The Ancient Life History of the Earth / A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science

by Henry Alleyne Nicholson

Labyrinthodon Jœgeri, [217].
Labyrinthodontia, [290]; of the Carboniferous, [189-191]; of the Permian, [200]; of the Trias, [215-217].
Lace-corals, [108], [125], [145], [183], [198], [210].
Lacertilia, [202]; of the Permian, [201], [202]; of the Trias, [217], [218]; of the Jurassic, [251]; of the Cretaceous, [280].
Lœlaps, [278].
Lamellibranchiata, of the Cambrian, [88]; of the Lower Silurian, [110]; of the Upper Silurian, [128]; of the Devonian, [148]; of the Carboniferous, [186]; of the Permian, [198]; of the Trias, [211]; of the Jurassic, [234-236]; of the Cretaceous, [268-270]; of the Eocene, [292].
Lamna, [275], [312].
Lamp-shells (see Brachiopoda).
Land-tortoises, [313].
Lauraceœ, [308].
Laurentian period, [65]; rocks of, [65], [66]; Lower Laurentian, [66]; Upper Laurentian, [66]; areas occupied by Laurentian rocks, [66]; limestones of, [66]; iron-ores of, [68]; phosphate of lime of, [68]; graphite of, [68]; life of, [67-75].
Leaf-beds of the Isle of Mull, [306].
Leda, [292]; truncata, [338].
Leguminosites Marcouanus, [263].
Lemming, [344], [345].
Lepadidœ, [267].
Lepadocrinus Gebhardi, [106].
Leperditia, [108]; canadensis, [107].
Lepidaster, [120].
Lepidechinus, [178].
Lepidesthes, [178].
Lepidodendroids, [166], [167], [207].
Lepidodendron, [118], [136], [166], [196]; Sternberg, [167].
Lepidoptera, [311].
Lepidosiren, [153].
Lepidosteus, [188].
Lepidostrobus, [166].
Lepidotus, [275].
Leptœna, [109], [110], [125], [234]; Liassica, [235]; sericea, [110].
Leptocœlia, [127]; plano-convexa, [127].
Lias, [226], [227], [229].
Lichas, [108].
Licrophycus Ottawaensis, [97].
Lignitic Formation of North America, [288], [297].
Lily-encrinite, [209], [210].
Lima, [235].
Lime, phosphate of, [30], [31].
Limestone, [23-27]; varieties of, [27-30]; origin of, [21]; microscopical structure of, [26]; Crinoidal, [24]; Foraminiferal, [24], [26]; coralline, [24]; magnesian, [27]; metamorphic, [27]; oolitic, [28-30]; pisolitic, [29]; bituminous, [36]; Laurentian, [67].
Limnœa, [294]; pyramidalis, [294].
Limulus, [84], [124], [125], [179].
Lingula, [87], [88], [110], [127], [147], [198]; Credneri, [198].
Lingula Flags, [77], [78], [79], [88].
Lingulella, [87], [88]; Davisii, [88]; ferruginea, [88].
Liriodendron, [262], [308]; Meeki, [263].
Lithostrotion, [173]; irregulare, [174].
Lituites, [130].
Lizards (see Lacertilia).
Llama, [354].
Llanberis Slates, [79].
Llandeilo rocks, [92], [94], [96].
Llandovery rocks, [93]; Lower, [93]; Upper, [115].
Lobsters, [180], [210], [233], [267].
Loess, [339].
London Clay, [287], [288].
Longmynd rocks, [77-80], [83].
Lonsdaleia, [173].
Lophiodon, [316].
Lophophyllum, [173].
Lower Cambrian, [77-79]; Chalk, [259]; Cretaceous, [257], [258]; Devonian, [134]; Eocene, [287], [288]; Greensand, [257], [258]; Helderberg, [117], [118]; Laurentian rocks, [66]; Ludlow rock, [116]; Miocene, [305]; Old Red Sandstone, [134]; Oolites, [229]; Silurian period, [90-114]; rocks of, in Britain, [92-94]; in North America, [94-96]; life of, [97-114].
Loxonema, [186], [199], [213].
Ludlow rock, [116], [117].
