SARCODE (Gr. sarx, flesh; eidos, form). The jelly-like substance of which the bodies of the Protozoa are composed. It is an albuminous body containing oil-granules, and is sometimes called "animal protoplasm."
SAURIA (Gr. saura, a lizard). Any lizard-like Reptile is often spoken of as a "Saurian;" but the term is sometimes restricted to the Crocodiles alone, or to the Crocodiles and Lacertilians.
SAUROPTERYGIA (Gr. sauro; pterux, wing). An extinct order of Reptiles, called by Huxley Plesiosauria, from the typical genus Plesiosaurus.
SAURURÆ (Gr. saura; oura, tail). The extinct order of Birds comprising only the Archœopteryx.
SCANSORES (Lat. scando, I climb). The order of the Climbing Birds (Parrots, Woodpeckers, &c.)
SCAPHITES (Lat. scapha, a boat). A genus of the Ammonitidœ.
SCOLITHUS (Gr. skolex, a worm; lithos, a stone). The vertical burrows of sea-worms in rocks.
SCUTA (Lat. scutum, a shield). Applied to any shield-like plates; especially to those which are developed in the integument of many Reptiles.
SELACHIA or SELACHII (Gr. selachos, a cartilaginous fish, probably a shark). The sub-order of Elasmobranchii comprising the Sharks and Dog-fishes.
SEPIOSTAIRE. The internal shell of the Sepia, commonly known as the "cuttle-bone."
SEPTA. Partitions.
SERPENTIFORM. Resembling a serpent in shape.
SERTULARIDA (Lat. sertum, a wreath). An order of Hydrozoa.
SESSILE (Lat. sedo, I sit). Not supported upon a stalk or peduncle; attached by a base.
SETHÆ (Lat. bristles). Bristles or long stiff hairs.
SIGILLARIOIDS (Lat. sigilla, little images). A group of extinct plants of which Sigillaria is the type, so called from the seal-like markings on the bark.
SILICEOUS (Lat. silex, flint). Composed of flint.
SINISTRAL (Lat. sinistra, the left hand). Left-handed; applied to the direction of the spiral in certain shells, which are said to be "reversed."
SIPHON (Gr. a tube). Applied to the respiratory tubes in the Mollusca; also to other tubes of different functions.
SIPHONIA (Gr. siphon, a tube). A genus of fossil Sponges.
SIPHONOSTOMATA (Gr. siphon; and stoma, mouth). The division of Gasteropodous Molluscs in which the aperture of the shell is not "entire," but possesses a notch or tube for the emission of the respiratory siphon.
SIPHUNCLE (Lat. siphunculus, a little tube). The tube which connects together the various chambers of the shell of certain Cephalopoda (e.g., the Pearly Nautilus).
SIRENIA (Gr. seiren. a mermaid). The order of Mammalia comprising the Dugongs and Manatees.
SIVATHERIUM (Siva, a Hindoo deity; Gr. therion, beast). An extinct genus of Hoofed Quadrupeds.
SOLIDUNGULA (Lat. solidus, solid; ungula, a hoof). The group of Hoofed Quadrupeds comprising the Horse, Ass, and Zebra, in which each foot has only a single solid hoof. Often called Solipedia.
SPHENOPTERIS (Gr. sphen, a wedge; pteris, a fern). An extinct genus of ferns.
SPICULA (Lat. spicidum, a point). Pointed needle-shaped bodies.
SPIRIFERA (Lat. spira, a spire or coil; fero, I carry). An extinct genus of Brachiopods, with large spiral supports for the "arms."
SPIRORBIS (Lat. spira, a spire; orbis, a circle). A genus of tube-inhabiting Annelides, in which the shelly tube is coiled into a spiral disc.
SPONGIDA (Gr. spoggos, a sponge). The division of Protozoa commonly known as sponges.
STALACTITES (Gr. stalasso, I drop). Icicle-like encrustations and deposits of lime, which hang from the roof of caverns in limestone.
STALAGMITE (Gr. stalagma, a drop). Encrustations of lime formed on the floor of caverns which are hollowed out of limestone.
STIGMARIA (Gr. stigma, a mark made with a pointed instrument). A genus founded on the roots of various species of Sigillaria.
STRATUM (Lat. stratus, spread out; or stratum, a thing spread out). A layer of rock.
STROMATOPORA (Gr. stroma, a thing spread out; paras, a passage or pore). A Palæozoic genus of Protozoa.
STROPHOHENA (Gr. strophao, I twist; mené, moon). An extinct genus of Brachiopods.
SUB-CALCAREOUS. Somewhat calcareous.
SUB-CENTRAL. Nearly central, but not quite.
SUTURE (Lat. suo, I sew). The line of junction of two parts which are immovably connected together. Applied to the line where the whorls of a univalve shell join one another; also to the lines made upon the exterior of the shell of a chambered Cephalopod by the margins of the septa.
SYRINGOPORA (Gr. surigx, a pipe; poros, a pore). A genus of Tabulate Corals.

