History of the United States of America, Volume 9 (of 9) - Henry Adams

The spread of great popular sects like the Universalists and Campbellites, founded on assumptions such as no Orthodox theology could tolerate, showed a growing tendency to relaxation of thought in that direction. The struggle for existence was already mitigated, and the first effect of the change was seen in the increasing cheerfulness of religion. Only when men found their actual world almost a heaven, could they lose overpowering anxiety about the world to come. Life had taken a softer aspect, and as a consequence God was no longer terrible. Even the wicked became less mischievous in an atmosphere where virtue was easier than vice. Punishments seemed mild in a society where every offender could cast off his past, and create a new career. For the first time in history, great bodies of men turned away from their old religion, giving no better reason than that it required them to believe in a cruel Deity, and rejected necessary conclusions of theology because they were inconsistent with human self-esteem.

The same optimism marked the political movement. Society was weary of strife, and settled gladly into a political system which left every disputed point undetermined. The public seemed obstinate only in believing that all was for the best, as far as the United States were concerned, in the affairs of mankind. The contrast was great between this temper of mind and that in which the Constitution had been framed; but it was no greater than the contrast in the religious opinions of the two periods, while the same reaction against severity marked the new literature. The rapid accumulation of wealth and increase in physical comfort told the same story from the standpoint of economy. On every side society showed that ease was for a time to take the place of severity, and enjoyment was to have its full share in the future national existence.

The traits of intelligence, rapidity, and mildness seemed fixed in the national character as early as 1817, and were likely to become more marked as time should pass. A vast amount of conservatism still lingered among the people; but the future spirit of society could hardly fail to be intelligent, rapid in movement, and mild in method. Only in the distant future could serious change occur, and even then no return to European characteristics seemed likely. The American continent was happier in its conditions and easier in its resources than the regions of Europe and Asia, where Nature revelled in diversity and conflict. If at any time American character should change, it might as probably become sluggish as revert to the violence and extravagances of Old-World development. The inertia of several hundred million people, all formed in a similar social mould, was as likely to stifle energy as to stimulate evolution.

With the establishment of these conclusions, a new episode in American history began in 1815. New subjects demanded new treatment, no longer dramatic but steadily tending to become scientific. The traits of American character were fixed; the rate of physical and economical growth was established; and history, certain that at a given distance of time the Union would contain so many millions of people, with wealth valued at so many millions of dollars, became thenceforward chiefly concerned to know what kind of people these millions were to be. They were intelligent, but what paths would their intelligence select? They were quick, but what solution of insoluble problems would quickness hurry? They were scientific, and what control would their science exercise over their destiny? They were mild, but what corruptions would their relaxations bring? They were peaceful, but by what machinery were their corruptions to be purged? What interests were to vivify a society so vast and uniform? What ideals were to ennoble it? What object, besides physical content, must a democratic continent aspire to attain? For the treatment of such questions, history required another century of experience.

GENERAL LISTS OF MAPS AND PLANS.

VOLUME I.
	PAGE
The States of North Africa	[244]
VOLUME II.
The Coast of West Florida and Louisiana	[1]
VOLUME VI.
Indiana Territory	[67]
Seat of War about Lake Erie	[299]
Detroit River	[312]
Straits of Niagara from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario	[336]
VOLUME VII.
Battle of the Thames	[137]
East End of Lake Ontario and River St. Lawrencefrom Kingston to French Mills	[144]
East End of Lake Ontario	[164]
River St. Lawrence from Williamsburg to Montreal	[172]
Seat of War among the Creeks	[217]
Attack on Craney Island	[272]
VOLUME VIII.
Battle of Chippawa	[40]
Battle of Lundy’s Lane, at Sunset	[50]
Battle of Lundy’s Lane, at Ten O’clock	[56]
Attack and Defence of Fort Erie	[67]
Naval Battle at Plattsburg	[107]
Position of British and American Armies atPlattsburg	[111]
Campaign of Washington and Baltimore	[120]
Battle of Bladensburg	[139]
Attack and Defence of Baltimore	[168]
Seat of War in Louisiana and West Florida	[311]
Attack on Fort Bowyer	[322]
Landing of British Army at New Orleans	[337]
Attack made by Major-General Jackson, Dec. 23, 1814	[347]
British and American Positions at New Orleans	[359]
Attack and Defence of the American Lines, Jan. 8, 1815	[367]
Capture of Fort Bowyer	[383]

GENERAL INDEX.