Lycopodiaceœ, [118], [136], [167].
Lynton Group, [134].
Lyrodesma, [111].

Macaques, [323], [331].
Machœracanthus major, [151], [155].
Machairodus, [221], [249], [322], [331], [360]; cultridens, [331].
Maclurea, [111]; crenulata, [112].
Macrocheilus, [186], [199], [213].
Macropetalichthys, [152]; Sullivanti, [151].
Macrotherium giganteum, [315].
Macrurous Crustaceans, [180].
Mactra, [292].
Maestricht Chalk, [259], [279], [286].
Magnesian Limestone, [27]; nature and structure of, [28]; of the Permian series, [194], [196].
Magnolia, [262], [290], [310].
Mammalia, of the Trias, [223], [224]; of the Jurassic, [253], [254]; of the Eocene, [299-305]; of the Miocene, [313-323]; of the Pliocene, [327-331]; of the Post-Pliocene, [348-362].
Mammoth, [339], [341], [344], [357-359].
Man, remains of, in Post-Pliocene deposits, [341], [344].
Manatee, [299].
Mantellia, [230]; megalophylla, [230].
Maple, [290], [308], [310].
Marble, [28]; encrinital, [24]; statuary, [27].
Marcellus Shales, [135].
Mariacrinus, [122].
Marmots, [322].
Marsupials, [299]; of the Trias, [223]; of the Jurassic, [253], [254]; of the Eocene, [299]; of the Miocene, [315]; of the Post-Pliocene, [348], [319].
Marsupiocrinus, [122].
Marsupites, [266].
Mastodon, [319], [321], [322]; Americanus, angustidens, [322]; Arvenensis, [329]; longirostris, [322]; Ohioticus, [357]; Sivalensis, [321].
Medina Sandstone, [116].
Megalichthys, [188].
Megalodon, [148].
Megalomus, [128].
Megalonyx, [351].
Megalosaurus, [249], [278].
Megatherium, [350], [351]; Cuvieri, [350].
Melania, [294].
Melonites, [178].
Menevian Group, [77-79].
Menobranchus, [189].
Meristella, [127]; cylindrica, [127]; intermedia, [127]; naviformis, [127].
Mesopithecus, [323].
Mesozoic Period, [44].
Michelinia, [142].
Micraster, [266].
Microlestes, [224]; antiquus, [223].
Middle Devonian, [134]; Eocene, [287], [288], [289]; Oolites, [227]; Silurian, [91].
Miliolite Limestone, [290].
Millepora, [230].
Millstone Grit, [159], [161].
Miocene period, [305]; rocks of, in Britain, [305], [306]; in France, [306]; in Belgium, [307]; in Switzerland, [306]; in Austria, [307]; in Germany, [307]; in Italy, [307]; in India, [307]; in North America, [307]; life of, [308-323].
Mitre-shells, [371], [293].
Mitra, [271], [293].
Moas of New Zealand, [346-348].
Modiolopsis, [111]; Solvensis, [88].
Molasse, [306].
Mole, [322], [336].
Monkeys, [305], [331].
Monocotyledonous plant, [262].
Monograptus, [100], [119]; priodon, [119].
Monotis, [211].
Monte Bolca, fishes of, [295].
Montlivaltia, [209].
Mosasauroids, [279], [280].
Mosasaurus, [279]; Camperi, [279]; princeps, [279].
Mountain Limestone, [158], [161].
Mud-fishes, [153], [215].
Mud-turtles, [280].
Mull, Miocene strata of, [306].
Murchisonia, [111], [129], [199], [213]; gracilis, [11].
Murex, [237], [293].
Muschelkalk, [203], [204], [206].
Musk-deer, [317].
Musk-ox, [344], [345], [356].
Musk-sheep, [356].
Myliobatis Edwardsii, [296].
Mylodon, [351]; robustus, [352].
Myophoria, [211]; lineata, [211].
Myriapoda of the Coal, [181], [182].

Nassa, [293].
Natatores, [297].
Natica, [271], [293].
Nautilus, [112-114], [130], [149], [186], [199], [237], [272], [294]; Danicus, [272]; pompilius, [237].
Neanderthal skull, [364].
