| EDITOR’S PREFACE | Page | [iii] |
| Autobiographical Notice Of Dr. Henry Schliemann | ” | [1] |
| Diagram showing the successive Strata of Remains on the Hill of Hissarlik | ” | [10] |
| Introduction | ” | [11] |
| Comparative Table of French Meters and English Measures | ” | [56] |
| WORK AT HISSARLIK IN 1871. | ||
| [CHAPTER I.] On the Hill of Hissarlik, October 18th, 1871. | ||
The site of Ilium described—Excavations in 1870: the City Wall ofLysimachus—Purchase of the site and grant of a firman—Arrivalof Dr. and Madame Schliemann in 1871, and beginning of theExcavations—The Hill of HISSARLIK, the Acropolis of the GreekIlium—Search for its limits—Difficulties of the work—The greatcutting on the North side—Greek coins found—Dangers from fever | ||
| [CHAPTER II.] On the Hill of Hissarlik, October 26th, 1871. | ||
Number of workmen—Discoveries at 2 to 4 meters deep—Greekcoins—Remarkable terra-cottas with small stamps, probably Exvotos—These cease, and are succeeded by the whorls—Bones ofsharks, shells of mussels and oysters, and pottery—Three GreekInscriptions—The splendid panoramic view from Hissarlik—The Plainof Troy and the heroic tumuli—Thymbria: Mr. Frank Calvert’sMuseum—The mound of Chanaï Tépé—The Scamander and its ancientbed—Valley of the Simoïs, and Ruins of Ophrynium | ||
| [CHAPTER III.] On the Hill of Hissarlik, November 3rd, 1871. | ||
Puzzling transitions from the “Stone Age” to a highercivilization—The stone age reappears in force, mixed with potteryof fine workmanship, and the whorls in great number—Conjecturesas to their uses: probably Ex votos—Priapi of stone andterra-cotta: their worship brought by the primitive Aryans fromBactria—Vessels with the owl’s face—Boars’ tusks—Variousimplements and weapons of stone—Hand mill-stones—Models of canoesin terra-cotta—Whetstones—The one object of the excavations, tofind TROY | ||
| [CHAPTER IV.] On the Hill of Hissarlik, November 18th, 1871. | ||
Another passage from the Stone Age to copper implements mixed withstone—The signs of a higher civilization increase with the depthreached—All the implements are of better workmanship—Discovery ofsupposed inscriptions—Further discussion of the use of thewhorls—Troy still to be reached—Fine terra-cotta vessels ofremarkable forms—Great numbers of stone weights and handmill-stones—Numerous house-walls—Construction of the greatcutting—Fever and quinine—Wounds and arnica | ||
| [CHAPTER V.] On the Hill of Hissarlik, November 24th, 1871. | ||
Interruptions from Rain—Last works of the season, 1871—Thesupposed ruins of Troy reached—Great blocks of stone—Engineeringcontrivances—Excavations at the “Village of the Ilians:” no tracesof habitation, and none of hot springs—Results of the excavationsthus far—Review of the objects found at various depths—Structureof the lowest houses yet reached—Difficulties of theexcavations—The object aimed at—Growth of the Hill of Hissarlik | ||
| WORK AT HISSARLIK IN 1872. | ||
| [CHAPTER VI.] On the Hill of Hissarlik, April 5th, 1872. | ||
New assistants for 1872—Cost of the excavations—Digging of thegreat platform on the North—Venomous snakes—A supporting buttresson the North side of the hill—Objects discovered: little idols offine marble—Whorls engraved with the suastika
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| [CHAPTER VII.] On the Hill of Hissarlik, April 25th, 1872. | ||
Smoking at work forbidden, and a mutiny suppressed—Progress of thegreat platform—Traces of sacrifices—Colossal blocks of stonebelonging to great buildings—Funereal and other hugeurns—Supposed traces of Assyrian art—Ancient undisturbedremains—Further discoveries of stone implements and owl-facedidols—Meaning of the epithet “γλαυκῶπις”—Parallel of Ἥρα βοῶπις,and expected discovery of ox-headed idols at Mycenæ—Vases ofremarkable forms—Dangers and engineering expedients—GeorgiosPhotidas—Extent of the Pergamus of Troy—Poisonous snakes, and thesnake-weed—The whorls with the central sun, stars, the suastika,the Sôma, or Tree of Life, and sacrificial altars—The name ofMount Ida, probably brought from Bactria | ||