Pages to Vol. I–VIII have external links to the relevant pages. To view these pages, an Internet connection is necessary.

Abbot, Charles, Speaker of the House of Commons, iv. [97].
Abolition Society, an early, i. [128].
Acts of Congress, of Sept. 24, 1789, to establish the Judiciary, i. [259], [260], [275], [276];
of June 13, 1798, to suspend intercourse with France, [383];
of June 25, 1798, concerning aliens, [140], [141], [206], [207], [259], [286];
of July 14, 1798, concerning sedition, [140], [141], [206], [207], [259], [261], [286]; vi. [146];
of Jan. 30, 1799, called Logan’s Act, ii. [259]; iv. [236];
of Feb. 9, 1799, further to suspend intercourse with France, i. [384];
of Feb. 13, 1801, to provide for the more convenient organization of the courts, [274–276], [278], [280], [288], [293], [297];
of Jan. 14, 1802, for the apportionment of representatives, [301];
of March 8, 1802, to repeal the Judiciary Act of 1801, [280], [281], [284–298];
of March 16, 1802, fixing the military peace establishment, [301];
of April 6, 1802, to repeal the internal taxes, [272];
of April 29, 1802, for the redemption of the public debt, [272];
of April 29, 1802, to amend the judicial system, [298];
of April 30, 1802, to enable Ohio to form a State government, [302];
of Feb. 28, 1803, for building four sloops-of-war and fifteen gunboats, ii. [77];
of Oct. 31, 1803, to take possession of Louisiana, [119], [120];
of Feb. 24, 1804, for collecting duties within the territories ceded to the United States, [257], [260–263], [291], [293], [304], [380] (Mobile Act);
of March 25, 1804, to establish the Mediterranean Fund, [141];
of March 26, 1804, for the temporary government of Louisiana, [120–129];
of Jan. 19, 1805, to erect a dam from Mason’s island, [209];
of March 2, 1805, further providing for the government of Orleans Territory, [401];
of March 3, 1805, for the more effectual preservation of peace in the ports and harbors of the United States, [397], [398];
of March 3, 1805, regulating trade with St. Domingo, iii. [88];
of Feb. 13, 1806, called the Two Million Act, [138], [139], [147], [170];
of Feb. 28, 1806, prohibiting trade with St. Domingo, [140], [141];
of April 18, 1806, prohibiting the importation of certain goods from Great Britain, [175];
of March 29, 1806, for laying out the Cumberland Road, [181];
of April 21, 1806, for continuing the Mediterranean Fund, [183];
of Dec. 19, 1806, for suspending the Non-importation Act of April 18, 1806, [349];
of March 3, 1807, repealing the salt-tax and continuing the Mediterranean Fund, [349], [367], [369];
of Feb. 10, 1807, establishing a coast survey, [355];
of March 2, 1807, prohibiting the importation of slaves, [356–365];
of Dec. 18, 1807, providing for the building of one hundred and eighty-eight gunboats, iv. [161];
of Dec. 22, 1807, for laying an embargo, [168–176];
of Jan. 9, 1808, supplementary to the embargo, [200];
of March 12, 1808, supplementary to the embargo, [201–204];
of April 12, 1808, to raise eight new regiments, [212–218];
of April 22, 1808, authorizing the President under certain conditions to suspend the embargo, [223], [306];
of Jan. 9, 1809, to enforce the embargo, [398–400];
of Jan. 30, 1809, calling an extra session on the fourth Monday in May, [424];
of March 1, 1809, to interdict commercial intercourse between the United States and Great Britain and France, [444–453];
of June 28, 1809, restoring intercourse with Great Britain, v. [80];
of June 28, 1809, suspending the recruiting service, [85];
of June 28, 1809, reducing the naval establishment, [85];
of March 1, 1810, concerning the commercial intercourse between the United States and Great Britain and France, [194–198] (see [Non-intercourse]);
of Feb. 14, 1810, appropriating sixty thousand dollars for the Cumberland Road, [209];
of March 26, 1810, providing for the Third Census, [209];
of March 30, 1810, appropriating five thousand dollars for experiments on the submarine torpedo, [209];
of Feb. 20, 1811, admitting the State of Louisiana into the Union, [326];
of Jan. 15, 1811, authorizing the occupation of East Florida, [327];
of March 2, 1811, reviving non-intercourse against reat Britain, [338–354] (see [Non-intercourse]);
