| 586. | Gedaliah appointed governor of the remnant of Judah |
| | by Nebuchadnezzar. |
| 586. | Jeremiah at Mizpah with Gedaliah. |
| | Gedaliah murdered by Ishmael, son of Nethaniah. |
| | Obadiah prophesies against Edom, which possesses itself of southern Judæa. |
| | Jeremiah and Baruch in Egypt with Johanan, son of Kareah. |
| 582. | Third deportation of Judæans to Babylonia by Nebuchadnezzar. |
| | Ezekiel (620–570) prophesies. |
| 561 (about). | Jehoiachin honored by Evil-merodach. |
| | Descendants of the Ten Tribes deported by the Assyrian kings mingle with the captives from Judah. |
| 555 (about). | The historical books of the Bible compiled in Babylonia; literature flourishes. |
| | Nabonad of Babylonia persecutes the exiles. |
| | The Babylonian Isaiah prophesies. |
| 538. | Cyrus takes Babylon, and permits the exiles in Babylonia to return to Palestine. |
| 537. | Zerubbabel and Joshua ben Jehozedek lead the first return. |
| | Foundation of the second Temple laid. |
| 520. | Haggai and Zechariah (II) prophesy. |
| 516. | The Second Temple consecrated. |
| | The Samaritans accuse the Judæans of disloyalty to Persia. |
| | The Judæans contract marriages with their heathen neighbors. |
| 459. | Ezra leads the second return with the permission of Artaxerxes I Longimanus. |
| 457 (about). | Ezra prevails upon the people to repudiate their heathen wives. |
| | The Samaritans under Sanballat engage in hostilities against the Judæans. |
| 444. | Nehemiah leads the third return. |
| | The Samaritans intrigue against Nehemiah. |
| | Internal reforms by Nehemiah. |
| | Ezra reads the Law to the people at Jerusalem. |
| | The wall of Jerusalem rebuilt. |
| | Beginnings of the Great Assembly (Keneseth ha-Gedolah). |
| 432. | Nehemiah returns to Persia. |
| | Malachi the last of the Prophets. |
| 430–424. | Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem, and continues his reforms. |
| 420 (about). | The Samaritan Temple built on Mount Gerizim. |
| | Synagogues established; the Law studied, and the present form of divine service introduced, probably by the Council of Seventy (Synhedrion) (Dibre Sopherim). |
| 361–360. | Artaxerxes II banishes Judæans to Hyrkania. |
| 338 (about). | Bagoas, general of Artaxerxes III, lays the Judæans under tribute. |
| | The Books of Chronicles written. |
| 332. | Alexander the Great in Judæa. |