| [CHAPTER VIII.] On the Hill of Hissarlik, May 11th, 1872. | ||
Hindrances through Greek festivals—Thickness of the layers ofdébris above the native rock—Date of the foundation ofTroy—Impossibility of the Bunarbashi theory—Homeric epithetssuitable to Hissarlik—Etymology of Ἴλιος, signifying probably the“fortress of the Sun”—The Aruna of the Egyptianrecords—Progress of the platform, and corresponding excavation onthe south—The bulwark of Lysimachus—Ruins of greatbuildings—Marks of civilization increasing with the depth—Vases,and fragments of great urns—A remarkable terra-cotta—A whorl withthe appearance of an inscription | ||
| [CHAPTER IX.] On the Hill of Hissarlik, May 23rd, 1872. | ||
Superstition of the Greeks about saints’ days—Further engineeringworks—Narrow escape of six men—Ancient building on the westernterrace—The ruins under this house—Old Trojan mode ofbuilding—Continued marks of higher civilization—Terra-cottasengraved with Aryan symbols: antelopes, a man in the attitude ofprayer, flaming altars, hares—The symbol of the moon—Solaremblems, and rotating wheels—Remarks on former supposedinscriptions—Stone moulds for casting weapons andimplements—Absence of cellars, and use of colossal jars in theirstead—The quarry used for the Trojan buildings—“Un Médecin malgrélui.”—Blood-letting priest-doctors—Efficacy ofsea-baths—Ingratitude of the peasants cured—Increasing heat | ||
| [CHAPTER X.] On the Hill of Hissarlik, June 18th, 1872. | ||
A third platform dug—Traces of former excavations by theTurks—Block of triglyphs, with bas-relief of Apollo—Fall of anearth-wall—Plan of a trench through the whole hill—Admirableremains in the lowest stratum but one—The plain and engravedwhorls—Objects of gold, silver, copper, and ivory—Remarkableterra-cottas—The pottery of the lowest stratum quite distinctfrom that of the next above—Its resemblance to the Etruscan, inquality only—Curious funereal urns—Skeleton of a six months’embryo—Other remains in the lowest stratum—Idols of fine marble,the sole exception to the superior workmanship of this stratum—Thehouses and palaces of the lowest stratum, of large stones joinedwith earth—Disappearance of the first people with the destructionof their town. The second settlers, of a different civilization—Their buildingsof unburnt brick on stone foundations—These bricks burnt by thegreat conflagration—Destruction of the walls of the formersettlers—Live toads coëval with Troy!—Long duration of thesecond settlers—Their Aryan descent proved by Aryansymbols—Various forms of their pottery—Vases in the form ofanimals—The whorls of this stratum—Their interestingdevices—Copper weapons and implements, and moulds for castingthem—Terra-cotta seals—Bracelets and ear-rings, of silver, gold,and electrum—Pins, &c., of ivory and bone—Fragments of alyre—Various objects. The third stratum: the remains of an Aryan race—Hardly a traceof metal—Structure of their houses—Their stone implements andterra-cottas coarser—Various forms of pottery—Remarkableterra-cotta balls with astronomical and religioussymbols—Whorls—Stone weapons—Whetstones—Hammers and instrumentsof diorite—A well belonging to this people—This third towndestroyed with its people. The fourth settlers: comparatively savage, but still of Aryanrace—Whorls with like emblems, but of a degenerate form—Theirpottery inferior, but with some curious forms—Idols ofAthena—Articles of copper—Few stones—Charred remains, indicatingwooden buildings—Stone weights, handmills, and knives and saws offlint—With this people the pre-Hellenic ages end—The stonebuildings and painted