640–41], [647].
- Rhynsburgians, a Christian sect, [94].
- Richelieu, de, duc, issues a command against the German Jews of Bordeaux, [343–4].
- Richter, Jean Paul, and the Jews, [533].
- Riess, David, permitted to have a private synagogue in Berlin, [191].
- Riesser, Gabriel, and Chacham Bernays, [673].
- and the Damascus affair, [669].
- and the emancipation of the Jews, [599–601].
- and the Friends of Reform, [675–6].
- awakens self-respect in the Jews, [602].
- characterization of, [598–9].
- honored by the Jews of Baden, [601].
- member of the Prussian Landtag, [697].
- opposes the Judæophobists, [601–602].
- secretary of the Hamburg Temple, [672].
- view of, of Judaism, [599].
- Riesser, Lazarus, father of the preceding, affiliates with the Hamburg Temple Union, [570–71].
- Risaat Bey, presides over the inquiry into the Rhodes blood-accusation, [570–71], [647].
- Rivarola, cardinal, and the Damascus blood-accusation, [668].
- "Roaring Lion, The," by Leo Modena, [74].
- "Roaring of the Lion, The," by Leo Modena, [73–4].
- Robert, Ludwig, letter to, from his sister, Rachel Levin, [534].
- Robert, Rachel. See [Levin, Rachel].
- Robespierre favors the emancipation of the Jews, [441].
- Robles, Antonio, Marrano merchant in London, [49].
- Rocamora, de, Vincent, Marrano poet, [109–10], [113].
- Rodrigues, Isaac, deputy to the National Assembly, [438].
- member of Malesherbes' Jewish commission, [432].
- Rohrer, Joseph, writer hostile to the Jews, [472].
- Romanticism and the Jews, [515–16].
- Rome, Jews of, return to the Ghetto, [518].
- Rothschild, de, James, services of, in Damascus acknowledged, [653].
- Rothschild, de, Lionel, elected member of Parliament, [698].
- Rothschild, de, Nathaniel M., and the Damascus blood-accusation, [645].
- Rothschild, Mayer Amschel, founder of the house of Rothschild, [514].
- representative of the Frankfort Jews, [505].
- Rothschild, the house of, power of, [513–14].
- Rothschilds, the, appealed to by the
- Rubio, Abraham, Sabbatian, [145].
- Rückert, poet, the master of Sachs, [692].
- Rühs, Friedrich, professor of history, writes against the Jews, [516–17].
- Russia, Jews of, [472–3].
- supports Turkey, [634].
- Russians, the, allied with Chmielnicki, [14].
- Sabbataï Raphael, emissary of Sabbataï Zevi, [133], [137], [157].
- poses as prophet in Germany, [160].
- Sabbataï Zevi, and Nehemiah Cohen, [152–3].
- and Rabbinical Judaism, [152].
- as Messiah, [122], [134], [162–3].
- asceticism of, [119].
- at Abydos, [148], [151].
- brothers of, [145].
- characterization of, [118].
- converted to Islamism, [154].
- death of, [166].
- duplicity of, [165–6].
- excommunicated, [122].
- forms a Turkish-Jewish sect, [163].
- homage paid to, [141–2].
- in Cairo, [124–5], [128–9].
- in Constantinople, [146–8].
- in Jerusalem, [127], [132–3].
- in Salonica, [124].
- in Smyrna, [133–7].
- marriages of, [128–9], [154], [166].
- news of conversion of, how received, [155–6].
- on his conversion, [155].
- rewards his followers, [145].
- studies of, [118].
- wealth of, [123].
- Sabbatian view, the, of the Messiah, [142–3].
- Sabbatianism among Christians, [151].
- Sabbatians, converted to Mahometanism, [154], [211].
- Sabilenki, Zachariah, and Chmielnicki, [7].
- Sachs, Michael, rabbi in Berlin, and Holdheim, [691].
- and Rapoport, [690].
- and the reform movement, [691–2].
- as a preacher, [689–90], [692].
- as a Talmudist, [690–91].
- Bible exegete, [692], [693], [695], [699].
- characterization of, [687–9].
- contributions by, to Jewish literature, [692–4].
- contributor to the "Kerem Chemed," [622].
- translation of the Bible by, [693].
