[10] of these voluntary acts which may be compared to reflex movements, and he has restricted freedom to moments of crisis. But he does not seem to have noticed that the process of our free activity goes on, as it were, unknown to ourselves, in the obscure depths of our consciousness at every moment of duration, that the very feeling of duration comes from this source, and that without this heterogeneous and continuous duration, in which our self evolves, there would be no moral crisis. The study, even the close study, of a given free action will thus not settle the problem of freedom. The whole series of our heterogeneous states of consciousness must be taken into consideration. In other words, it is in a close analysis of the idea of duration that the key to the problem must be sought.
[INDEX]
Absolute, reality of space, [91]; freedom
not, [166]; law of consciousness, [207];
Spinoza and, [208]; knowledge of ourselves, [235].
Abstraction, implies homogeneous
medium, [97]; breaks up elements
of idea, [134]; and diagram of process
of reaching a decision, [177] f.;
and Lord Kelvin's theory of matter, [206].
Acceleration, hypothetical, of motions
of universe, [116] f., [193] ff.
Achilles, and tortoise, [73] f.
Act, not divisible like object, [112];
free acts, [165] ff.; "possible acts," [174] ff.
Act, of mind: all unity due to, [80] f.;
neglected in empirical theory of
space, [93] f.; nature of, [95].
Addition, of sensation-differences, [64], [65];
process of, [80], [123], [226];
implies multiplicity of parts, [85].
Advice, relation of, to freedom, [169].
Aeolus, cave of, [20].
Aesthetic, Kant's Transcendental, [92], [93]·
Aesthetic feelings, [11] ff.; suggested,
not caused, [17]; stages in, [17].
Alceste, indignation of, [167].
Algebra, deals with results not processes, [119].
Analysis, already visible in mental
image, [84]; distorts feelings, [132] f.;
of a thing, not of a process, [219].
Anger, psychic element in, [29]; and
organic disturbance, [30].
Animals, ability to find their way
through space, [96]; space not so
homogeneous for, [97]; perceive
duration as quality, [127]; do not
picture distinct external world, [138], [236].
Antecedents, same, and same consequents, [199], [208].
Architecture, compared with rhythm, [15].
Aristotle, distinguishes potential and actual, [121].
Arithmetic, splits up units, [84].
Art, and beauty, [14]; object of, [14];
and hypnotism, [14]; the plastic
arts, [15]; suggesting, not expressing
feelings, [16]; merit of work of, [17];
yielding only sensations, [17];
aim and method of artist, [18].
Artificial, reconstruction of concrete phenomenon, [163].
Aspect, twofold, of terms in a series, [124], [226];
of the self, [128] ff.; of
conscious states, [129] ff.; [137] ff.
Association, by contiguity, [136], [164];
self cannot be constituted by, [139], [165], [226];
associationist determinism, [148], [155], [159];
of ideas in interrupted conversation, [156];
illustration from hypnotism, [157];
illustration from deliberation, [158];
involves defective conception of
self, [159] ff., [165], [226]; of end and
movement, [160] f.; associations of
smell, [161]; its mistakes, [161] ff.;
fits simple sensations, [164]; cannot
explain deeper states of self, [164];
every-day acts obey laws of, [167] ff., [238].
Astronomy, measurement of time in, [107];
prediction of celestial phenomena, [117], [192] ff., [198].
Attention, and muscular tension, [27];
Fechner on, [27]; Ribot on, [27]; and
psychic tension, [28]; and formation
of number, [82], [84].
Bain, on nervous energy, [21]; on
theory of space, [93]; on conflict of
motives, [159].
Beauty, feeling of, [14] ff.; in nature
and art, [14] ff.
Beliefs, adopted without reason, [135];
compared to cell in organism, [135];
some not properly assimilated, [136].
Blix, experiments on temperature sense, [46].
Body, movements of, as suggesting
psychic state, [18]; inclination of,
in comparing pleasures, [38].
Causality, law of, [199], [201]; as
regular succession, [202] f.; common
sense and meaning of, [203]; as
prefiguring of future phenomenon
in present conditions, [204] ff.; not
a necessary principle, [208]; Spinoza
on, [208]; identity and, [209], [210];
as necessary determination of
phenomena means human freedom, [210];
and second type of prefiguring, [211] f.;
this leads to Leibniz, [213],
this does not involve determinism, [214];
involves two conceptions of duration, [215];
confusion of these two senses, [216];
relation of external, as mathematical, [219];
relation of inner, as dynamic, [219];
Kant ascribed same meaning to, in inner
and outer world, [232].
Cause, external, and intensity, [4] f., [20], [42] ff., [72];
introduced into effect, [42], [47], [54], [68];
external, and separation of sensations, [109], [125];
series of associations sometimes effect
rather than, [156] ff.; in inner states
no recurrence of same, [154], [199] f., [233];
assertion that effect bound up with, [201];
analysis of concept of, [201]; self as free, [235].
Cell, in organism, beliefs compared to, [135].
Change, but not duration, attributed
to external things, [227].
Character, freedom and, [172] f.; and
prediction of future actions, [184].
Clocks, measurement of time by, [108] f.;
perception of strokes of without
expressly counting, [127].
Co-existence, number and relations
of, [75] n.; can space result from
relations of, [94]; of past and present
only in consciousness, [112].
Cold, perception of, [46].
Colour, changes of hue and invariable
colours, [51] white, grey and black,
[53] f.; degrees of saturation, [54];
intensity of, [54]; colours of spectrum,
[51], [54], [57]; changes in sensation
of, [57]; can there be equidistant
tints, [58].
Compromise, see also Endosmosis:
between idea of free force and
necessity, [217]; forms of perception
result of, [223]; intensity as
compromise between quality and
quantity, [225]; number results
from a, [226]; idea of measurable
time results from a, [228].
Consciousness, compared to invisible
musician, [147]; as epiphenomenon, [152];
Kant separates external
perception and, [222]; succession
without distinction in, [227]; matter
and form of, [234].
Conservation, of energy, see Energy;
of motion, [151]; of vis viva, [151];
conservative systems not the only
ones possible, [152].
Continuity, of number when formed, [82] f.
Contradiction, law of non-, [89], [150], [207],
reconciliation of apparent at
deeper level, [136].