of Jan. 11, 1812 to raise an additional military force of twenty-five thousand men, vi. [147], [153];
of Feb. 6, 1812, to accept volunteers, [159–161];
of March 14, 1812, authorizing a loan for eleven million dollars, [169];
of April 4, 1812, laying an embargo for ninety days, [201], [202], [203];
of April 8, 1812, admitting the State of Louisiana into the Union, [235];
of April 10, 1812, authorizing a call for one hundred thousand militia, [204];
of April 14, 1812, to enlarge the limits of the State of Louisiana, [236];
of May 14, 1812, to enlarge the boundaries of the Mississippi Territory, [236];
of June 18, 1812, declaring war against Great Britain, [228], [229];
of July 1, 1812, doubling the duties on imports, [235];
of Dec. 12, 1812, increasing the pay of the army, [435];
of Jan. 20, 1813, increasing the bounty for recruits, [436];
of Jan. 2, 1813, for building four seventy-fours and six frigates, [436];
of Jan. 5, 1813, remitting fines, forfeitures, etc., [443];
of Jan. 29, 1813, for raising twenty regiments for one year, [449];
of Feb. 8, 1813, authorizing loan of sixteen millions, [448];
of Feb. 24, 1813, for appointing six major-generals and six brigadiers, [449];
of Feb. 25, 1813, authorizing the issue of Treasury notes for five millions, [448];
of March 3, 1813, to provide for the supplies of the army, [449];
of March 3, 1813, for the better organization of the general staff, [449];
of March 3, 1813, for building six sloops-of-war, [449];
of March 3, 1813, for the regulation of seamen on board the public and private vessels of the United tates, [453–458];
of Feb. 24, 1813, for appointing six major-generals and six brigadiers, vii. [36], [37];
of March 3, 1813, for the regulation of seamen, etc., [47];
of July 22, 1813, for the assessment and collection of direct taxes and internal revenue, [55], [71];
of July 24, 1813, laying duties on carriages, [55], [71];
of July 24, 1813, laying duties on licenses to distillers, [55], [71];
of July 24, 1813, laying duties on sales at auction, [71];
of July 29, 1813, laying a duty on imported salt, [71];
of Aug. 2, 1813, to lay and collect a direct tax, [71];
of Aug. 2, 1813, laying duties on licenses to retailers, [71];
of Aug. 2, 1813, authorizing a loan for seven million, five hundred thousand dollars, [71];
of Aug. 2, 1813, laying stamp duties, [71];
of Aug. 2, 1813, to prohibit British licenses of trade, [71];
secret, of Feb. 12, 1813, authorizing the President to seize West Florida, [208], [209];
of Aug. 2, 1813, reducing duties on prize goods, [336];
of Aug. 3, 1813, allowing a bounty for prisoners taken by privateers, [336];
of Aug. 2, 1813, extending the pension law to privateers, [337];
of Dec. 17, 1813, laying an embargo, [369];
of Jan. 25, 1814, relieving Nantucket from the Embargo Act, [369];
of Jan. 27, 1814, for filling the ranks of the regular army, [381–384];
of March 9, 1814, for building steam-batteries, [385];
of March 24, 1814, authorizing a loan for twenty-five millions, [389], [390];
of March 4, 1814, authorizing the issue of ten million treasury notes, [389], [390];
of March 31, 1814, for the indemnification of Mississippi land claimants (Yazoo Act), [402];
of Nov. 15, 1814, for building twenty 16-gun sloops-of-war, viii. [281];
of Dec. 10, 1814, making further provision for filling the ranks of the army, [268], [273], [274];
of Dec. 21, 1814, laying additional duties on stills, [248], [255];
of Dec. 23, 1814, doubling the internal revenue taxes, [248], [255];
of Dec. 26, 1814, authorizing the issue of treasury notes to the amount of ten million five hundred thousand dollars, [254];
of Jan. 9, 1815, raising the direct tax to six million dollars, [248], [255];
of Jan. 18, 1815, increasing the customs duties, [248], [255];
of January 18, 1815, increasing the duties on household furniture, etc., [248], [255];
of Jan. 27, 1815, authorizing the President to accept the services of State troops, [282–285];
of Feb. 7, 1815, creating a board of navy commissioners, [281];
of March 2, 1815, fixing the military peace establishment, ix. [84–86];
of Feb. 27, 1815, concerning the flotilla service and gunboats, [87];