- writer on the Jewish poetry of the Middle Ages, [555], [693–4].
- Sadducees, a Jewish sect, [723].
- "Sahaduta di Mehemnuta," a Sabbatian work, [162].
- Saint Etienne, Rabaud, favors freedom of conscience, [439].
- St. John, Oliver, and Manasseh ben Israel, [33–4].
- Salins, François, persecutor of the Damascus Jews, [661].
- Salman, of Lemberg, spy upon Moses Chayim Luzzatto, [240].
- Salman, of Liadi, Chassidistic leader, [393], [394].
- Salomon, Gotthold, preacher at the Hamburg Temple, [564–5].
- Salomons, and the Damascus blood-accusation, [645].
- Salomons, David, elected member of Parliament, [698].
- Salonica, Sabbataï Zevi in, [124].
- Sabbatians in, [211].
- Saloniki, Moses, arrested on the blood-accusation in Damascus, [636].
- Salvador, Jonah, and Richard Simon, [180].
- saves the Jews of Metz, [175–6].
- "Salvation of the Jews, The," Mendelssohn's preface to the "Vindiciæ Judæorum," [362–3].
- Samaritans, the first Judæan sect, [721].
- Samson, the Syrian Hercules, [715].
- Samuel ben Aaron, on Karaism, [183].
- Samuel, son of Manasseh ben Israel, [38].
- Samun, rabbi of Leghorn, and the Temple innovations, [571].
- Sand, Karl, murderer of Kotzebue, [528].
- Sarah, wife of Sabbataï Zevi, [128–9].
- Saruk, Israel, Kabbalist, [54].
- Sason, the Prussian consul, protects the Jews of Beyrout, [641].
- Sasportas family, the, dragomans in Oran, [169].
- Sasportas, Jacob, scholar and rabbi, anti-Sabbatian, [138], [141], [150], [161].
- Sasportas, Jacob, active in the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, [455].
- Satanow, Isaac, one of the Measfim, [400].
- Saubert, John, and Jacob Jehuda Leon, [115].
- Savoy, Jews settle in, [169].
- Saxony, Jews of, under restrictions, [509].
- Scaliger, Joseph, philologist, [20], [21].
- Schiller, and Solomon Maimon, [409].
- Schimmelpenink, grand pensioner of the Batavian Republic, and the emancipation of the Jews, [458].
- Schlegel, Frederick, and Dorothea Mendelssohn, [423–4].
- Schleiermacher, and Henrietta Herz, [423].
- repudiates the connection between Judaism and Christianity, [426–427].
- Schmidt, of Hildburghausen, defends the Jews, [522].
- Schmidt, the Bremen deputy to the Congress of Vienna, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, [519].
- Schor, Elisha, a Polish Sabbatian, [275].
- composes the Frankist confession of faith, [280].
- Schudt, author of "Jewish Curiosities," [549].
- Schurmann, Anna Maria, Hebrew scholar, [21].
- "Schutz-Jude," a protected Jew, [304].
- abolished in Prussia, [507].
- Schwager, an author friendly to the Jews, [358].
- "Scientific Journal, The," a German-Jewish journal, [625].
- Segre, Joshua Benzion, Italian deputy to the Assembly of Notables, [488].
- Ségur, state councilor under Napoleon, friendly to the Jews, [480–481].
- Selden, John, Hebrew scholar, [21].
- Selig (Selek), Eliakim, sent to Rome to obtain the acquittal of the Jews from the blood-accusation, [282], [285].
- Serach ben Nathan, Karaite, and Joseph Delmedigo, [76–7].
- Sermon, the German, introduced into the synagogue, [562].
- Serra, Nicolas, papal nuncio, credits the blood-accusation, [285–6].
- opposed to the Frankist converts, [285].
- Serrarius, Peter, and Messianic expectations, [24], [36].
- Sèze, de, favors the emancipation of the Jews, [442].
- "Shaagath Aryeh," by Leo Modena, [73].
- Shäbs. See [Sabbatians].
- Shach. See [Cohen, Sabbataï].
- Shachna, Polish Talmudist, [4].
- Shakers, the, founded, [378].
- Shammai, work of, [723].
- Sheloh. See [Hurwitz, Isaiah].
- Sherif Pasha, governor of Damascus, circulates Lucio Ferrajo's book against the Jews, [639].