Counting, units mast be identical, [76];
also distinct, [77]; flock of sheep, [76] f.;
battalion of soldiers, [76];
implies intuition of space, [77] ff.;
material objects, [85]; conscious
states, [86], [89]; strokes of a bell, [86];
moments of duration, [104];
oscillations of a pendulum, [104] f.;
two sides of the process of, [123];
strokes of a clock by qualitative
effect, [127].
Crisis, freedom shown at, [170], [239].
Critique of Pure Reason, result of, [235].
Critique philosophique, article in, [75] n.
Dancer, and feeling of grace, [12].
Darwin, on rage, [29]; on violent
emotions and reflex movements, [30];
on pain and reactions, [37].
Definition, of equality of sensation-differences, [64];
of addition of sensation-differences, [64], [65];
of number, [75]; of subjective and objective, [83];
of space, [95], [98]; none of right and left, [97];
of simultaneity, [110]; of equal intervals
of time, [115]; of velocity, [117] f.;
of inertia of matter, [142]; of freedom,
leads to determinism, [220] f., [230], [239].
Delbœuf, his measurement of luminous
sensation, [52], [56] ff., [67] ff.;
his underlying postulate, [60].
Deliberation, process of, [158], [171];
wrongly pictured as oscillation in
space, [183].
Depth, of aesthetic feeling, [17] f.; of
emotional states, [31].
Descartes, and conservation of motion, [151];
his mischievous genius, [193];
his view of matter, [207];
Cartesian physics, [207];
and regularity of physical world, [208].
Desire, progress of a, [8]; conceived
as a distinct thing, [159].
Determinism, two kinds of, [142];
physical, [143] ff.; psychological, [155] ff.;
rests on misconception of duration, [143], [173];
and molecular theory of matter, [143] f., [147];
of psychic states does not follow from
that of cerebral states, [146] f.;
associationist, [148], [155], [159]; and
hypnotism, [157]; self-determination, [165], [172];
its mechanical conception of self, [171];
could act have been different? [173], [201], [220], [239];
can act be predicted? [173], [183] ft., [201], [220], [239];
and "possible acts," [174]; and character, [184] ff., [172];
and astronomical prediction, [192] ff.;
and law of causality, [199] ff.;
misunderstanding of causality underlies all, [201] ff.;
of phenomena as involving human freedom, [210], [215] ff.;
not involved in second type of prefiguring, [211] f., [215] f.;
Leibniz's, [214]; as compromis between idea of
free effort and necessity, [217];
attempt to define freedom leads to, [220], [230], [239];
all, refuted by experience, [230];
meaningless if duration heterogeneous, [235], [239].
Diagrams, geometrical, [176], [191].
Differentials, expressing Fechner's Law, [62], [65];
dealing with motion, [119].
Dimension, time as fourth, [109].
Discontinuity, of number, [82] f.
Disgust, Richet's description of, [36].
Distinction, two meanings of, [75] n., [121];
succession without, [101]; of psychic states,
leads to mechanical conception of self, [171];
Kant's, between matter and form of
consciousness, [234].
Donaldson, experiments on temperature sense, [46].
Dreams, freshness in, [8]; charm in, [10];
superficial psychic states removed
in, [126]; overlying images in, [136].
Duration, moments counted by means
of points in space, [78] f., [87]; differs
from homogeneous time in having
nothing to do with space, [91]; empirical
attempts to build up space
from, [99] f., [222]; conception of
pure, [100], [104] ff., [229]; expressed
in terms of space, [101], [103], [232];
order of succession in, [101] f.; any
homogeneity in, implies space, [104], [115];
as interpenetration of conscious
states, [104], [107], [108], [110],
[128], [218], [226], [232] ff., [235]; pure, is
wholly qualitative, [106], [126] f., [229];
not measurable, [107] ff.; not
measured by clocks, [108] f.; as
heterogeneous and with no relation
to number, [109], [110], [120], [226], [229], [235], [239];
how mistaken idea of homogeneity arises, [109];
and motion, [110], [114], [124]; eliminated
from time by science, [115], [116], [228];
and simultaneity, [115] f.; and
astronomical prediction, [117], [192]
ff.; cannot be represented by
mathematical formulae, [119]; as
mental synthesis, [120]; none in
space, [120], [227]; as quality, [127],
[193], [197], [226]; felt as quality in
sleep, [126]; perceived as quality by
animals, [127]; homogeneous, as
symbolical representation derived
from space, [128], [219], [239], [240]; its
two forms, [128]; constituted by
deep-seated conscious states, [137], [224];
determinism rests on inaccurate
conception of, [143], [153], [173],
[209], [215] f., [220], [235], [239]; acts like
a cause in realm of life, [153];
heterogeneity of, precludes return
to former state, [154], [200], [219], [232], [233], [239];
real, and prediction, [183] ff.;
of conscious states unalterable, [196] f.;
difference between past and
future, [198]; applicable to persons,
not to external things, [200], [209] f., [215], [227];
as contained in single moment, [208];
real, as leading to
free will, [210], [215] f.; attributed to
things, [215], [228]; two conceptions
of, in causality, [215]; separated
from extensity by science, [228] f., [230];
must similarly be separated
by philosophy, [229] f.; Kant put
self outside, [233]; possible to get
back into pure, [233]; Kant confused
with space, [233]; science
cannot deal with, [234]; if homogeneous,
no freedom, [235]; origin
of feeling of, [238] n.; no moral
crisis without, [238] n.; key to
problem of free will, [238] n.
Dynamism, as system of nature, [140];
and relation between facts and
laws, [140] f.; its view of simplicity, [141];
inner, [172].
Eclipse, prediction of, [117], [194]·
Education, not properly assimilated, [166];
may curtail freedom, [167].
Effort, intensity of, [7], [24], [25], [26];
muscular, [20] ff.; apparently quantitative, [21];
feeling of, [21] ff., [211];
experimental investigation of, [22] ff.;
superficial, [26]; in estimating
intensity and pitch of sound, [45] f.;
in second type of prefiguring, [211];
force and, [214]; ideas of free, and
necessity to be kept apart, [217], [218].
Eleatics, their paradoxes, [74], [240];
arise from confusion between motion
and space, [112] ff.; Achilles
and tortoise, [113] f.
Elevation, of aesthetic feeling, [17].
Emotions, violent, intensity of, [28] ff.
Empiricist, theory of space, [93] f.;
derivation of extensive from inextensive, [94], [222].