of March 3, 1815, for the support of the navy, [87];
of March 3, 1815, for protecting commerce against Algerine cruisers, [87];
of March 3, 1815, authorizing a loan for eighteen millions, [100–102];
of March 5, 1816, to reduce the amount of direct tax, [112], [114];
of April 10, 1816, to incorporate the subscribers to the Bank of the United States, [116–118];
of April 27, 1816, to regulate the duties on imports, [114–116];
of April 29, 1816, for the gradual increase of the navy, [119];
of March 19, 1816, to change the mode of Compensation to the members of the Senate and ouse of Representatives, [120–122];
of April 19, 1816, to admit Indiana into the Union, [119];
of Feb. 6, 1817, to repeal the Compensation Act, [144–146];
of March 1, 1817, concerning the navigation of the United States, [146], [147];
of March 3, 1817, to regulate the trade in plaster of Paris, [147];
of March 3, 1817, to provide for the prompt settlement of public accounts, [147];
of March 3, 1817, more effectually to preserve the neutral relations of the United States, [147].
Act of the territorial legislature of Indiana, permitting the introduction of slaves, vi. [76].
Acts of Parliament, on navigation, ii. [319], [320], [327], [413], [414];
of 6th Anne, naturalizing foreign seamen, ii. [338]; vii. [21–23];
on merchant-shipping, ii. [345];
of 13th George II. naturalizing foreign seamen, vii. [21–23].
Adair, John, senator from Kentucky, iii. [127], [139];
in Wilkinson’s confidence, [220], [223], [241], [255], [274];
refuses to testify, [282];
accompanies Burr to Nashville, [287];
his remarks on Andrew Jackson, [288];
starts for New Orleans by land, [291];
Burr’s despatches to, [295];
arrives in New Orleans, and is arrested, [324];
discharged from custody, [340];
commands Kentucky militia at New Orleans, viii. [368];
his dispute with Jackson, [371], [373], [378];
his account of the battle on the west bank, [379].
Adams, John, i. [181], [191], [290], [311], [358], [384], [386], [412]; ii. [110], [309]; iii. [452]; iv. [455];
his description of Pickering, [402];
expenditures of his administration, v. [200], [205], [206];
Randolph’s allusion to, in 1814, viii. [265];
George Ticknor’s account of his remarks on the Hartford Convention, [307], [308];
his struggle for the fisheries in 1783, ix. [44], [45];
his “Defence of the Constitutions,” [195].
Adams, John Quincy, senator from Massachusetts, ii. [110], [117], [184–379];
proposes draft of Constitutional amendment, [118], [160], [164];
his interviews with Jefferson, iii. [129], [430], [431];
his part in the Non-importation Resolutions, [151];
his remarks on Yrujo, [188];
attends “Chesapeake” meetings in Boston, iv. [29];
pledged to support opposition to England, [146];
chairman of the committee on the embargo, [171];
urges the passage of the Embargo Act, [173];
offers a resolution for removing the embargo, [187];
votes for Clinton and replies to Pickering’s letter, [240] et seq.;
resigns his seat in the Senate, [242], [255], [283], [401];
nominated as minister to Russia, v. [11];
renominated and confirmed, [86];
nominated and confirmed Justice of the Supreme Court, [360];
sails for Russia, [408];
arrives, [409];
his negotiations in 1809, [409], [411];
his negotiations in 1810, [412–418];
his success, [419], [420], [422];
receives and forwards the Czar’s offer of mediation, vii. [27–29];
nominated as joint envoy to treat of peace at St. Petersburg, [59];
his appointment confirmed, [61];
ignorant of the Czar’s motives, [344];
informed by Roumanzoff that England refused mediation, [346];
designated as minister to London, [347];
informed that the Czar would renew offer, [348];
surprised by Roumanzoff’s contradictions, [349];
nominated and confirmed as joint envoy to treat of peace at Ghent, [371];
chief of the commission, ix. [15];
his difficulties, [16];
his account of the American note of August 24, [21];
despairs of peace, [22];
insists on defending the Florida policy, [29], [30];
struggles to preserve the fisheries, [44–50];
his opinion of Gallatin and Bayard, [51];
appointed minister to England, [89];
appointed Secretary of State by Monroe, [139], [140];
Professor of Rhetoric at Harvard College, [205].
