Energetics.—The difficulties inherent in the classic mechanics have led certain minds to prefer a new system they call energetics.
Energetics took its rise as an outcome of the discovery of the principle of the conservation of energy. Helmholtz gave it its final form.
It begins by defining two quantities which play the fundamental rôle in this theory. They are kinetic energy, or vis viva, and potential energy.
All the changes which bodies in nature can undergo are regulated by two experimental laws:
1º The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy is constant. This is the principle of the conservation of energy.
2º If a system of bodies is at A at the time t0 and at B at the time t1, it always goes from the first situation to the second in such a way that the mean value of the difference between the two sorts of energy, in the interval of time which separates the two epochs t0 and t1, may be as small as possible.
This is Hamilton's principle, which is one of the forms of the principle of least action.
The energetic theory has the following advantages over the classic theory:
1º It is less incomplete; that is to say, Hamilton's principle and that of the conservation of energy teach us more than the fundamental principles of the classic theory, and exclude certain motions not realized in nature and which would be compatible with the classic theory:
2º It saves us the hypothesis of atoms, which it was almost impossible to avoid with the classic theory.