Endosmosis, see also Compromise:—between
succession and externality, 109, [228];
between mobility and space, [112];
between free effort and
necessary determination, [218].
Energy, kinetic and potential, [152];
may be new kind of, [152].
Energy, conservation of: incompatible
with freedom, [142], [144];
and determination of physiological
and nervous phenomena, [145];
does not involve determinism of
conscious states, [146] f.; is it
universal? [150], [154]; in the natural
sciences, [150]; implies return of
system to former state, [152]; conscious
force or free will may escape
law of, [154]; illegitimate extension
of, [155], [230].
English philosophers, on extensity
and succession, [99].
Epiphenomenon, consciousness as, [152].
Equations, expressing Fechner's Law, [62];
express something finished, [19];
transformability of, [204].
Évellin, on space, time and motion, [114].
Experiments, and experimental observations:
Wundt on paralytic, [21]; Vulpian on hemiplegia, [22];
Ferner on feeling of effort, [22] f.;
James on feeling of effort, [23];
clenching the fist, [24]; compressing
the lips, [25]; lifting a weight, [25], [48] f.;
Féré on muscular force, [41];
pin pricks, [42]; on temperature
sense, [46]; Helmholtz on colour
and intensity, [51]; photometric, [52] ff.;
Lehmann and Neiglick's, [52];
Delbœuf's on measurement
of luminous sensation, [52] ff., [56] ff.
Explanation, confused with fact, [163], [181].
Extensity, implies relation of container
to contained, [3]; no point of
contact between extended and unextended, [70];
as aspect of physical
qualities, [92]; Kant on, [92], [148];
attempted derivation of, from the
unextended, [93] f., [99] f., [222]; homogeneous,
as result of stripping
matter of concrete qualities, [205];
Descartes' view of matter as homogeneous, [207];
hylozoism and qualities of matter, [213]; confusion
with duration raises problem of
freedom, [221], [240]; separated from
duration by science, [228], [230].
Externality, of things in space, [99];
exists outside the ego, [108], [227];
endosmosis between succession
and, [109], [228]; of things, helps to
cut up psychic life, [109], [125] f., [130], [228];
animals have not same tendency
to picture, [138]; empirical
school attempts to build up, from
inner states, [222]; external things
subject to change but not duration, [227];
external world distinct from
ourselves, [236].
Fact, relation between law and, [140] f.;
explanation confused with, [163], [181].
Faraday, and centres of force, [218].
Fear, Spencer on, [30]; conceived as
distinct state, [159].
Fechner, on attention and tension [27];
his psychophysics, [56], [60] ff.;
his formulae, [61], [62]; his law, [61];
his logarithmic law, [62] n.; method
of minimum differences, [64], [69].
Feeling, intensity of, [7], [185];
deep-seated, [7] ff.; aesthetic, [11] ff.; of
grace, [11] f.; of beauty, [14] f.;
richness of aesthetic, [17] f.; moral, [18] f.;
and physical symptoms, [20] ff.;
of effort, [21] ff., [211]; distorted
by analysis, [132] f.; something
living and developing, [133];
leads to resolution, [133], [171];
whole soul reflected in each, [165];
change in duration of, means
change in nature, [197] f.
Féré, C, on sensation and muscular force, [41].
Ferrier, on feeling of effort, [16].
Figure, see Diagram.
Flavour, changing, solidified by language, [131].
Force, alleged psychic, [20] f., [25];
muscular, [21]; nervous, [21]; sensation
of, [21]; conscious states not
forces, [165], [170]; idea of, as indeterminate
effort, [214]; self as a free, [216];
idea of, and necessity, [216], [217];
as free spontaneity, [217];
ideas of free force and necessity
separated by science, [218].
"Form of Sensibility," Kant's theory
of, [94]; homogeneous space as, [236].
Forms, borrowed from external world
in perception of self, [154], [167], [183],
[217], [223]; borrowed from self in
perception of things, [222]; of perception,
result of compromise, [223];
elimination of those borrowed
from external world, [224]; Kant's
distinction between matter and, [93], [234].
Formulae, Weber's, [61]; Fechner's, [62];
dealing with velocity, [118].
Fouillée, on freedom as a motive, [160].
Fourth dimension, time as, [109].
Freedom, Free Will, see also Determinism:
origin of problem, [74], [139], [221], [240];
cause of conflict between mechanism
and dynamism, [140]; twofold objection to, [142];
and molecular theory of matter, [143] f.;
and conservation of energy, [145] ff.;
strictly limited if principle of conservation
universal, [149] f.; as conscious force,
exempt from law of conservation, [154];
defenders of, mistakenly agree
that conscious states are
distinct things, [159]; Fouillée on,
[160]; as self-expression, [165], [172];
not absolute, but admits of degrees, [166];
many live without realizing, [166];
may be curtailed by education, [167];
free acts rare, [167], [231], [240];
free decision springs from whole or
fundamental self, [167], [172], [231], [240];
covered over by automatism, [168], [231], [237];
sometimes resigned through indolence, [169];
shown in times of crisis, [170], [239];
and character, [172]; to be sought
in characteristic of the decision
or act, [173], [182] f.; Mill on, [174];
and "possible acts," [174]; free
action compared to over-ripe fruit, [176];
distinction of successive
phases in, leads to determinism, [177] ff.;
the self infallible in affirming its, [183];
not disproved by causality as regular succession, [202] f.;
safe-guarded by different conceptions of
causality taken by themselves, [215] f.;
self as free cause, [216], [235];
real but indefinable, [219] ff., [230], [239] f.;
why denied and defined, [229];
Kant on, [232], [233], [235], [238]; incomprehensible
if duration homogeneous, [235];
key to problem of, [238] n.; follows
from uniqueness of relation of
psychic state to act, [239].
Fusion, see Interpenetration.
Future, see Prediction.
Ghost, time as ghost of space, [99].
Goldscheider, experiments on temperature sense, [46].
Grace, feeling of, [11] f.
Hamilton, Mill on, quoted, [159], [174]·
Harmony, Leibniz on pre-established, [147], [213], [214].
Heat, sensation of, [46] f.; mechanical theory of, [151].
Helmholtz, on effort of volition, [23];
on colour and intensity, [51].
Hemiplegia, Vulpian on, [22].