Neocomian series, [257], [260].
Neolimulus, [125].
Nerinœa, [237], [271]; Goodhallii, [237].
Nerita, [393].
Neuroptera, [311].
Neuropteris, [136].
Newer Pliocene, [323], [324].
New Red Sandstone, [193], [203].
Newts, [189], [200], [217].
Niagara Limestone, [117].
Nipadites, [290]; ellipticus, [290].
Nœggerathia, [197].
Norwich Crag, [324].
Nothosaurus, [219]; mirabilis, [219].
Notidanus, [241].
Numenius gypsorum, [297].
Nummulina, [172], [290]; lœvigata, [290]; pristina, [172].
Nummulitic Limestone, [24], [287], [291].

Oak, [262], [310].
Obolella, [87]; sagittalis, [88].
Odd-toed Ungulates, [300], [315], [327], [353].
Odontaspis, [275].
Odontopteris, [165]; Schlotheimi, [164].
Odontopteryx, [297]; toliapicus, [297], [298].
Odontornithes, [282].
Ogygia, [108]; Buchii, [107].
Older Pliocene, [323], [324].
Oldhamia, [81]; antiqua, [82]; slates of Ireland, [79], [80].
Old Red Sandstone, [133]; origin of name, [133]; of Scotland, [134]; relations of, to Devonian, [133], [134], [155].
Olenus, [108]; micrurus, [88].
Oligocene, [305].
Oligoporus, [178].
Olive-shells, [293].
Omphyma, [119].
Onchus, [130]; tenuistriatus, [131].
Oneida Conglomerate, [116].
Onychodus, [153]; sigmoides, [151].
Oolitic limestone, structure of, [28]; mode of formation of, [30].
Oolitic rocks (see Jurassic).
Ooze, Atlantic, [22], [33].
Ophidia, [251]; of the Eocene, [296].
Ophiuroidea, of the Lower Silurian, [105]; of the Upper Silurian, [120]; of the Carboniferous, [177]; of the Trias, [210]; of the Jurassic, [233].
Opossum, [299], [315].
Orbitoides, [291].
Oriskany Sandstone, [135].
Ormoxylon, [138].
Orohippus, [302].
Orthis, [38], [109], [125], [147], [184], [199]; biforata, [109]; Davidsoni, [127]; elegantula, [127]; flabellulum, [109]; Hicksii, [38]; lenticularis, [38]; plicatella, [110]; resupinata, [185]; subquadrala, [109]; testudinaria, [110].
Orthoceras, [89], [112], [113], [130], [149], [186], [213]; crebriseptum, [113].
Orthonota, [111].
Orthoptera, [182], [311].
Osmeroides, [276]; Mantelli, [276].
Osmerus, [276].
Ostealepis, [153].
Ostracode Crustaceans of the Cambrian, [83]; of the Lower Silurian, [107]; of the Upper Silurian, [123]; of the Devonian, [145]; of the Carboniferous, [179]; of the Permian, [197]; of the Trias, [210]; of the Jurassic, [233]; of the Cretaceous, [267].
Ostrea acuminata, [235]; Couloni, [269]; deltoidea, [235]; distorta, [235]; expansa, gregarea, [235]; Marshii, [235], [236].
Otodus, [295]; obtiquus, [296].
Otozamites, [230].
Otozoum, [206].
Oudenodon, [220]; Bainii, [221].
Ovibos moschatus, [356].
Oxford Clay, [227], [229].
Oxyrhina, [312]; xiphodon, [313].
Oysters, [235], [236], [269].

Pachyphyllum, [173].
Palœarca, [111].
Palœaster, [120]; Ruthveni, [121].
Palasterina, [120]; primœva, [121].
Palœchinus, [120], [178]; ellipticus, [177].
Palœocaris, [180]; typus, [180].
Palœocoma, [120]; Colvini, [121].
Palœocoryne, [172].
Palæolithic man, remains of, [363-365].
Palœomanon, [118].
Palœoniscus, [188], [200].
Palœontina Oolitica, [233].
Palæontological evidence as to Evolution, [60], [372-374].
Palæontological record, imperfection of the, [50], [51].
Palæontology, definition of, [10].
