175.Antiochus IV Epiphanes ascends the throne of Syria.
174.The Hellenists induce Antiochus IV to divest Onias III of the high-priestly dignity, and under Jason obtain citizenship for Judæans trained for the Greek combats.
Gymnasiums and the Greek games at Jerusalem.
172.Menelaus (Onias) the Benjamite made high priest by Antiochus IV.
171.Death of Onias III; Menelaus guilty of Temple robbery, but exonerated by Antiochus IV.
168.Antiochus IV attacks Jerusalem, and desecrates the Holy of Holies.
168, Tammuz 17.A Statue of Jupiter placed in the Temple by the Syrians.
The Chassidim suffer martyrdom.
Mattathias the Hasmonæan resists the Syrian overseer.
167.Judas Maccabæus victorious in his first battle with the Syrians under Apollonius.
166.Judas Maccabæus victorious over Heron at Beth-horon.
The Book of Daniel written.
Judas Maccabæus victorious over Gorgias at Emmaus.
165.Judas Maccabæus victorious over Lysias at Bethzur.
165, Kislev 25.The Temple re-dedicated (Chanukah).
Judas Maccabæus and his brothers victorious over the Idumæans, Ammonites, and Philistines.
164.Death of Antiochus IV Epiphanes.
163.Judas Maccabæus retreats before Lysias at Beth-Zachariah; his brother Eleazar Hauran killed.
Jerusalem besieged by Lysias.
Judas Maccabæus high priest.
162 (about).The Onias Temple built at Leontopolis in Egypt by Onias IV, son of Onias III, the first Alabarch.
The Hellenists calumniate Judas Maccabæus before Demetrius I. Alcimus made high priest. Factions under Judas and Alcimus.
160.Judas Maccabæus victorious over Nicanor at Caphar-Salama and Adarsa. He makes overtures to the Romans.
The Judæans defeated at Eleasa by the Syrians under Bacchides; Judas Maccabæus killed.
Parties in Judæa: Chassidim, Hasmonæans, Hellenists.
Jonathan Haphus, brother of Judas, defends himself unsuccessfully against Bacchides; his brother Johanan Gadi killed in a skirmish with the Bene Amri.
159.Judæa evacuated by the Syrians.
157.The Syrian war renewed at the instigation of the Hellenists.
152.Jonathan Haphus high priest; his friendship sought by Demetrius I and Alexander Balas.
152–143.The Judæans under Jonathan Haphus participate in the struggles between Alexander Balas, his son Antiochus VI, Diodotus Tryphon, and Demetrius II for the Syrian crown.
150 (about).The Pentateuch translated into Greek: the Septuagint.
143.Jonathan Haphus executed by Diodotus Tryphon.
143.Simon Tharsi, last of the Hasmonæan brothers, made high priest and leader by the people.
141.End of the Hellenist party.
140.Judæa and Rome allies.

XII. THE HASMONÆAN DYNASTY.
(140–37 B. C. E.)
(See the Genealogical Table of the Hasmonæan Dynasty, p. [130].)

Egyptian Kings.

Syrian Kings.

B.C.E.
140.Simon made hereditary high priest and Nassi (Prince).
139.Simon stamps coins by permission of Antiochus VII Sidetes.
Cendebæus, general of Antiochus Sidetes, makes war upon Simon.
135.Simon slain by his son-in-law; accession of John Hyrcanus I.
135–123.Wars with the rulers of the Seleucidæan house.
133 (about).Embassy to Rome. Rome calls upon Antiochus VII to make restitution to Judæa.
120 (about).Samaria reduced; the Temple on Mount Gerizim destroyed.
Conquest of the Idumæans and their conversion to Judaism.
John Hyrcanus again appeals to Rome in his difficulties with Antiochus IX Cyzicenus.
John Hyrcanus victorious over the allies, Antiochus IX Cyzicenus and Ptolemy VIII Lathurus.
109.Samaria destroyed; Judæa at the height of prosperity; John Hyrcanus has coins struck.
Formation of the three sects: Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes; outbreak of hostilities between the Pharisees and the Sadducees.
106.Accession of Aristobulus I. Discord in the family of the king.
War with the Ituræans and Trachonites; Judæa enlarged.
105.Accession of Alexander (I) Jannæus.
98–96.The seaport towns taken by Ptolemy VIII Lathurus regained with the help of the Egyptian king’s mother.
94–89.Contentions between the Pharisees and the Sadducees; Alexander Jannæus opposed to the Pharisees. 800 Pharisees executed.
Alexander Jannæus adds trans-Jordanic territory to Judæa.
79.Salome Alexandra, wife of Alexander Jannæus, ascends the throne.
Simon ben Shetach and Judah ben Tabbai, Pharisee leaders, reorganize the Synhedrion, and exclude the Sadducæans. The queen favors the Pharisees.
70.Accession of Hyrcanus II.
69.Aristobulus II co-regent; quarrels between the brothers.
Antipater the Idumæan becomes the counselor of Hyrcanus II.
66.Aretas, king of the Nabathæans, ally of Hyrcanus II against Aristobulus II, takes Jerusalem.
Scaurus, the Roman legate, at the instance of Aristobulus II, forces Aretas to raise the siege of Jerusalem.
63.Pompey captures Jerusalem; Hyrcanus II made Ethnarch; Aristobulus II a prisoner.
Alexander (II), son of Aristobulus II, enters Jerusalem; subdued by Aulus Gabinius, Roman governor of Syria.
60.Shemaya and Abtalion presidents of the Synhedrion.
56.Aristobulus II escapes from Rome, opposes the Romans in Judæa, and is taken captive a second time.
55.Alexander (II) routed by the Romans at Mount Tabor.
53.Crassus plunders the Temple.
Aristobulus II, set free by Julius Cæsar, is poisoned by the followers of Pompey; Alexander (II) decapitated.
47.At the petition of Antipater, Cæsar proclaims Hyrcanus II high priest and Ethnarch.
The Judæans of Alexandria governed by their own Ethnarch, or Alabarch.
Phasael, oldest son of Antipater, governor of Jerusalem; Herod, second son of Antipater, governor of Galilee.
Ezekias of Galilee decapitated by Herod.
Herod before the Synhedrion, protected by Hyrcanus II; made governor of Cœlesyria by Sextus Cæsar, Roman governor of Syria.
43.Antipater poisoned.
42.Herod and Phasael made Tetrarchs by Mark Antony.
40.Barzaphernes, Parthian general, takes Jerusalem, proclaims Antigonus king, and incapacitates Hyrcanus II for the high-priestly office by mutilating his ears.
Herod proclaimed king by the Roman Senate.
37.Herod marries Mariamne, granddaughter of Hyrcanus II.
Jerusalem besieged and taken by Herod and Sosius, Mark Antony’s general; Antigonus executed.

XIII. THE HERODIAN DYNASTY.
(37 B. C. E.–72 C. E.)
(See the Genealogical Table of the Herodian Dynasty, p. [134], and the Table of the High Priests, p. [129].)