Adams. William, LL.D., British commissioner at Ghent, ix. [13];
states British demands, [20];
on the fisheries, [47].
“Adams,” brig, launched at Detroit, vi. [304];
captured and recaptured, [347];
destroyed, [347].
“Adams,” 28-gun corvette, vi. [364];
at Washington, vii. [56], [277], [287], [311];
her cruise in 1814, viii. [95];
her destruction in the Penobscot, [96].
Addington ministry, ii. [358], [416].
Addington, Henry (Lord Sidmouth), succeeds Pitt, ii. [342], [347];
retires from office, [418].
(See [Sidmouth].)
Addison, Judge, impeached, ii. [195].
Admiralty courts in the West Indies, ii. [340].
“Aeolus,” case of, vi. [273].
“Aeolus,” British frigate, vi. [368].
“Africa,” British frigate, vi. [368].
Alabama Indians, members of the Creek nation, vii. [222];
the centre of Creek fanaticism, [222], [223];
outbreak among, [226], [227];
escape of, [257].
Albany in 1800, i. [3];
headquarters of Dearborn, vi. [304], [305], [308], [309], [310];
increase in population of, ix. [156].
“Alert,” British sloop-of-war, her action with the “Essex,” vi. [35], [377].
“Alexander,” Salem privateer captured, vii. [329].
Alexander, Czar of Russia, iii. [425];
signs treaty of Tilsit, iv. [62];
wishes diplomatic relations with Jefferson, [465];
with Napoleon at Erfurt, v. [23];
his alliance with Napoleon, [134], [257];
his approaching rupture with Napoleon, [385], [408–424];
interferes for American commerce in Denmark, [410], [411];
his reply to Napoleon’s demands, [413], [414];
gives special orders to release American ships, [415];
his attachment to the United States, [415];
his ukase on foreign trade, [418];
offers mediation, vii. [26–29], [41], [353];
continues war in Germany, [339], [345];
forced back to Silesia, [340];
at Gitschin during armistice, [340];
his difficulties and hesitations, [344], [345];
orders Nesselrode, July 9, 1813, to acquiesce in British refusal of mediation, [345], [346], [349];
orders Roumanzoff, July 20, to renew offer of mediation, [348], [353];
acquiesces, August 20, in British refusal of mediation, [350];
orders Roumanzoff, September 20, to renew offer of mediation, [352];
his motives, [353], [354];
takes no notice of American commissioners, [351], [352], [354], [355];
Andrew Jackson’s report of, viii. [320];
visits London, ix. [8];
his conduct at Vienna, [38].
Alexandria, town of, capitulates to British fleet, viii. [157], [158].
Alfred, Maine, the town of, protests against the embargo, iv. [415].
Algiers, hostilities against, in 1815, ix. [87], [105].
Allen, John, colonel of Kentucky Rifles, vii. [88], [89];
killed at the River Raisin, [96].
Allen, W. H., third lieutenant of the “Chesapeake,” iv. [19];
commander in U. S. navy, vii. [303];
commands “Argus,” [304];
his action with the “Pelican,” [305];
killed, [306].
Alien and sedition laws, i. [140], [206], [259].
(See [Acts of Congress].)
Allston, Joseph, Burr’s son-in-law, iii. [220], [240];
guarantees Blennerhassett from loss, [260];
with Burr in Kentucky, [260], [268];
to go with recruits from Charleston, [265], [266];
his part in Burr’s trial, [463] et seq.
Allston, Mrs. (Theodosia Burr), accompanies Burr on his expedition, iii. [255];
at Blennerhassett’s island, [257];
to be Queen of Mexico, [259];
infatuation of Luther Martin for, [444].
