[59] See, on these different points, the work of Gaudry, Essai de paléontologie philosophique, Paris, 1896, pp. 14-16 and 78-79.
[60] See, on this subject, Shaler, The Individual, New York, 1900, pp. 118-125.
[61] This point is disputed by M. René Quinton, who regards the carnivorous and ruminant mammals, as well as certain birds, as subsequent to man (R. Quinton, L'Eau de mer milieu organique, Paris, 1904, p. 435). We may say here that our general conclusions, although very different from M. Quinton's, are not irreconcilable with them; for if evolution has really been such as we represent it, the vertebrates must have made an effort to maintain themselves in the most favorable conditions of activity—the very conditions, indeed, which life had chosen in the beginning.
[62] M. Paul Lacombe has laid great stress on the important influence that great inventions have exercised on the evolution of humanity (P. Lacombe, De l'histoire considérée comme science, Paris, 1894. See, in particular, pp. 168-247).
[63] Bouvier, "La Nidification des abeilles à l'air libre" (C.R. de l'Ac. des sciences, 7 mai 1906).
[64] Plato, Phaedrus, 265 E.
[65] We shall return to these points in the next chapter.
[66] We shall return to this point in chapter iii., p. 259.
[67] Matière et mémoire, chap. i.
[68] See the two works of Darwin, Climbing Plants and The Fertilization of Orchids by Insects.