Heterogeneity, qualitative, interpreted
as extensive homogeneity, [95];
of pure duration, [109], [110], [120], [128], [226], [229], [235], [239];
of deep-seated psychic states, [200];
homogeneous universe assumed behind, [205];
Kant's distinction between homogeneity and, [234].
Homogeneity, of time, [90], [98], [107], [124], [234], [237];
of space, [95] f., [98], [120], [236]; is all homogeneity
space? [98]; supposed two forms
of, [98]; none in duration, [104], [115];
none in motion, [110], [115]; how
introduced into duration, [124] f., [128];
connection between, and general ideas, [163];
assumed behind heterogeneity, [205]; Kant's
distinction between heterogeneity and, [234].
Hope, why pleasurable, [9] f.
Hylozoism, ancient, [213], [214].
Hypnotism, and art, [14];
and aesthetic feeling, [17];
illustrating association of ideas, [157];
non-incorporation of idea received
during, [166].
Ideas, analysis of, [134]; interpenetration of, [135];
unreasoning adherence to, [135];
some not incorporated, [135];
associationism fits superficial, [136];
reconciliation of, at deeper level, [136];
association of, in interrupted conversation, [156];
general, and perception of homogeneous medium, [163].
Identity, principle of, [207]; attempt
to replace causality by, [209];
causality does not coincide with, [210].
Illusion, as to psychic states possessing
magnitude, [21]; reflective
consciousness has two fundamental, [190];
of attributing mutual externality
to conscious states, [231];
leading to difficulties about free will, [240].
Immobility, movement cannot be
made from, [115]; all that science
retains of motion is, [119], [229], [234].
Impenetrability, of matter, [88] f.
Inertia, of organism, and pleasure, [38];
vis inertiae,38; dynamism
derives, from voluntary activity, [140];
idea of spontaneity simpler
than, [141]; spontaneity settling
down into, [220].
Instinct, perception of duration in
sleep compared to, [127]; of the
intellect, [135].
Intensity, of psychic states, [1] ff., [224] f.;
of sensations, [1] ff., [7], [20], [32], [40],
[42], [47], [172] f.; alleged intensive
magnitude, [2], [3] f., [71] f., [106], [225];
no point of contact with extensive, [3], [70];
estimated by external causes, [4] f., [20], [32] f., [42], [72];
estimated by atomic movements, [6];
different kinds of, [7]; of deep-seated
psychic states, [8], [26]; of a
growing desire, [8] f.; of joy, [10];
of sorrow, [11]; of aesthetic feelings, [11] ff., [17] f.,
of moral feelings, pity, [18] f.;
of feeling of effort, [24] f.;
of superficial effort, [26]; of intermediate
states, [27]; of violent
emotions, [28] f., [31]; as multiplicity
of simple states, [31], [73]; of affective
sensations, [32] f., [34] f., [47], [73]
and organic disturbance, [32]; of
pain, [35] ff.; of disgust, [36]; of
representative sensations, [39] ff., 72;
as quality, [42], [90], [190], [224]; of
sensation of sound, [43] f.; of heat
and cold, [46] f.; of sensation of
weight, [48]; of sensation of light, [50] ff.;
of a colour, [54]; two factors
contributing to, [73]; as qualitative
sign of quantity, [90], [224]; of deep-seated
feeling, nothing but the
feeling, [185]; how others made to
realize, [185] f.; as compromise
between quality and quantity, [225].
Interpenetration, multiplicity of, [75], [162];
of conscious states, [99], [100] f., [132] f., [163], [164], [231], [237];
in pure duration, [104], [107], [108], [110], [128], [218], [235];
of states of deep-seated self, [125], [137], [164];
of strong feelings, [132] f.; of ideas, [135];
of apparently contradictory ideas
at deeper level, [136]; in process
of addition, [226]; replaced by
plurality, [237].
Introspection, as leading to fundamental self, [231].
Intuition, of space necessary to idea
of number, [77] ff., [84], [225]; of
homogeneous medium, perhaps
peculiar to man, [95] f., [236]; of
motion and duration, [114]; of
homogeneous space as step towards
social life, [138], [163], [236]; immediate,
and discursive thought, [237].
James, W. on feeling of effort, [22], [23], [24]; on rage, [29].
Joy, feeling of, [10].
Juxtaposition, see also Interpenetration:
inapplicable to inner states, [8] f.;
multiplicity of, [75] n., [162];
implies intuition of space, [77] f.;
number as a, [85], [89];
of conscious states, [101], [232]; in
homogeneous time, [121]; of lifeless
states, replaces a feeling, [133].
Kant, theory of space, [92] f.; Transcendental
Aesthetic, [92], [93]; distinguished matter and
form of representation, [93]; "form of
sensibility," [94], [236]; separated
time and space, [222], [232]; mistake
about time, [232]; gave causality
same meaning in inner and outer
world, [232]; clung to freedom
but made it noumenal, [232], [238];
put free self outside space and time,
[233], [235]; on "things in themselves," [233] f.;
made time and space homogeneous, [233]; and the
Practical Reason, [234]; distinguished
matter and form of consciousness, [234];
result of Critique of Pure Reason, [235];
raised barrier between phenomena and
things in themselves, [235]; distinguished
space from matter, [236].
Kelvin, Lord, his theory of matter, [206].
Lange, on materialism and determinism, [144].
Language, unequal to psychological
analysis, [9], [13], [160], [196], [237];
foreign, sounds louder, [41]; dominates
thought, [70], [231]; perhaps
implies intuition of space, [97], [163], [236];
uses terms borrowed from space, [122];
favours separation of states of self, [128], [137], [139], [167], [231];
solidifying influence of, on impressions, [129] f.;
gives fixed form to fleeting sensations, [131] f.;
description distorts the feelings, [132] ff.;
only ideas which least belong to us can
be expressed by, [136], [164]; and social life, [137], [167], [231], [236];
same impulse to picture externality as to speak, [138];
second self formed, whose states expressed by, [138];
illustration of inadequacy of, [160] f.;
general ideas and intuition of space, [163];
fixes only impersonal aspect of emotions, [164];
psychology misled by, [165];
how determinism aided by, [171]; why same feeling,
when repeated, called by same name, [200];
favoured by avoiding separation of
duration and extensity, [230] f.
La Rochefoucauld, on sympathy, [19].