Allston, Washington, i. [149], [238]; ix. [208];
his art, [213–217].
Alquier, French minister at Madrid, i. [363], [368].
Alsop, Richard, i. [102].
Alston, Willis, member of Congress from North Carolina, iii. [354];
on war with England, iv. [376].
Amelia Island, v. [165]; vii. [206], [208], [210].
Amendment to the Constitution, the twelfth, ii. [132].
Amendments of the Constitution, proposed by the Hartford Convention, viii. [297], [298].
“American Citizen,” the, i. [331].
Ames, Fisher, i. [82], [83]; iv. [348];
his opinion of democracy, i. [84];
in conversation, [86];
speech of, on the British treaty, [88], [93];
his language toward opponents, [119]; ii. [164].
Amherst, town-meeting address voted, January, 1814, viii. [5].
Amherst, Jeffery, British major-general, his expedition against Montreal in 1760, vii. [178].
Amiens, peace of, i. [370]; ii. [59], [290], [326], [347], [385].
(See [Treaties].)
Amusements in 1800, in New England, i. [50];
in Virginia, [51].
“Anaconda,” privateer, captured, vii. [277], [329].
Anderson, Joseph, senator from Tennessee, ii. [157];
his remark on the two-million bill, iii. [139];
defeats mission to Russia, v. [12];
criticises Giles, vi. [150];
chairman of committee on declaration of war, [228];
chairman of committee on Gallatin’s mission, vii. [59], [60];
member of committee on Swedish mission, [62];
reports bill for seizing Florida, [208];
votes against Giles’s militia bill, viii. [273];
appointed first comptroller, ix. [107].
Anderson, Patton, iii. [287].
Andover, foundation of theological school at, ix. [176], [177].
“Annual Register,” on the battle of Plattsburg, viii. [112];
on privateers in 1814, [197].
“Anthology and Boston Review,” ix. [201–203], [207].
Arbuthnot, James, captain of British sloop-of-war “Avon,” viii. [188];
his report of action with the “Wasp,” [189], [190].
“Argus,” sloop-of-war, vi. [363], [364], [378], [381]; vii. [303];
carries W. H. Crawford to France, [304];
captured by the “Pelican,” [305–308];
number of her prizes, [312], [333], [334].
“Aristides.” Pamphlet by W. P. Van Ness, ii. [73], [172]; iii. [209].
Armistead, George, major of Artillery Corps, commands Fort McHenry at Baltimore, viii. [166].
Armistead, Walker Keith, captain of U. S. engineers, fortifies Norfolk, vii. [271]; ix. [235].
Armistice, between Dearborn and Prevost, vi. [322], [323], [324], [404];
known to Brock, [330];
disavowed by Madison, [340], [404]; ix. [33];
an advantage to Dearborn, vi. [343];
proposed by Monroe, [403];
proposed by Admiral Warren, [416].
Armstrong, John, senator from New York, i. [108], [113], [230], [234], [281]; ii. [157];
succeeds Livingston as minister at Paris, [291], [308];
notifies Monroe of Napoleon’s decision on Spanish claims and boundaries, iii. [31], [32];
recommends a course toward Texas and Florida, [39];
to be employed in the Florida negotiation, [78];
receives Talleyrand’s conditions for an arrangement with Spain, [104];
attacked in the Senate, [153];
opposition to his appointment with Bowdoin to conduct the Florida negotiation, [153], [172];
watching Talleyrand in Paris, [370];
offers to execute Talleyrand’s plan, [376];
approaches Napoleon through Duroc, [386];
asks Decrès for an explanation of the Berlin Decree, [390];
refused passports for Napoleon’s headquarters, iv. [105];
protests against the “Horizon” judgment, [110];
reports Napoleon’s order relating to the Berlin Decree, [112];
well informed with regard to Napoleon’s projects, [113];
remonstrates against the Milan Decree, [292];
receives from Champagny an offer of the Floridas as the price of an alliance with France, [294];
replies to Champagny, [294];
refuses to present the case of the burned vessels to the French government, [313];