TABULÆ. (Lat. tabula, a tablet). Horizontal plates or floors found in some Corals, extending across the cavity of the "theca" from side to side.
TEGUMENTARY (Lat. tegumentum, a covering). Connected with the integument or skin.
TELEOSAURUS (Gr. teleios, perfect; saura, lizard). An extinct genus of Crocodilian Reptiles.
TELEOSTEI (Gr. teleios, perfect; osteon, bone). The order of the "Bony Fishes."
TELSON (Gr. a limit). The last joint in the abdomen of Crustacea; variously regarded as a segment without appendages, or as an azygous appendage.
TENTACULITES (Lat. tentaculum, a feeler). A genus of Pteropoda.
TEREBRATULA (Lat. terebratus, bored or pierced). A genus of Brachiopoda, so called in allusion to the perforated beak of the ventral valve.
TEST (Lat. testa, shell). The shell of Mollusca, which are for this reason sometimes called "Testacea;" also, the calcareous case of Echinoderms; also, the thick leathery outer tunic in the Tunicata.
TESTACEOUS. Provided with a shell or hard covering.
TESTUDINIDÆ (Lat. testudo, a tortoise). The family of the Tortoises.
TETRABRANCHIATA (Gr. tetra, four; bragchia, gill). The order of Cephalopoda characterised by the possession of four gills.
TEXTULARIA. (Lat. textilis, woven). A genus of Foraminifera.
THECA (Gr. theké, a sheath). A genus of Pteropods.
THECODONTOSAURUS (Gr. theké, a sheath; odous, tooth; saura, lizard). A genus of "Thecodont" Reptiles, so named in allusion to the fact that the teeth are sunk in distinct sockets.
THERIODONT (Gr. therion, a beast; odous, tooth). A group of Reptiles so named by Owen in allusion to the Mammalian character of their teeth.
THORAX (Gr. a breastplate). The region of the chest.
THYLACOLEO (Gr. thulakos, a pouch; leo, a lion). An extinct genus of Marsupials.
TRIGONIA (Gr. treis, three; gonia, angle). A genus of Bivalve Molluscs.
TRIGONOCARPON (Gr. treis, three; gonia. angle; karpos, fruit). A genus founded on fossil fruits of a three-angled form.
TRILOBITA (Gr. treis, three; lobos, a lobe). An extinct order of Crustaceans.
TRINUCLEUS (Lat. tris, three; nucleus, a kernel). A genus of Trilobites.
TROGONTHERIUM (Gr. trogo, I gnaw; therion, beast). An extinct genus of Beavers.
TUBICOLA (Lat. tuba, a tube; and colo, I inhabit). The order of Annelida which construct a tubular case in which they protect themselves.
TUBICOLOUS. Inhabiting a tube.
TUNICATA (Lat. tunica, a cloak). A class of Molluscoida which are enveloped in a tough leathery case or "test."
TURBINATED (Lat. turbo, a top). Top-shaped; conical with a round base.
TURRILITES (Lat, turris, a tower). A genus of the Ammonitidœ.

UMBO (Lat. the boss of a shield). The beak of a bivalve shell.
UNGUICULATE (Lat. unguis, nail). Furnished with claws.
UNGULATA (Lat. ungula, hoof). The order of Mammals comprising the Hoofed Quadrupeds.
UNGULATE. Furnished with expanded nails constituting hoofs.
UNILOCULAR (Lat. unus, one; and loculus. a little purse). Possessing a single cavity or chamber. Applied to the shells of Foraminifera and Mollusca.
UNIVALVE (Lat. unus, one; valvœ, folding-doors). A shell composed of a single piece or valve.
URODELA (Gr. oura, tail; delos, visible). The order of the Tailed Amphibians (Newts, &c.)

VENTRAL (Lat. venter, the stomach). Relating to the inferior surface of the body.
VENTRICULITES (Lat. ventriculum, a little stomach). A genus of siliceous Sponges.
VERMIFORM (Lat. vermis, worm; and forma, form). Worm-like.
VERTEBRA (Lat. verto, I turn). One of the bony segments of the vertebral column or backbone.
VERTEBRATA (Lat. vertebra, a bone of the back, from vertere, to turn). The division of the Animal Kingdom roughly characterised by the possession of a backbone.
VESICLE (Lat. vesica, a bladder). A little sac or cyst.

WHORL. The spiral turn of a univalve shell.