Law, Weber's, [60]; Fechner's, [62];
Fechner's logarithmic, [62] w.; of
non-contradiction, [89], [150], [207];
of Nature, mechanism and dynamism
on, [140] f.; relation between
facts and, [140] f.; "same antecedents,
same consequents," [199], [208];
of causality, [199] ff.; physical
phenomena obey, [202], [219]; principle
of identity as absolute, [207];
relation of psychic state to act
cannot be expressed by, [239].
Lehmann, his photometric experiments, [52],
Leibniz, on pre-established harmony, [147], [213], [214];
and conservation of vis viva,151;
on qualities of matter, [213];
on matter as monad, [213], [214];
conception of causality as leading to, [213];
and determinism, [214].
Light, sensation of, [50] ff.
Line, succession symbolized as a, [103];
motion not a, [120]; time not a, [181].
"Local signs," [49], [95]; Lotze on, [93].
Lotze, theory of local signs, [93].
Magnitude, quantitative differences applicable to, [2] ff.;
alleged intensive, [2], [3] f., [71] f., [106], [225];
two species of, [3] f.; of growing desire, [9];
and muscular effort, [20] f.; of sensations, [31] ff., [72];
intensity of pain as a, [37]; pleasure as a, [38];
of representative sensations, [47];
interval between colours as, [57] f.;
interval between sensations as, [66], [68] f.;
intensity not a, [225].
Mathematics, represents results, not
processes, [119], [234]; exemplifies
one type of prefiguring, [204] f.
Matter, impenetrability of, [88];
molecular theory of, and determinism, [143] f., [209];
atomic theory of, still hypothetical, [145];
has no apparent duration, [153]; stripped
of concrete qualities, [205]; shape
as quality of, [205]; Lord Kelvin's
vortex theory of, [206]; Descartes'
view of, [207]; hylozoism and
qualities of, [213]; Leibniz and
qualities of, [213]; distinguished
from form, [223], [234]; distinguished
from space, [236].
Mean gradations, method of, [56], [59], [67], [69].
Mechanics, treatment of time and duration
in, [115]; and notion of velocity, [117];
deals with equations, [119].
Mechanism, as system of nature, [140];
and relation between facts and laws, [140] f.;
its view of simplicity, [141];
its influence on determinism, [148], [209];
makes consciousness an epiphenomenon, [152];
and Lord Kelvin's theory of matter, [207];
Spinozistic, [209]; and coincidence
of causality with identity, [210];
meant to explain conduct,
will control it, [237].
Metaphor, see Symbolical Representation.
Method, of mean gradations, [56], [59], [67], [69];
of minimum differences, [64]f., [69].
Mill, on Hamilton, [159] n., [174] n.;
on distinct states of self, [159]; on free will, [174].
Mind, act of, see Act.
Mind, articles in, quoted, [29] n., [46] n.
Minimum differences, method of, [64] f., [69].
Mobility, and motion, in f.; eliminated
by science, [115], [228].
Molière, Le Misanthrope quoted, [167].
Monad, Leibniz on matter as, [213], [214].
Motion, see also Movement: analysis
of concept of, [110] f.; real only for
conscious spectator, [111]; as mental
synthesis, in, [120]; mobility and, [111];
of shooting star, [111]; confused
with space in Eleatic paradox, [113] f.;
intuition of, [114]; not derivable from
immobilizes, [115];
no homogeneous element in, [115];
science eliminates mobility from, [115], [228], [234];
hypothetical acceleration of cosmic, [116] f., [193] ff.;
cannot be represented by mathematical
formulae, [119] f., [234];
helps to form idea of homogeneous
duration, [124]; Descartes and
conservation of, [151]; and Lord
Kelvin's theory of matter, [206].
Motives, actions explained by, [148];
and process of deliberation, [158];
act not determined by, [158]; Bain
on conflict of, [159]; Fouillée on
freedom as a, [160]; choice without,
shown at crisis, [170].
Movement, see also Motion: atomic,
and intensity, [6]; molecular, and
sensation, [33], [34]; automatic and
free, [33], [35]; in estimating sensation
of weight, [49] f.; measurement
of velocity of, [107], [117].
Müller, Johann, nativistic theory of space, [93].
Multiplicity, inner, [73]; of conscious states, [75] ff., [90] f.;
of juxtaposition, [75] n., [162];
of interpenetration, [75] n., [162];
implied in number, [76], [80] f.; implied in addition, [85];
two kinds of [85] f., [91], [121], [128], [129];
discrete, [90], [91], [120] f., [226];
of number and of conscious states, [91], [121];
continuous or qualitative, [105], [121], [128], [224], [226], [229], [239];
determinism rests on inaccurate conception of, [143], [173];
associationism confuses the two kinds of, [162] f.;
of psychic states as constituting duration, [224];
duration as qualitative, [226], [229].
Music, and suggestion, [15], [44];
duration and musical rhythm, [100];
increase of stimulus compared to
musical phrase, [106]; organization
of sensations compared to melodic
phrase, [111]; strokes of clock
compared to musical phrase, [127];
consciousness compared to invisible
musician, [147].
Nativist theory of space, [93].
Nature beauty in, [14]; compared
with art, [16]; profoundly utilitarian, [33];
view taken by mechanism
and dynamism, [140] f.; concrete
phenomena of, abolished, [207];
view of, as whimsical, [212].
Necessity, see also Determinism:
mechanism cannot escape, [140];
as deus ex machina in ancient
hylozoism, [214]; and idea of force, [216] ff.
Neiglick, his photometric experiments, [52]
Noël, G., article on number and space, [75] n.
Notes, why classified as higher and lower, [45] f.
Noumenon, freedom as, [232].
Novelist, how effects produced, [133], [164], [185].
Number, natural series, [2], [80]; definition of, [75];
article on space and, [75] n.;
units of, identical, [76];
units of, distinct, [77], [226]; implies
intuition of space, [77] ff., [83] f., [225];
both unit and synthesis of units, [80] f.;
discontinuity of, [82]; process
of forming a, [82] f.; why divisible
at will, [83]; subjective and
objective in, [84]; thought of as a
juxtaposition, [85]; inapplicable to
multiplicity of conscious states, [87];
and impenetrability of matter, [89];
those in daily use have emotional
equivalents, [123]; time as a, [195], [197];
results from a compromise, [226].
Objective, definition of, [83].
Objectivity, of things, [236].