- Shibli Ajub, and the Damascus blood-accusation, [633].
- Shlomel, Kabbalist, [55].
- "Short Demurrer, A," by William Prynne, [45–6].
- Short Parliament, the, dissolution of, [35].
- Puritan character of, [34].
- Sid Gailand, sultan of Morocco, oppresses the Jews, [168].
- Sigismund III, of Poland, bigotry of, [2].
- Silesia, Jews of, heavily taxed, [508].
- Silveira, Isaac, companion of Sabbataï Zevi, [145].
- Silveyra, Miguel, Marrano poet, [111].
- Simon Episcopius, and Manasseh ben Israel, [22].
- Simon, Richard, Father of the Oratory, as Bible critic, [178–9].
- Sinzheim, Joseph David, rabbi, addresses the Synhedrion, [495].
- Skytte, Swedish royal councilor, plans a university, [174].
- Smith, member of parliament, addresses the Mansion House meeting in behalf of the Damascus Jews, [656].
- Smyrna, commercial importance of, [119].
- Sabbataï Zevi in, [133–7].
- "Society for the Culture and Science of the Jews, The," aims of, [584–586].
- "Society for the Good and the Noble, The," [403].
- "Society for the Promotion of Christianity among Jews, The," foundation of, [587].
- "Society of Friends, The," and the reform movement in Berlin, [563].
- union against the orthodox party, [418–19].
- Sofer, Moses, rabbi, orthodox leader, [567].
- protests against the Temple innovations, [572].
- Sofino, Raphael, Sabbatian, [160].
- Solomon, Kabbalist, [55].
- Solomon, of Rohatyn, makes a Catholic confession of faith, [285].
- "Songs of Glory," by Wessely, [404].
- "Songs of Obadiah ben Amos in Exile, The," by Steinheim, [603–604].
- Spain, Jews expelled from, [728–9].
- Spalding, translates Wessely's "Songs of Glory," [404].
- Speeth, John Peter, defends the Jews, [177].
- Spinoza, Baruch, attacked, [93–4].
- character of, [107–8].
- characterization of, [86].
- death of, [167].
- defends freedom of thought, [95–7].
- doubts of, [89–90].
- excommunicated, [93], [94–5].
- explains the Jewish state, [103–7].
- idea of, of God, [98–9].
- idea of, of Judaism and Christianity, [101–3].
- idea of, of man, [99–101].
- studies of, [87–9].
- theory of, of the state, [96–7].
- trade of, [95].
- youth of, [87].
- Spira, Nathan, emissary from Palestine, [126].
- "Spirit of the Laws, The," by Montesquieu, [336].
- Stambuli, Aaron, suspected of the murder of Father Tomaso, [638].
- "Stättigkeit," the Frankfort legislation against Jews, [503].
- Steel, Lord Chief Baron, member of Cromwell's Jewish commission, [43].
- Steinheim, Solomon Ludwig, physician, philosopher, and poet, [602–7], [699].
- Strasburg, Jews excluded from, [349].
- Jews of, hostility to, [476–7].
- Streckfuss, opponent of the Jews, and Riesser, [602].
- "Stübel," hermitage of the Zaddik, [382].
- Suasso, Isaac (Antonio), and William III, of England, [205].
- Sullam, Sarah, poetess, [68–70].
- Sulzer, musician in the Vienna temple, [581].
- "Summons," addressed to the princes of Europe by Michael Berr, [460–61].
- Surenhuysius, William, Hebrew scholar, and the Jews, [194].
- translates the Mishna, [193–4].
- Synhedrion, a, proposed by Napoleon, [493].
- Synhedrion, the, composition of, [493].
- Synod, the, of the Four Countries, [3–4].
- not permitted to assemble, [387].
- Syria, returned to Turkey, [661].
- wrested from Turkey, [633].
- "Tables of Testimony, The," by Jonathan Eibeschütz, [270].
- Talleyrand, bishop of Autun, on the emancipation of the Jews, [442].
- Talmud, the, attacked, [73–4], [77].
- Talmud Torah, the Amsterdam synagogue, [167].
- Talmudical Judaism, and Sabbatianism, [142], [152].
- Talmudical schools, the, decay of, [566–7].