XIPHOSURA (Gr. xiphos, a sworn; and oura, tail). An order of Crustacea, comprising the Limuli or King-Crabs, characterised by their long sword-like tails.
XYLOBIUS (Gr. xulon, wood; bios, life). An extinct genus of Myriapods, named in allusion to the fact that the animal lived on decaying wood.

ZAPHRENTIS (proper name). A genus of Rugose Corals.
ZEUGLODONTIDÆ. (Gr. zeuglé, a yoke; odous, a tooth). An extinct family of Cetaceans, in which the molar teeth are two-fanged, and look as if composed of two parts united by a neck.
ZOOPHYTE (Gr. zoön, animal; phuton, plant). Loosely applied to many plant-like animals, such as Sponges, Corals, Sea-anemones, Sea-mats, &c.

INDEX.

Acadian Group, [79].
Acer, [308].
Acervularia, [119], [173].
Acidaspis, [123].
Acorn-shells, [267].
Acroculia, [128].
Acrodus, [214], [242], [275]; nobilis, [242].
Acrotreta, [110].
Acroura, [120].
Actinocrinus, [175].
Æglina, [108].
Æpiornis, [348].
Agnostus, [85-87], [108]; rex, [85].
Alces malchis, [354].
Alecto, [108].
Alethopteris, [136], [165], [196].
Algœ (see Sea-weeds).
Alligators, [218], [297].
Alnus, [262].
Amblypterus, [188]; macropterus, [188].
Ambonychia, [111].
Ammonites, [187], [212-214], [237-239], [272]; Humpresianus, [238]; bifrons, [238].
Ammonitidœ, [239], [272], [285], [294].
Amphibia, [189]; of the Carboniferous, [189-191]; of the Permian, [200]; of the Trias, [215-217]; of the Jurassic, [242]; of the Miocene, [313].
Amphicyon, [322].
Amphilestes, [253].
Amphispongia, [118].
Amphistegina, [311].
Amphitherium, [253], [255]; Prevostii, [254].
Amphitragulus, [317].
Amplexus, [173]; coralloides, [174].
Ampyx, [108].
Anachytes, [266].
Anchitherium, [301-302].
Ancyloceras, [272], [273]; Matheronianus, [273].
Ancylotherium Pentelici, [315].
Andrias Scheuchzeri, [313], [314].
Angiosperms, [261], [262].
Animal Kingdom, divisions of, [375-378].
Anisopus, [206].
Annelida, of the Cambrian period, [82], [83]; of the Lower Silurian, [107]; of the Upper Silurian, [122], [123]; of the Devonian, [143], [144]; of the Carboniferous, [178].
Annularia, [137], [196], [207].
Anomodontia, [220].
Anoplotheridœ, [302].
Anoplotherium, [302], [303]; commune, [303].
Ant-eaters, [299], [315], [349], [350], [353].
Antelopes, [317].
Anthracosaurus Russelli, [190].
Anthrapalœmon gracilis, [180].
Antilocapra, [318].
Antilope quadricornis, [318].
Antwerp Crag, [325].
Apes, [323].
Apiocrinus, [231].
Apteryx, [346], [348].
Aqueous rocks, [15].
Arachnida of the Coal-measures, [181].
Aralo-Caspian Beds, [326].
Araucaria, [262].
Araucarioxylon, [170].
Arca, [198]; antiqua, [199].
Archœocidaris, [178].
Archœocyathus, [82].
Archœopteryx, [252], [281]; macrura, [252], [253].
Archœospœrinœ, [75].
Archimedes, [184]; Wortheni, [183].
Archiulus, [182].
Arctic regions, Miocene flora of, [310].
Arctocyon, [304].
Arenaceous rocks, [20].
Arenicolites, [83]; didymus, [88].
Arenig rocks, [92], [94].
Argillaceous rocks, [20].
Armadillos, [299], [351], [353].
Artiodactyle Ungulates, [300].
Asaphus, [108]; tyrannus, [107], [108].
Ascoceras, [130].
Aspidella, [76].
Aspidura loricata, [210].
Astarte borealis, [338].
Asterophyllites, [137], [196].
Asterosteus, [152].
Astrœidœ, [231].
Astrœospongia, [118], [139].
Astylospongia, [98]; prœmorsa, [139].
Athyris, [110], [127], [147], [198]; subtilita, [185].
Atlantic Ooze, [22], [23].
Atrypa, [127]; congesta, [127]; hemispœrica, [127]; reticularis, [147], [148].
Auger-shells, [293].
Aurochs, [356].
Aves (see Birds).
Avicula, [235]; cantorta, [211], [212]; socialis, [211].
"Avicula contorta Beds", [204], [212].
Aviculidœ, [198], [269].
Aviculopecten, [186].
Axophyllum, [173].
Aymestry Limestone, [116], [117].
Azoic rocks, [67].