his discontent, v. [28];
his relations with Roumanzoff, [29];
his complaints in 1809, [39];
communicates Non-intercourse Act of March 1, 1809, [135], [235];
his comments on the right of search, [145];
his interview with King Louis of Holland, [147], [148];
his despatch on Fouché and Montalivet, [224];
on Napoleon’s motives, [225];
his minute for a treaty, [228];
his recall asked by Napoleon, [228], [229], [252];
his remonstrance against the doctrine of retaliation, [233], [234];
his report of Jan. 10, 1810, [238];
inquires condition of revoking decrees, [251];
communicates Non-intercourse Act of May 1, 1810, [252];
his reception of Cadore’s letter of Aug. 5, 1810, [259], [260];
returns to America, [260], [261], [381];
declares Napoleon’s conditions to be not precedent, [261];
silent about indemnity, [260], [296];
Virginian jealousy of, [370];
on Napoleon’s designs on the Baltic, [417];
becomes brigadier-general, vi. [427];
his attitude toward Monroe and Madison, [426], [427];
nominated Secretary of War, [428];
his character, [428];
a source of discord, vii. [34];
Dallas’s opinion of, [35];
nominates Monroe as major-general, [36];
intends to command in chief, [37], [38];
alienates Gallatin, [39–41];
comments on military diplomacy, [100];
changes the plan of campaign in the northwest, [102], [103], [115];
comments on Harrison and Proctor, [114];
comments on strategy, [144];
his plan for attacking Kingston, in April, 1813, [148–150];
his plan changed by Dearborn and Chauncey, [153];
issues order dividing the Union into military districts, [156];
removes Dearborn from command, [171];
orders Wilkinson to Sackett’s Harbor, [172], [173], [215];
orders Hampton to Plattsburg, [174];
orders Wilkinson to attack Kingston, [175], [176];
goes to Sackett’s Harbor, [179];
his difficulties with Wilkinson, [180–182];
orders Hampton to prepare winter quarters, [183];
returns to Washington, [185], [186], [198];
his treatment of Hampton, [199], [200];
his orders for the defence of Fort George, [201], [202];
his responsibility for the loss of Fort Niagara, [203];
dismisses Andrew Jackson’s corps, [209], [210];
orders withdrawal from Amelia Island, [210];
orders Wilkinson to seize Mobile, [213], [214];
his instructions on capitulation of the Creeks, [259];
orders the confinement of hostages for naturalized soldiers, [361];
disliked by Virginians, [403], [404];
disliked by Madison, [405], [406];
feared, [406];
introduces new energy into the army, [407–409];
his irregular conduct in the appointment of Andrew Jackson, [410], [411];
his removal urged by Monroe, [411–414];
his share in the court-martial of William Hull, [414], [415];
his treatment of Hampton, [416];
Wilkinson’s remarks on, viii. [25];
orders Brown to attack Kingston, [27];
his letter to Brown on mistakes, [28];
his plan of a campaign at Niagara, [30–33];
orders Brown to cross the Niagara River, [33];
orders Izard to fortify Rouse’s Point, [97];
orders Izard to move his army to Sackett’s Harbor, [98–101];
his severity toward Izard, [114];
his neglect of the defences of Washington, [120];
his excuses, [121];
his attitude toward the defence of Washington, [122];
after August 20 alive to the situation, [132];
joins Winder on the morning of August 24, [137];
on Bladensburg battle-field, [149];
his conduct during the British advance, [155];
retires to Frederick, [156], [157];
militia refuse to serve under, [159];
returns to Washington, [160];
goes to Baltimore and resigns, [161];
cause of his retirement, [162];
his provision for the defence of New Orleans, [316], [317];
his criticism on Jackson’s Pensacola campaign, [330];
his criticism on Jackson’s first measures at New Orleans, [334];
his criticism on Jackson’s loss of Fort Bowyer, [384].