Objects, contrasted with progress,
in, [112], [219]; can be analysed, [112];
help to cut up our psychic
life, [124] f.; seem to live and grow
old, [130]; tend to fix changing
feelings, [130]; in human soul
processes, not, [131].
Order, of succession, implies space, [101] f.
Pain, and pity, [18] f.; as sign of
future reaction, [33]; intensity of, [35] f.;
Darwin on, [37]; conceived as distinct thing, [159].
Paradox, the Eleatic, [74], [112] f., [240].
Parallelism, of physical and psychical series, [146] f.
Paralysis, and feeling of effort, [21], [22].
Past, no recurrence of, [154], [200] f., [219], [232], [233], [239].
Paul, his prediction of Peter's action, [184] ff.
Pendulum, counting oscillations of, [104] f.;
what do oscillations of, measure, [107] ff;
oscillations of, help to cut up our
psychic life, [109]; spreads out undivided
tension of spring, [228].
Permeation, see Interpenetration.
Peter, Paul's prediction of his action, [184] ff.
Photometric experiments, [52] ff.
Physics, and sound-vibrations, [46];
and degrees of luminous intensity, [52] f.;
interested in external cause, [71];
physical phenomena and law, [202];
Cartesian, [207], [208];
Descartes' instantaneous, [208];
and forecasting of phenomena, [222], [230].
Pillon, F., article on number and space, [75] n.
Pitch, of a sound, [44] f.
Plateau, his method of measuring
luminous sensations, [56].
Plato, quoted, [168]; Platonic reminiscence, [234].
Pleasure, as sign of future reaction, [33] f.;
and bodily inclination, [38];
keenness of, as inertia of organism, [38];
conceived as distinct thing, [159].
Poetry, how effects produced, [15].
"Possible acts," [174] f., [239].
Postulate, Delbœuf's, [60]; Fechner's, [60];
fundamental, of psychophysics, [65], [70];
underlying geometrical
representation of voluntary activity, [179].
Prediction, astronomical, [117], [192] ff., [198];
determinism and, [173], [183] ff., [220];
real duration and, [183] ff.; of
future actions, [183] ff., [229], [239];
probable and infallible, [183] f., and
character, [184], [172]; hypothetical
case of Peter and Paul, [184] ff.;
all foreseeing as seeing, [195], [197], [198];
of phenomena, and physics, [222], [230].
Prefiguring, of future phenomenon in
present conditions, [204] ff., [210];
two kinds of, [204] ff., [215]; as in
mathematics, [204] f.; as having
idea of possible future act, [211] f.
Pressure, sensation of, [47] f.
Process, motion as a, in; conscious
states not things but, [131], [196];
misleading to substitute material
symbol for, [190]; cannot be
analysed, [219].
Progress, motion as a, in; not
divisible, [112]; cannot be represented
by geometrical figure, [181];
misleading to substitute material
symbol for, [190]; psychic state as
a, [198]; from idea to act, [211].
Providence, Descartes and grace of, [208].
Psychology, descriptive, limits of, [139];
sometimes misled by language, [165];
deals with intervals of duration
and not their extremities, [196];
modern, and perception through
subjective forms, [222].
Psychophysics, and measurement of
sensations, [1], [55] ff.; measurement
of intensity of light, [52] ff.; Delbœuf's
experiments, [52], [56], [58] f., [67] f.;
method of mean gradations, [56], [59], [67], [69];
method of minimum differences, [64] f., [69];
Delbœuf's postulate, [60]; Weber's Law, [60];
all, involved in transition from
stimulus to amount of sensation, [61];
Fechner's Law, [61] f.; postulate of, [65], [70];
fallacy of all, [65] f., [70];
exaggerations of, [225].
Quality, interpreted as quantity or magnitude,
[9], [13], [39], [42], [43], [48] f., [51], [58], [69], [70];
sound as a, [46];
sensation of increase qualitative, [48];
intensity of light as a, [50];
variations in brightness qualitative, [54];
psychophysics attempts to measure, [63];
no point of contact with quantity, [70];
sensation as a, [72], [90]; confusion with
quantity invades whole series of psychic
states, [74]; space devoid of, [95];
qualitative multiplicity, [105], [121],
[128], [224], [226], [229], [239]; sensation
of mobility qualitative, [112]; qualitative
distinctions, [121] f., [204];
counting as a qualitative progress, [123];
of quantity, [123]; strokes of a clock
estimated by quality of musical phrase, [127];
time as, [129]; deep-seated conscious states
as pure, [137] f., [224]; matter stripped of
concrete, [205]; attempt to explain apparent,
of matter, [205]; shape as, of matter, [205];
qualities of things set up as states, [213];
Leibniz and external, [213]; psychic phenomena
as pure, [224]; intensity as compromise between
quantity and, [225].
Quantity, see also Magnitude: as
applied to inner states, I ff.; alleged
two kinds of, [3] ff., [72], [225]; quality
interpreted as, [9], [13], [39], [42], [43],
[48] f., [51], [58], [69], [70]; and muscular
effort, [20] f., [25]; of cause, transferred
to quality of effect, [42], [70];
pitch and, [45], [46]; increase of
sensation as, [48]; difference between
hues of a colour as, [60];
psychophysics makes intervals between
sensations into a, [62], [65], [66], [68] f.;
no point of contact between
quality and, [70]; how quantitative
relations set up between sensations, [71];
quantitative distinctions, [121]
f., [204]; without quality, [123];
time as, [129]; cause of psychic
phenomena as, [224]; quality as
sign of, [224]; intensity as compromise
between quality and, [225].
Rage, Darwin on, [29]; James on, [29].
Reality, of space, [91] f., [95], no;
two kinds of, [97], [110]; real duration,
[110], [125] ff., [154]; of facts for
dynamism, [141]; of laws for
mechanism, [141]; time as a, [155];
attempt to produce, from algebraical
relations, [205]; physics
treats sensations as signs of, [223].
Reason, beliefs adopted without, [135];
decisions taken without or against, [170];
in ancient hylozoism, [214];
the discursive, [229], [237]; Kant's
doctrine of the Practical, [234];
Critique of Pure, [235].
Refraction through space, self perceived
by, [128], [129], [137], [167], [183], [217], [223];
of "things in themselves," Kant's view, [233].
Renouvier, on freedom, [237] n.
Representation, see Symbolical Representation.
Resolution, how feeling leads to, [133], [171].