Palœonyctis, [304].
Palœophis, [296]; toliapictus, [296]; typhœus, [296].
Palœoreas, [318].
Palœosaurus, [200], [218], [219]; platyodon, [219].
Palœosiren Beinerti, [200].
Palœotherium, [300]; magnum, [301].
Palœoxylon, [170].
Palæozoic period, [44].
Palms, [230], [263], [290], [308], [309].
Paludina, [257], [294].
Pandaneœ, [230].
Pandanus, [262].
Paradoxides, [86], [87], [108]; Bohemicus, [85].
Parasmilia, [266].
Parkeria, [264].
Pear Encrinite, [231].
Pearly Nautilus, [58], [111], [112], [237].
Peccaries, [317].
Pecopteris, [136], [165], [196].
Pecten Grœnlandicus, [338]; Islandicus, [338]; Valoniensis, [211], [212], [204].
Penarth Beds, [204].
Pennatulidœ, [292].
Pentacrinus, [231]; caput-medusœ, [231]; fasciculosus, [232].
Pentamerus, [125], [126]; galeatus, [126]; Knightii, [128].
Pentremites (see Blastoidea).
Pentremites conoideus, [176]; pyriformis, [176].
Perching Birds, [297].
Percidœ, [276].
Periechocrinus, [122].
Perissodactyle Ungulates, [300], [315], [327].
Permian period, [192-202]; rocks of, in Britain, [194]; in North America, [194]; life of, [195-302].
Persistent types of life, [58], [371].
Petalodus, [188].
Petraster, [120].
Petroleum, origin of, [36].
Pezophaps, [348].
Phacops, [108], [123], [145]; Downingiœ, [124]; granulatus, [144]; lœvis, [144]; latifrons, [144], [145]; longicaudatus, [124]; rana, [145].
Phœnopora ensiformis, [126].
Phalangers, [348].
Phanerogams, [164].
Phaneropleuron, [153].
Phascolotherium, [253], [254].
Pheronema, [164].
Phillipsastrœa, [142].
Phillipsia, [179]; seminifera, [180].
Pholadomya, [235].
Phormosoma, [178].
Phorus, [271].
Phosphate of lime, concretions of, [30]; disseminated in rocks, [30]; origin of, [31].
Phyllograptus, [102]; typus, [102].
Phyllopoda, of the Cambrian, [83]; of the Lower Silurian, [108]; of the Upper Silurian, [123]; of the Devonian, [145]; of the Carboniferous, [179]; of the Permian, [197]; of the Trias, [210].
Phyllopora, [210].
Physa, [294]; columnaris, [294].
Pigs, [302], [317], [329], [354].
Pilton Group, [135].
Pinites, [170].
Pisces (see Fishes).
Pisolite, [29].
Pisolitic Limestone of France, [259], [286].
Placodus, [220]; gigas, [220].
Placoid Fishes, [150]; of the Upper Silurian, [130], [131]; of the Devonian, [153-155]; of the Carboniferous, [188]; of the Permian, [199]; of the Trias, [214]; of the Jurassic, [241]; of the Cretaceous, [275]; of the Eocene, [295]; of the Miocene, [312].
Plagiaulax, [254].
Planolites, [122]; vulgaris, [123].
Planorbis, [294].
Plants, of the Cambrian, [80], [81]; of the Lower Silurian, [97], [98]; of the Upper Silurian, [118]; of the Devonian, [136-139]; of the Carboniferous, [163-170]; of the Permian, [196]; of the Trias, [207], [208]; of the Jurassic, [229], [230]; of the Cretaceous, [261-263]; of the Eocene, [289], [290]; of the Miocene, [308-311].
Plasmopora, [119].
Platanus, [262], [308]; aceroides, [309].
Platephemera antiqua, [145].
Platyceras, [128], [148]; dumosum, [148]; multisinuatum, [129]; ventricosum, [129].
Platycrinus, [122], [175]; tricontadactylus, [175].
Platyostoma, [129]; Niagarense, [129].
Platyrhine Monkeys, [362].
Platyschisma helicites, [129].
Platysomus, [200]; gibbosus, [199].
Platystoma, [213].