Army, Jefferson’s chaste reformation of, i. [238];
peace establishment in 1801 three thousand men, organized in one regiment of artillery and two of infantry, [242], [261], [272], [301];
Jefferson’s principle regarding the, iii. [14], [15];
its condition in 1806, [334];
popular antipathy to, [349], [350–354];
increase of, to ten thousand men, in 1808, iv. [195], [198];
debate on increase of, [212–218];
establishment of 1808, one regiment of artillery, one regiment of light artillery, one regiment of dragoons, one regiment of riflemen, and seven regiments of infantry, [222–224];
enlistments stopped in June, 1809, v. [85];
its condition in 1809, [164], [169–171], [289];
encampment of, at Terre aux Bœufs, [171–175];
debate on reduction of, in 1810, [199–207];
raised to thirty-five thousand men by Act of Jan. 11, 1812, vi. [147], [148], [151], [153];
useless, [165];
condition of, [289], [292];
recruiting for, in May, 1812, [294];
war establishment in 1812, corps of engineers, two regiments of light dragoons, one regiment of light artillery, three regiments of artillerists, one regiment of riflemen, and twenty-five regiments of infantry,—by law thirty-five thousand men, [295];
enlistments in, [337], [390], [391], [401];
difficulty of filling ranks of, [394];
acts of Congress for filling ranks of, [435], [436];
war establishment of 1813, corps of engineers, two regiments of light dragoons, one regiment of light artillery, three regiments of artillery, one regiment of riflemen, and forty-four regiments of infantry, rangers, and sea-fencibles,—by law fifty-eight thousand men, [449]; vii. [148], [381];
Monroe’s estimate of number of troops required in 1813, vii. [148];
actual force, in February, 1813, nineteen thousand men, [148], [149], [380];
mode of stating force of, in rank-and-file, [150];
aggregate strength of, in February, June, and December, 1813, and January, 1814, [380], [381];
Troup’s bill for filling ranks of, [381], [382];
bounty and pay of, [382];
appropriations for, in 1814, [384];
organization of, in 1814, [384];
condition of, in 1814, viii. [17];
aggregate strength of, June and December, 1813, January, July, and September, 1814, [216];
weakness of, in the field, [217];
bounties for, paid in Massachusetts and Virginia, [235];
Monroe recommends raising to one hundred thousand men by draft, [264], [265];
failure in recruiting service for, [266];
Congress unwilling to adopt efficacious measures for, [266], [267];
Giles’s bill for filling, [268], [273], [280];
“a mere handful of men,” [279];
aggregate strength of, December, 1814, and Feb. 16, 1815, [281];
allotment of, to military districts, [316], [317];
peace establishment discussed, ix. [83–86];
peace establishment fixed at ten thousand men, [86];
reduction of, [87–88].
(See [Artillery], [Infantry], [Engineers].)
Artillery, one regiment of, on the army establishment of 1801, i. [301];
one regiment of light, added in 1808, iv. [223];
two regiments of, added in 1812, vi. [295], [345], [347];
corps of, vii. [384];
Hindman’s battalion of, viii. [37];
Towson’s company at Chippawa, [43], [44];
Hindman’s battalion at Lundy’s Lane, [50–53], [56–59];
and at Fort Erie, [71], [72], [75], [76], [83];
in military district No. 7, viii. [316];
in the night battle at New Orleans, [344], [345], [348];
in Jackson’s lines, [355], [358], [359], [361];
in the battle of Jan. 1, 1815, [361–366];
in the battle of Jan. 8, [374], [375].
(See [Gunnery].)
Ash Island in the Richelieu River, a fortified British post, viii. [97].
Ashe, an English traveller, i. [43], [52], [53], [54].
Ashmun, Eli Porter, senator from Massachusetts, votes against internal improvements, ix. [151].
“Asia,” American ship, burned by French squadron, vi. [193], [198].
Aspinwall, Thomas, lieutenant-colonel of the Ninth Infantry, viii. [35];
commands Scott’s brigade, [71];
wounded in the sortie from Fort Erie, [88].
Astor, John Jacob, i. [28]; vi. [301];
shares loan of 1813, vii. [44], [45];
director of United States Bank, ix. [131].
“Atlas,” privateer, captured, vii. [277].
Attorney General. (See [Levi Lincoln], [Robert Smith], [John Breckinridge], [Cæsar A. Rodney], [William Pinkney], [Richard Rush].)
Auckland, Lord, iii. [407].
“Aurora” newspaper, i. [118], [121]; iii. [119].
Austerlitz, battle of, iii. [163], [370].
Austria, v. [27], [134];
fights battles of Essling and Wagram, [106];
interferes in Russian war, vii. [340];
declares war on Napoleon, [350].
“Avon,” British 18-gun sloop-of-war, sunk by the “Wasp,” viii. [188–192].
“Avon,” privateer, viii. [194].