Revue philosophique, referred to, [52] n.
Revue scientifique, Tannery's criticism
of Fechner in, [67].
Rhythm, connecting dancer and spectator, [12];
effect in music, [14]; in poetry, [15];
and architecture, [15]; Nature does not command, [16];
succession of conscious states compared to, [100].
Ribot, on attention and movements, [27] f.
Richet, on pain, [35] f.; on disgust, [36].
Rood, on changes of hue, [51].
Saturation, of a colour, [54].
Scale, notes of, why classified as
higher and lower, [45] f.
Science, eliminates duration from
time and mobility from motion, [115] ff., [228];
and hypothetical acceleration of motions
of universe, [116], [193] ff.; attempts to do away
with duration and causality, [208] f.;
separates ideas of free effort and
necessary determination, [218];
attempts to measure intensive
quantity, [225]; separates extensity
and duration, [228], [230]; main
object of, [230]; could deal with
time if homogeneous, [234].
Scottish philosophers, [72].
Sculpture, ancient, [15].
Self, whole, reflected in each conscious
state, [98], [165]; recovery of the
fundamental, [100], [128], [129], [231],
[233], [236], [240]; introduces distinctions
derived from external objects
into its own states, [109], [125], [237];
superficial, with mutually external
states, [125], [128], [136], [138], [167], [237];
deep-seated, with interpenetrating
states, [125], [128], [136], [164], [236];
many conscious states never blend
with whole mass of, [135], [166], [168];
perceived by refraction through
space, [128], [129], [137], [167], [183], [217], [223];
the two aspects of the, [129] ff.,
[137], [231]; tendency to form
secondary, [138], [166]; not an
association of terms, [139], [159] ff.,
[164], [165], [226]; recourse to living
and concrete, necessary to solve
problems of causality, freedom, etc., [139];
activity of, cannot be compared
to that of any other force, [143], [216];
perception of, through forms borrowed
from external world, [154], [217], [223];
self-determination, [165]; parasitic, as result
of education, [166]; free decisions
spring from whole or fundamental,
[167], [172], [231], [240]; covered over
with crust of clean-cut psychic
states, [167]; does not intervene in
carrying out every-day acts, [168];
uprush of deep-seated, at moment
of crisis, [169]; distinction of psychic
states leads to mechanical conception
of, [171]; constantly changing
and growing, [171], [175] f.; view of,
involved in geometrical representation
of process of deciding, [176] f.;
infallible in affirming its immediate
experiences, [183]; as a free force,
[216], [235]; Kant put free, outside
space and duration, [233]; Kant
and phenomenal, [233]; as a free
cause, [235].
Sensations, intensity of, [1] ff., [7] ff.,
[20] ff., [40], [42], [47], [72] f.; art yielding
only, [17]; and external causes, [20] ff.;
peripheral, and muscular effort, [24], [26];
peripheral, and violent emotions, [31];
magnitude of, [31], [32], [47], [72]; affective
and representative: affective, [32] ff., [72] f.;
and organic disturbance, [32] f.;
pleasure and pain, [33] ff.;
affective, and free movements, [33];
representative, [39] ff., [73], [90];
medium, [41]; representative, measured
by external causes, [42]; of
sound, [43] f.; of heat and cold, [46] f., [64];
of pressure and weight, [47] f.;
increase of, and sensation of increase, [48];
as quantity or quality, [48]; of movement, [50];
of light, [50] ff.; measurement of
luminous, [52] ff.; psychophysics
attempts to measure, [55] ff., [62], [63], [225];
equal and identical, [57], [62], [63], [64], [69];
law connecting stimulus and, [60] f.;
as quantities, [62], [65], [66]; addition of, [64];
considered as a sum, [65], [67]; how quantitative
differences set up between, [71] f.;
as pure quality, [72]; and space, [92], [93], [95];
can space be built up from, [94];
simultaneous and identical, [95];
of motion, indivisible, [112];
influence of language on, [131];
not objects but processes, [131];
altered by repetition, [131];
physics treats, as signs of reality, [223].
Series, natural, of numbers, [2], [80];
double aspect of each term in a, [124], [226];
physical and psychical, [210].
"Several," use of, implies space, [122].
Shape, as quality of matter, [205].
Simplicity, different senses of, in
dynamism and mechanism, [141].
Simultaneity, implies space, [95];
measuring duration and counting, [108] f.;
as connecting link between
space and duration, [110]; definition of, [110];
in measuring velocity, [114], [117]; used in defining
equal intervals of time, [116], [119];
in space nothing but, [116], [206], [227];
and astronomical prediction, [116] f., [193] ff.;
dealt with by mathematics, [119]; attempted
representation of succession by, [180], [221];
all relations not translatable into,
are scientifically unknowable, [234].
Sleep, and perception of duration, [126].
Smell, illustration from associations of, [161] f.
Social life, self with well-defined states
better adapted to, [128], [137], [139], [167], [231];
more important than our inner life, [130];
intuition of homogeneous medium as step
towards, [138], [163], [236].
Solidification, of an act, in space, [112];
of changing feelings, promoted by language
and external objects, [129] f.; of sensations
owing to language, [131]; of ideas on surface
of consciousness, [135], [166], [168]; of conscious
states, promotes social life, [231]; of conscious
states, how brought about, [237].
Sorrow, an increasing, [11].
Sound, sensations of, [43] ff.; intensity
of, [43] ff.; pitch of, [45]; why
classified as higher and lower, [45] f.