and plain terra-cottas of Greek Ilium—Dateof the Greek colony—Signs that the old inhabitants were notextirpated—The whorls of very coarse clay and patterns—Well, andjars for water and wine—Proofs of the regular succession ofnations on the hill—Reply to the arguments of M. Nikolaïdes forthe site at Bunarbashi—The Simoïs, Thymbrius, and Scamander—Thetomb of Ajax at In-Tépé—Remains in it—Temple of Ajax and town ofAianteum—Tomb of Achilles and town of Achilleum—Tombs ofPatroclus and Antilochus—The Greek camp—The tomb of Batiea orMyrina—Further discussion of the site | ||
| [CHAPTER XI.] On the Hill of Hissarlik, July 13th, 1872. | ||
Increase of men and machinery and cost on the works: but slowprogress—Continued hurricane on “the windy Ilium” (Ἴλιοςἠνεμόεσσα)—The great platform proves too high—Newcutting—Excavation of the temple—Objects found—Greek statuettesin terra-cotta—Many whorls with 卐 and suns—Wheel-shaped whorlswith simple patterns in the lowest strata—Terra-cotta balls withsuns and stars—Use of the whorls as amulets or coinsdiscussed—Little bowls, probably lamps—Other articles ofpottery—Funnels—A terra-cotta bell—Various beautifulterra-cottas—Attempts at forgery by the workmen—Mode of namingthe men—The springs in front of Ilium—Question of Homer’s hot andcold spring—Course of the Simoïs—The tomb of Batiea or Myrinaidentified with the Pacha Tépé—Theatre of Lysimachus—Heat andwind—Plague of insects and scorpions—Konstantinos Kolobos, anative genius without feet | ||
| [CHAPTER XII.] Pergamus of Troy, August 4th, 1872. | ||
Discovery of an ancient wall on the northern slope—Discovery of aTower on the south side—Its position and construction—It isHomer’s Great Tower of Ilium—Manner of building with stones andearth—A Greek inscription—Remarkable medal of the age ofCommodus—Whorls found just below the surface—Terra-cottas foundat small depths—Various objects found at the various depths—Askeleton, with ornaments of gold, which have been exposed to agreat heat—Paucity of human remains, as the Trojans burnt theirdead—No trace of pillars—Naming of the site as “Ilium” and the“Pergamus of Troy” | ||
| [CHAPTER XIII.] Pergamus of Troy, August 14th, 1872. | ||
Intended cessation of the work—Further excavation of theTower—Layers of red ashes and calcined stones—Objects found onthe Tower—Weapons, implements, and ornaments of stone, copper, andsilver—Bones—Pottery and vases of remarkable forms—Objects foundon each side of the Tower—First rain for four months—Thanks forescape from the constant dangers—Results of the excavations—Thesite of Homer’s Troy identified with that of Greek Ilium—Error ofthe Bunarbashi theory—Area of the Greek city—Depth of theaccumulated débris unexampled in the world—Multitude ofinteresting objects brought to light—Care in making drawings ofthem all | ||
| [CHAPTER XIV.] Athens, September 28th, 1872. | ||
Return to Troy to take plans and photographs—Damage to retainingwalls—The unfaithfulness of the watchman—Stones carried off for aneighbouring church and houses—Injury by rain—Works for securityduring the winter—Opening up of a retaining wall on the side ofthe hill, probably built to support the temple of Athena—Supposeddébris of that temple—Drain belonging to it—Doric style of thetemple proved by the block of Triglyphs—Temple of Apollo also onthe Pergamus | ||
| WORK AT HISSARLIK IN 1873. | ||
| [CHAPTER XV.] Pergamus of Troy, February 22nd, 1873. | ||
Return to Hissarlik in 1873—Interruptions by holydays andweather—Strong cold north winds—Importance of good overseers—Anartist taken to draw the objects found—Want ofworkmen—Excavations on the site of the Temple—Blocks of Greeksculptured marble—Great increase of the hill to the east—Furtherportions of the great Trojan wall—Traces of fire—A terra-cottahippopotamus, a sign of intercourse with Egypt—Idols and owl-facedvases—Vases of very curious forms—Whorls—Sling-bullets of copperand stone—Piece of ornamented ivory belonging to a musicalinstrument—New cutting from S.E to N.W.—Walls close below thesurface—Wall of Lysimachus—Monograms on the stones—Aninscription in honour of Caius Cæsar—Patronage of Ilium by theJulii as the descendants of Æneas—Good wine of the Troad | ||
