Words which are already international, such as microscope, telephone, automobile, etc., are adopted unchanged, except as to the spelling and termination, as mikroskopo, telefono, aŭtomobilo.
WORDS USED WITH THE OBJECT.
As already said, when an adjective or participle (or a noun) is added to the object simply as a describing word, it takes n like the object, as Li perdis sian novan libron (aŭ, sian libron novan), He lost his new book. Ŝi trankviligis la kriegantan infanon (aŭ, la infanon kriegantan), She pacified the screaming child. Li vizitis sian fraton Johanon, He visited his brother John. ("John" shows which brother).
But if the adjective, participle, or noun is used not merely to describe, but indirectly to tell something about the object, it does not take n. A comparison of the following sentences will make this clear:—
| 1. | Li trovis la pomojn maturajn. He found the ripeapples. |
| Li trovis la pomojn maturaj. He found (that) theapples (were) ripe. | |
| 2. | Li trovis la kruĉon rompitan. He found the brokenjug. |
| Li trovis la kruĉon rompita. He found (that) thejug (was) broken. | |
| 3. | Li kolorigis la drapon ruĝan. He dyed the redcloth. |
| Li kolorigis la drapon ruĝa. He dyed the clothred. | |
| 4. | Li tranĉis (aŭ faris) la veston tromallongan. He cut (or made) the too-short coat (the coat thatwas too short). |
| Li tranĉis la veston tro mallonga. He cut thecoat (so that it was) too short. | |
| 5. | Li nomis la knabon mensogisto. He called the boy aliar. |
Compare this use of words with the following:—
He made his father angry (or, be angered). Li kolerigis sian patron, or, li igis sian patron kolera.
The loss drove him mad. La perdo frenezigis lin, or, igis lin freneza.
It rendered the gun useless. Ĝi senutiligis la pafilon, or, igis la pafilon senutila.
COMPLETE GRAMMAR OF ESPERANTO.
By Dr. Zamenhof.