Pleistocene period; climate of.
Plesiosaurus, [334]; dolichodeirus, [244].
Pleurocystites squamosus, [106].
Pleurotoma, [293].
Pleurotomaria, [111], [129], [186], [199], [236], [271].
Plicatula, [213].
Pliocene period, [323]; rocks of, in Britain, [324]; in Belgium, [325]; in Italy, [325]; in North America, [326]; life of, [326-331].
Pliopithecus, [322]; antiquus, [323].
Pliosaurus, [245].
Podocarya, [230].
Podozamites, [208]; lanceolatus, [209].
Polir-schiefer, [33].
Polycystina, [32]; of Barbadoes-earth, [33].
Polypora, [145], [184]; dendroides, [183].
Polypterus, [153], [188].
Polystomella, [311].
Polytremacis, [266].
Polyzoa, of the Cambrian, [81], [89]; of the Lower Silurian, [108]; of the Upper Silurian, [125]; of the Devonian, [145], [146]; of the Carboniferous, [183], [184]; of the Permian, [198]; of the Trias, [210]; of the Cretaceous, [267]; of the Miocene, [312].
Populus, [262].
Porcellia, [186].
Porcupines, [322].
Portage Group, [135].
Port-Jackson Shark, [154].
Portland beds, [227], [229].
Post-Glacial deposits, [336], [338].
Post-Pliocene period, [334].
Post-Tertiary period, [286].
Poteriocrinus, [175].
Potsdam Sandstone, [79].
Pre-Glacial deposits, [336].
Prestwichia, [179]; rotundata, [179].
Primitia, [107]; strangulata, [107].
Primordial Trilobites, [85].
Primordial zone, [79].
Proboscidea, of the Miocene, [319], [322]; of the Pliocene, [329], [330]; of the Post-Pliocene, [357-359].
Producta, [147], [184], [198]; horrida, [198]; longispina, [185]; semireticulata, [185].
Productella, [147], [184].
Productidœ, [147], [211].
Proëtus, [123].
Prong-buck, [318].
Protaster, [120]; Sedgwickii, [121].
Proteaceœ, [262], [308], [309].
Proteus, [189].
Protichnites, [87].
Protocystites, [82].
Protornis Glarisiensis, [279].
Protorosaurus, [201], [202]; Speneri, [201].
Protospongia, [81]; fenestrata, [88].
Prototaxites, [118], [138]; Logani, [139].
Psammobia, [292].
Psammodus, [188].
Psaronius, [136], [164].
Pseudocrinus bifasciatus, [106].
Psilophyton, [118], [137], [138]; princeps, [138].
Pteranodon, [247], [277]; longiceps, [277].
Pteraspis, [130], [152]; Banksii, [130].
Pterichthys, [152]; cornutus, [153].
Pterinœa, [128]; subfalcata, [128].
Pteroceras, [237], [271].
Pterodactylus, [245], [277]; crassirostris, [246].
Pterophyllum, [208], [230]; Jœgeri, [209].
Pteropoda, of the Cambrian, [88]; of the Lower Silurian, [111]; of the Upper Silurian, [129]; of the Devonian, [148]; of the Carboniferous, [186]; of the Permian, [199]; of the Jurassic, [237].
Pterosauria, [245]; of the Jurassic, [245-248]; of the Cretaceous, [277].
Pterygotus Anglicus, [124], [125].
Ptilodictya, [108], [125]; acuta, [109]; falciformis, [109]; raripora, [126]; Schafferi, [109].
Ptychoceras, [273]; Emericianum, [274].
Ptychodus, [275].
Pupa vetusta, [186].
Purbeck Beds, [228]; Mammals of, [254].
Puryuroidea, [237].
Pycnodus, [275].
Pyrula, [293].

Quadrumana, of the Eocene, [305]; of the Miocene, [322], [323]; of the Pliocene, [331]; of the Post-Pliocene, [361].
Quadrupeds (see Mammalia).
Quaternary period, [334].
Quebec Group, [95], [96].
Quercus, [262].

Rabbits, [322].
Rana, [313].
Raptores, [297].
Rasores, [297].
Recent period, [286], [334].
Reptaculites, [99].