Space, and magnitude, [2]; introduced
into perception of duration, [74];
article on number and, [75] n.;
intuition of, implied in counting,
[77] ff., [83] f., [225]; material objects
counted in, [85] f.; conscious states
not countable unless symbolically
represented in, [86] f., [89], [90]; idea
of impenetrability shows interconnexion
of number and, [89]; projection of psychic
states into, [90], [101], [106], [231]; time,
but not duration, as spatial, [90] f.;
reality of, [91] f., [95], no; as common
element in certain sensations, [92];
Kant's theory of, [92], [93]; nativistic
and empirical theories of, [93];
Müller's theory, [93]; Lotze's theory, [93];
Bain's theory, [93]; Wundt's theory, [93];
attempt to build up, from inextensive
sensations, [93] f., [99] f., [222]; definition
of, [95], [98]; as a homogeneous medium without
quality, [95] ff., [98]; not so homogeneous
for animals, [96]; intuition of homogeneous,
peculiar to man, [97], [236]; intuition of,
necessary to counting, abstraction and speech, [97];
is time, as homogeneous medium, reducible
to, [98] f.; time as ghost of, [99]; duration
expressed in terms of, [101], no; order of
succession implies, [101] f.; symbolical
representation of succession,
as line implies, [103]; time as fourth
dimension of, [109]; simultaneity
as connecting link between time
and, no; and motion, no ff.;
projection of act into, [112], [181];
infinitely divisible, [113], [114]; as
homogeneous element in motion, [115];
the only measurable element in
motion, [116], [118], [119]; nothing but
simultaneities in, [116], [206], [227];
alone homogeneous, [120]; no duration
or succession in, [120] 227; self perceived
by refraction through, [128], [129], [137], [167],
[183], [217], [223]; intuition of homogeneous,
as step towards social life, [138], [163], [236];
connexion between perception of, and general
ideas, [163]; is time space? [181], [190], [221];
time confused with, in prediction, [191] ff.;
as result of stripping matter of concrete
qualities, [205]; separated from time by
Kant, [222]; must be eliminated
in studying inner phenomena, [229];
Kant confused time with, [232];
Kant put the free self outside, [233];
we usually live and act in, not in
duration, [233]; Kant on time and, [233];
existence of homogeneous,
assumed, [236]; as a "form of
sensibility," [236]; intuition of,
what it accomplishes, [236].
Spectrum, colours of the, [51], [54], [57].
Spencer, H., on gracefulness, [13];
on expression of fear, [30].
Spinoza, on modes of thought and
modes of extension, [147]; on
causality and apparent succession
in time, [208]; conception of
causality which leads to, [208], [213];
Spinozistic mechanism, [209].
Spontaneity, idea of, simpler than
that of inertia, [141]; force as a
free, [217]; settling down into
inertia, [220].
Stimulus, law connecting sensation
with, [60] ff.; effect of slight but
continuous, [106].
Subjective, definition of, [83].
Succession, attempt to derive extensity
from, [99] f., [222]; of conscious
states compared to rhythm of
tune, [100]; without distinction,
[101]; order of, implies distinction
and therefore space, [101] f.; cannot
be symbolized as a line without
idea of space, [103] f.; within the
ego succession, without, only
externality, [108], [227]; exists only
for conscious spectator, [108], [120], [227];
endosmosis between externality
and, [109], [228]; none in
space, [120], [227]; attempt to represent
by simultaneity, [180], [221];
causality as regular, [202] f.; no
regular, in deep-seated psychic
states, [203]; attempt to transform
into inherence, [209]; apparent, of
phenomena, [201], [227]; of phenomena
and conscious states, [212], [216];
Leibniz and, [213]; attributed
to things, [228]; idea of measurable
time arises from compromise
between simultaneity and, [228].
Suggestion, in art, [14] ff.;
in music, [15], [44].
Symbolical Representation, necessary to
counting of conscious states, [86] f., [89], [90];
of a line, implies idea of space, [103];
pure duration cannot be measured without, [105];
of duration, derived from space, [110]; of
time as homogeneous medium, [124] f.; of
elements of a conscious state, [163]; of the self
and its feelings, given by determinism, [171];
of process of coming to a decision, [175] ff.;
leads to determinism, [178]; of time as a
line, [182]; cannot be substituted
for dynamic process, [190]; of ego,
confused by Kant with ego itself, [232].
Sympathy, physical, and grace, [13];
with Nature. [16]; with misfortune, [19].
Tannery, J., as critic of Fechner, [67].
Taste, as changeable, [131].
"Things in themselves," Kant and, [233], [234], [238].
Time, sounds not counted in, [87], [91];
as homogeneous medium in which
conscious states are ranged, [90], [121];
as homogeneous medium, nothing
but space, [91], [98]; distinct
from pure duration, [91], [98];
is it unbounded medium distinct
from space? [98] f.; as ghost of
space, [99]; attempt to derive
extensity from succession in, [99] f.;
two possible conceptions of, [100];
is it measurable? [107] f.; apparently
homogeneous, [107]; as dealt
with by the astronomer and
physicist, [107], [192] ff.; as measured
by clocks, [108] f.; as fourth dimension
of space, [109]; concrete and abstract, [114];
science eliminates duration from, [115] f.;
definition of equal intervals of, [115];
how it comes to be represented as
homogeneous, [124] f., [237]; as symbolical
image of duration, [125] f.; as
quality and quantity, [129]; confusion
of, with concrete duration, [155];
is time space? [181], [190], [221];
not a line, [181]; confused with
space, [181] f., [191] f., [232]; as a
number, [195], [197]; separated from
space by Kant, [222], [232]; idea of
measurable, arises from compromise, [228];
Kant's mistake about, [232]; Kant on
space and, [233]; science could deal
with, if homogeneous, [234]; Kant put
freedom outside, [235]; heterogeneous
duration replaced by homogeneous, [237].
Tortoise, and Achilles, [113] f.
Town, objects in, seem to live and
grow old, [129] f.
Tradesmen, their avoidance of
round numbers, [123].
Transcendental Aesthetic, Kant's
theory of space in his, [92], [93].
Units, those forming a number
identical, [76]; also distinct, [77];
space implied in counting, [79];
every number both unit and
synthesis of, [80]; two kinds,
ultimate and provisional, [80] f.;
if divisible, then extended, [82];
split up by arithmetic, [84]; regarded
by common sense as indivisible, [84].
Unity, attaching to number, [76]; all,
due to simple act of the mind, [80] f.;
of act and of object, [81], [83];
Spinoza and the divine, [208].
Universe, hypothetical acceleration
of motions of, [116], [193] ff.; molecular
theory of, [143]; vague personality
ascribed to, [213].
Velocity, measurement of, [107], [114];
notion of, analysed, [117]; uniform
and variable, [117] f.
Vis inertiae, [38]; vis viva, [151].
Vulpian, on hemiplegia, [22].
Weber, his law, [60] f.
Weight, sensation of, [25] f.; [47] ff.
Will, see also Free Will: willing for
willing's sake, [157], [158].
Words, see language.
Wundt, on paralytic's sensation of
force, [21]; on connexions of vocal
and auditory nervous filaments, [44];
theory of space, [93].
Zeno, on Achilles and tortoise, [113].