| [CHAPTER XVI.] Pergamus of Troy, March 1st, 1873. | ||
Increased number of workmen—Further uncovering of the greatbuttress—Traces of a supposed small temple—Objects found on itssite—Terra-cotta serpents’ heads: great importance attached to theserpent—Stone implements: hammers of a peculiar form—Copperimplements: a sickle—Progress of the works at the south-eastcorner—Remains of an aqueduct from the Thymbrius—Large jars, usedfor cellars—Ruins of the Greek temple of Athena—Two importantinscriptions discussed—Relations of the Greek Syrian KingsAntiochus I. and III. to Ilium | ||
| [CHAPTER XVII.] Pergamus of Troy, March 15th, 1873. | ||
Spring weather in the Plain of Troy—The Greek temple ofAthena—Numerous fragments of sculpture—Reservoir of thetemple—Excavation of the Tower—Difficulties of the work—Furtherdiscoveries of walls—Stone implements at small depths—Importantdistinction between the plain and decorated whorls—Greek and Romancoins—Absence of iron—Copper nails: their peculiar forms:probably dress and hair pins: some with heads and beads of gold andelectrum—Original height of the Tower—Discovery of a Greekhouse—Various types of whorls—Further remarks on the Greekbas-relief—It belonged to the temple of Apollo—Stones from theexcavations used for building in the villages around—Fever | ||
| [CHAPTER XVIII.] Pergamus of Troy, March 22nd, 1873. | ||
Weather and progress of the work—The lion-headed handle of asceptre—Lions formerly in the Troad—Various objectsfound—Pottery—Implements of stone and copper—Whorls—Ballscuriously decorated—Fragments of musical instruments—Remains ofhouse walls—The storks of the Troad | ||
| [CHAPTER XIX.] Pergamus of Troy, March 29th, 1873. | ||
Splendid vases found on the Tower—Other articles—Human skull,bones, and ashes, found in an urn—New types of whorls—Greekvotive discs of diorite—Moulds of mica-schist—The smallerquantity of copper than of stone implements explained—Discussionof the objection, that stone implements are not mentioned byHomer—Reply to Mr. Calvert’s article—Flint knives found in theAcropolis of Athens—A narrow escape from fire | ||
| [CHAPTER XX.] Pergamus of Troy, April 5th, 1873. | ||
Discovery of a large house upon the Tower—Marks of a greatconflagration—Primitive Altar: its very remarkable position—Ruinsof the temple of Athena—A small cellar—Skeletons of warriorswith copper helmets and a lance—Structure of thehelmet-crests—Terra-cottas—A crucible with copper still init—Other objects—Extreme fineness of the engravings on thewhorls—Pottery—Stone implements—Copper pins and other objects | ||
| [CHAPTER XXI.] Pergamus of Troy, April 16th, 1873. | ||
Discovery of a street in the Pergamus—Three curious stone walls ofdifferent periods—Successive fortifications of the hill—Remainsof ancient houses under the temple of Athena, that have suffered agreat conflagration—Older house-walls below these, and a wall offortification—Store, with the nine colossal jars—The greatAltar—Objects found east of the Tower—Pottery with Egyptianhieroglyphics—Greek and other terra-cottas, &c.—Remarkableowl-vase—Handle, with an ox-head—Various very curious objects—Astatue of one Metrodorus by Pytheas of Argos, with aninscription—Another Greek inscription, in honour of C. ClaudiusNero | ||
| [CHAPTER XXII.] Pergamus of Troy, May 10th, 1873. | ||