- decline of, [699].
- Talmudists, [4].
- "Tantalus in the Lawsuit," comedy by Frederick the Great, [339].
- Tarnopol, culture strivings in, [612].
- Teller, consistorial councilor, and Jews desiring baptism, [421–22].
- Temple, the Hamburg, [564–5].
- Templo. See [Leon, Jacob Jehuda].
- Ten Tribes, the, and Manasseh ben Israel, [31].
- theories about, [30–31].
- Teutomania, and the Jews, [515–16].
- Texeira, Isaac (Manuel), appealed to by the Jews of Vienna, [171].
- Sabbatian, [140].
- Texeiras, Jewish millionaires, [205].
- Theodosius II, emperor, persecutes the Jews, [725].
- Theological seminaries, [699–700].
- "Theologico-Political Treatise, The," by Spinoza, [95–109].
- Thibaut, professor at Heidelberg, protects the Jews, [531].
- Thiers, and Louis Philippe, [648].
- Thiery, favors the emancipation of the Jews, [434].
- Tholuck, Bible exegete, [695].
- Thompson, chairman of the Mansion House meeting in behalf of the Damascus Jews, [656].
- "To the Friends of Lessing," by Jacobi, [372].
- Toland, John, champion of the Jews, [197–8].
- Toledano, Daniel, adviser of Muley Ismail, [168].
- Tomaso, Father, disappearance of, [634–5].
- Trajan, persecution by, [725].
- "Treatise on the Immortality of the Soul, A," by Samuel da Silva, [59].
- "Treatise on the Position of the Hebrews, A," by Simone Luzzatto, [81–4].
- Treves, Israel, disciple of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, [237].
- Treves, pilgrimage to, [682].
- Trier, Solomon, invites discussion on circumcision, [677].
- Trieste, Jews of, addressed by Wessely, [370–71].
- petition for a normal school, [369].
- Trigland, Jacob, inquires into Karaism, [183–4].
- "True Shepherd, The," translated, [114].
- Tuch, Bible exegete, [695].
- Tucker, Josiah, attacked for defending the Jews, [338].
- Tugaï Bey, Tartar leader, [11].
- Tugend-Bund, a Berlin society, [423].
- Turkey, and the European powers, [634].
- Turkey, Jews of, emancipated, [641].
- Tusti, Father, urges the blood-accusation against the Damascus Jews, [635].
- Tyrol, Jews excluded from, [523].
- Unger, Christian Theophilus, disciple of Basnage, [197].
- "Union of American Hebrew Congregations, The," [702].
- United States, the, Jews of, [702].
- "Upon Mendelssohn and the Political Reform of the Jews," by Mirabeau, [432–3].
- "Upon the Aim of Jesus and His Disciples," one of the "Wolfenbüttel Fragments," [321].
- "Upon the Civil Amelioration of the Condition of the Jews," by Dohm, [352–8].
- "Upon the Inutility of the Jews in the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Moravia," pamphlet against the Jews, [359].
- Usque, Solomon, dramatist, alluded to, [70].
- Uziel, Isaac, rabbi at Amsterdam, [58].
- Vaad Arba Arazoth. See [Synod, The, of the Four Countries].
- Valensino, an Alexandrian Jew, supports Crémieux in the establishment of schools, [663].
- Van den Enden, Franz, teacher of Spinoza, [88–9].
- Vanni, mufti, converts Sabbatians, [154].
- Van Oven, Bernard, addresses the London meeting in behalf of the Damascus Jews, [653].
- Van Swieden, a writer against the Jews, [453].
- Vantabiet, Armenian bishop, antagonizes the Damascus Jews, [662].
- Varnhagen von Ense, and the Jews, [533], [534].
- Vega Enriques, de, Rachel, wife of Jacob de Chaves, [242].
- Veit, member of the Prussian Landtag, [697].
- Veit, Simon, husband of Dorothea Mendelssohn, [424].
- Veitel, Ephraim, jeweler, and Voltaire, [339].
- founder of a school, [405].
- Venice, the Jewish community of, [68].
- Victoria, of England, and Montefiore's journey to Damascus, [654].
- Vienna, Congress of, and the emancipation of the Jews, [513–15], [518–20].
- Vienna, Jews of, [170–72].
- Vienna, the new temple in, [581].