Red clays, origin of, [35].
Red Coral, [311].
Red Crag, [324].
Red Deer, [336], [354].
Reindeer, [344], [345], [354], [355].
Remopleurides, [188].
Reptiles, [200]; of the Permian, [200-202]; of the Trias, [217-221]; of the Jurassic, [242-251]; of the Cretaceous, [276-281]; of the Eocene, [296], [297].
Retepora, [108], [125], [145], [184], [198], [210]; Ehrenbergi, [198]; Phillipsi, [146].
Retiolites, [119].
Retzia, [127].
Rhætic Beds, [204-206].
Rhamphorhynchus, [247]; Bucklandi, [248].
Rhinoceridœ, [315].
Rhinoceros Etruscus, [327], [328], [336], [353]; leptorhinus, [328]; megarhinus, [327-329], [336], [335]; tichorhinus, [353], [354].
Rhinopora verrucosa, [126].
Rhizodus, [188].
Rhombus minimus, [295].
Rhyncholites, [239].
Rhynchonella, [110], [127], [147], [184], [234], [268], [292]; cuneata, [127]; neglecta, [127]; pleurodon, [185]; varians, [235].
Rhynchosaurus, [218]; articeps, [218].
Rice-shells, [293].
Richmond Earth, [33], [307].
Ringed Worms (see Annelida).
River-gravels, high-level and low-level, [340], [341].
Robulina, [311].
Rocks, definition of, [14]; divisions of, [14], [15]; igneous, [14]; aqueous, [15-18]; mechanically-formed, [18-20]; chemically-formed, [20]; organically-formed, [20-37]; arenaceous, [20]; argillaceous, [20]; calcareous, [20-32]; siliceous, [20], [32-34].
Rodentia, of the Eocene, [305]; of the Miocene, [322]; of the Post-Pliocene, [361].
Roebuck, [336], [354].
Rostellaria, [237], [293].
Rotalia, [22], [98], [171], [264]; Boueana, [264].
Rugose Corals, [104]; of the Lower Silurian, [104], [105]; of the Upper Silurian, [119]; of the Devonian, [141]; of the Carboniferous, [172-174]; of the Permian, [197]; of the Upper Greensand, [266].
Rupelian Clay, [307].

Sabal major, [309].
Sabre-toothed Tiger, [322], [331].
Saccammina, [172].
Saccosoma, [232].
Salamanders, [189], [313].
Salina Group, [117].
Salix, [262]; Meeki, [263].
Salmonidœ, [276].
Sao hirsuta, [85].
Sassafras cretacea, [263].
Sauropterygia, [219].
Scalaria, [271], [293]; Grœnlandica, [338].
Scaphites, [272], [273]; œqualis, [274].
Schizodus, [198], [211].
Schoharie Grit, [135], [137].
Scolecoderma, [82].
Scoliostoma, [213].
Scolithus, [82]; Canadensis, [83].
Scorpions of the Coal-measures, [181].
Scorpion-shells, [271].
Screw-pines, [230].
Scutella, [311]; subrotunda, [312].
Sea-cows (see Sirenia).
Sea-lilies (see Crinoidea).
Sea-lizards (see Enaliosaurians).
Seals, [322].
Sea-mats and Sea-mosses (see Polyzoa).
Sea-shrubs (see Gorgonidæ).
Sea-urchins (see Echinoidea).
Sea-weeds, [80], [81], [83], [97], [136], [164], [261].
Secondary period, [44].
Sedimentary rocks, [15].
Semnopithecus, [322], [331].
Septaria, [31].
Sequoia, [306], [309], [310]; Couttsiœ, [309]; gigantea, [309]; Langsdorffii, [309].
Serolis, [84].
Serpents (see Ophidia).
Serpulites, [123].
Sewâlik Hills (see Siwâlik Hills).
Sheep, [355].
Shell-sands, [19].
Sigillaria, [168]; Grœseri, [168].
Sigillarioids, [136], [168], [170], [196].
Silicates, infiltration of the shells of Foraminifera by, [34], [74].
Siliceous rocks, [20], [32].
Siliceous Sponges, [265].
Silicification, [13], [14].