Interruptions through festivals—Opening of the tumulus ofBatiea—Pottery like that of the Trojan stratum at Hissarlik, andnothing else—No trace of burial—Its age—Further discoveries ofburnt Trojan houses—Proof of their successive ages—Theirconstruction—Discovery of a double gateway, with the copper boltsof the gates—The “Scæan Gate” of Homer—Tests of the extent ofancient Troy—The place where Priam sat to view the Greekforces—Homer’s knowledge of the Heroic Troy onlytraditional—Description of the gates, the walls, and the “PALACEOF PRIAM”—Vases, &c., found in Priam’s house—Copper, ivory, andother implements—The δέπα ἀμφικύπελλα—Houses discovered on thenorth platform—Further excavations of the city walls—Statuettesand vessels of the Greek period—Top of the Tower of Iliumuncovered, and its height determined—A curious trench in it,probably for the archers—Further excavations at Bunarbashi: only afew fragments of Greek pottery—The site of Ilium uninhabited sincethe end of the fourth century—The place confused with AlexandriaTroas—No Byzantine remains at Hissarlik—Freshness of the Greeksculptures | ||
| [CHAPTER XXIII.] Troy, June 17th, 1873. | ||
Further discoveries of fortifications—The great discovery of theTREASURE on the city wall—Expedient for its preservation—Thearticles of the Treasure described—The Shield—The Caldron—Bottleand Vases of Gold—The golden δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον—Modes of workingthe gold—A cup of electrum—Silver plates, probably the talentsof Homer—Vessels of Silver—Copper lance-heads: their peculiarform—Copper battle-axes—Copper daggers—Metal articles fusedtogether by the conflagration—A knife and a piece of asword—Signs of the Treasure having been packed in a woodenchest—The key found—The Treasure probably left behind in aneffort to escape—Other articles found near the Treasure—Thethousands of gold jewels found in a silver vase—The two goldendiadems—The ear-rings, bracelets, and finger-rings—The smallerjewels of gold—Analysis of the copper articles by M.Landerer—Discovery of another room in the palace containing aninscribed stone, and curious terra-cottas—Silver dishes—Greekterra-cotta figures—Great abundance of the owl-facedvases—Limited extent of Troy—Its walls traced—Poeticexaggerations of Homer—The one great point of Troy’S realityestablished—It was as large as the primitive Athens andMycenæ—The wealth and power of Troy—Great height of itshouses—Probable population—Troy known to Homer only bytradition—Question of a temple in Homer’s time—Characteristics ofthe Trojan stratum of remains, and their difference from those ofthe lowest stratum—The former opinion on this pointrecalled—Layer of metallic scoriæ through the whole hill—Errorof Strabo about the utter destruction of Troy—Part of the realTroy unfortunately destroyed in the earlier excavations; but manyTrojan houses brought to light since—The stones of Troy not usedin building other cities—Trojan houses of sun-dried bricks, exceptthe most important buildings, which are of stones and earth—Extentand results of the excavations—Advice to future explorers—Furtherexcavations on the north side—Very curious terra-cottavessels—Perforated vases—A terra-cotta with hieroglyphics—Headsof oxen and horses; their probable significance—Idols of the IlianAthena—Greek and Roman medals—Greek inscriptions—Final close ofthe excavations; thanksgiving for freedom from seriousaccidents—Commendations of Nicolaus Saphyros Jannakis, and otherassistants, and of the artist Polychronios Tempesis, and of theengineer Adolphe Laurent | ||
[NOTE A]. The river Dumbrek is not the Thymbrius, but the Simoïs | ||
[NOTE B]. Table of terra-cotta weights found at Hissarlik | ||
[NOTE C]. Analysis by M. Damour of some of the metallic objectsfound | ||
[INDEX]: [A],[B],[C],[D],[E],[F],[G],[H],[I],[J],[K],[L],[M],[N],[O],[P],[Q],[R],[S],[T],[U],[V],[W],[X]. | ||
Comparative Table of the Illustrations in Dr. Schliemann’sAtlas and the Translation |