- Viennet, proposes the abolition of a state religion in France, [597].
- Villa-Real, de, Manuel Fernando, martyr, [91].
- "Vindiciæ Judæorum," translated into German, [362].
- Vishnioviecki, a family of the Polish nobility, [3].
- Polish prince, protects the Jews, [10–11].
- Vita, Abraham, di Cologna, rabbi, characterization of, [559].
- Vital, Chayim, Calabrese, Kabbalist, in Damascus, [52–3].
- Vital, Moses, brother of Chayim, and Kabbala Mss., [53].
- Vital, Samuel, son of Chayim Vital, [53], [125].
- Viva, Isaac, writer, [188].
- Vladislav, of Poland, death of, [8].
- Voltaire, de, Arouet, and the Jews, [338–40], [345].
- Von Bohlen, Bible exegete, [695].
- Voss, von, Julius, writer of comedies, defends the Jews, [533].
- Vossius, Dionysius, translator of the "Conciliador," [22].
- Vossius, Isaac, and Manasseh ben Israel, [22], [37].
- Vossius, John Gerard, senior, and Manasseh ben Israel, [22].
- Vries, de, Simon, a friend of Spinoza, [107].
- Wagenseil, John Christopher, Hebraist, and the Jews, [185–7].
- Way, Lewis, champions the cause of the Jews at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, [525–7].
- Wenzel, Francis, convert, maligns the Jews, [191].
- Werry, the English consul, and the Damascus blood-accusation, [639].
- Wertheimer, Joseph, founder of the "Israelitische Allianz," [703].
- Wessely, Hartwig (Naphtali-Herz), Hebrew poet, [366–71].
- Wessely, Moses, patron of Lessing, [326].
- Westphalia, consistory of, Jacobson's influence over, [562].
- Westphalia, Jews of, consistorial organization of, [501–2].
- William III, of England, and Isaac Suasso, [205].
- Wilna, Chassidim in, [391].
- Wilna, Elijah, scholar, antagonizes Talmudic subtlety, [389].
- Wolf, Aaron Benjamin, rabbi at Berlin, and Chayon, [219], [220].
- Wolf, Christopher, disciple of Basnage, [197].
- "Wolfenbüttel Fragments, The," by Reimarus, [320–23].
- Wolfssohn, Aaron, editor of Ha-Meassef, [400].
- "Wonderworker, The, by means of the Invocation in the Name of God," Israel of Miedziboz, [375].
- "Word to the Impartial, A," by Ransom, [470].
- "Words of Peace and Truth," by Hartwig Wessely, [368–70].
- Wülfer, John, Hebraist, and the Alenu prayer, [184–5].
- Würzburg, the "hep, hep" persecution in, [528–9].
- Yachini, Abraham, Sabbatian, [123], [145].
- Yavan, Baruch, opponent of Eibeschütz, [263].
- Yekutiel, of Wilna, disciple of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, [237–8], [245].
- Yizchaki, Abraham, anti-Sabbatian, [220].
- Young Germany, and the emancipation of the Jews, [602].
- led by Börne and Heine, [556].
- Young Israel, influenced by Hegel, [585].
- Zacut, Moses, Kabbalist, companion of Spinoza, [87–8].
- Zaddik, the, Chassidean leader, [380–383].
- Zamosc, Israel, teacher of Mendelssohn, [295].
- Zaporogians. See [Cossacks].
- Zemach, Jacob, Marrano physician, [125–6].
- Zevi Ashkenazi. See [Ashkenazi, Zevi].
- Zevi, Jacob. See [Jacob Querido].
- Zevi, Joseph. See [Joseph Zevi].
- Zevi, Mordecai. See [Mordecai Zevi].
- Zevi, Sabbataï. See [Sabbataï Zevi].
- Zinzendorf, count, petitioned by the Jews of Trieste, [369].
- Zion, a Hebrew journal, [693].
- Zohar, the, predictions of, [121–2].
- proved a forgery, [278].
- Zohar Tinyana, by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, [237].
- Zoharites. See [Frankists].
- Zunz, Leopold, Jewish scholar, [619–621].
[Transcriber's Notes]
Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.
Simple typographical errors were corrected.
Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.
Inconsistent use of small-caps and Proper caps in names unchanged.