Silurian period (see Lower Silurian and Upper Silurian), [90-114], [115-132].
Simosaurus, [219]; Gaillardoti, [219].
Siphonia, [264]; ficus, [265].
Siphonostomatous Univalves, [237], [271], [293].
Siphonotreta, [110].
Sirenia, [299], [320]; of the Eocene, [299]; of the Miocene, [315].
Siren lacertina, [200].
Sivatherium, [318]; giganteum, [319].
Siwâlik Hills, Miocene strata of, [307].
Skiddaw Slates, [101].
Sloths, [315], [349-351].
Smilax, [308].
Smithia, [173].
Snakes (see Ophidia).
Soft Tortoises, [296].
Solarium, [271].
Solenhofen Slates, [228].
Solitaire, [346], [348].
Spalacotherium, [254].
Spatangus, [311].
Sphœrospongia, [139].
Sphagodus, [130].
Sphenodon, [218].
Sphenopteris, [136], [165], [196].
Spiders of the Coal-measures, [181].
Spider-shells, [237].
Spindle-shells, [237].
Spirifera, [125], [147], [184], [198], [234]; crispa, [127]; disjuncta, [147]; hysterica, [126]; mucronata, [147]; Niagarensis, [127]; rostrata, [235]; sculptilis, [147]; trigonalis, [185].
Spiriferidœ, [147].
Spirophyton cauda-Galli, [135], [164].
Spirorbis, [123], [143], [178]; Arkonensis, [144]; Carbonarus, [178]; laxus, [144]; Lewisii, [123]; omphalodes, [144]; spinulifera, [144].
Spirulirostra, [312].
Spondylus, [269]; spinosus, [270].
Sponges, of the Cambrian, [81]; of the Lower Silurian, [98]; of the Upper Silurian, [119]; of the Devonian, [139]; of the Carboniferous, [171]; of the Permian, [197]; of the Trias, [209]; of the Jurassic, [230]; of the Cretaceous, [264], [265].
Spongilla, [197].
Spongillopsis, [197].
Spongophyllum, [173].
Spore-eases, of Cryptogams in the Ludlow rocks, [118]; in the Coal, [163].
Squirrels, [322].
Stagonolepis, [218].
Staircase-shell, [271].
Stalactite, [21].
Stalagmite, [21].
Star-corals, [231].
Star-fishes, [105], [120], [210].
St Cassian Beds, [205], [206].
Stephanophyllia, [266].
Stereognathus, [253], [254].
Stigmaria, [169]; ficoides, [169].
Stonesfield Slate, [227]; Mammals of, [253].
Strata, contemporaneity of, [44].
Stratified rock, [15-18].
Streptelasma, [105].
Streptorhynchus, [198].
Stromatopora, [98], [99], [118], [139]; rugosa, [99]; tuberculata, [140].
Strombodes, [119]; pentagonus, [104].
Strombus, [271].
Strophalosia, [198].
Strophodus, [255].
Strophomena, [109], [110]; alternata, [110]; deltoidea, [109]; filitexta, [110]; rhomboidalis, [147], [148]; Subplana, [127].
Sub-Apennine Beds, [325].
Sub-Carboniferous rocks, [158], [161].
Succession of life upon the globe, [367-374].
Suida, [302], [317], [329].
Sulphate of lime, [22].
Sus Erymanthius, [317]; scrofa, [354].
Synastrœa, [209].
Synhelia Sharpeana, [266].
Synocladia, [198]; virgulacea, [198].
Syringopora, [119], [173]; ramulosa, [174].

Tabulate Corals, [104]; of the Lower Silurian, [105]; of the Upper Silurian, [142]; of the Devonian, [142]; of the Carboniferous, [172]; of the Permian, [197].
Talpa Europœa, [336].
Tapiridœ, [300].
Tapirs, [300].
Tapirus Arvernensis, [327].
Taxocrinus tuberculatus, [122].
Taxodium, [262], [308], [310].
Teleosaurus, [251].
Teleostean Fishes, [150]; of the Cretaceous, [276].
Telerpeton Elginense, [218].
Tellina proxima, [338].
Tentaculites, [129], [148]; ornatus, [129].
Terebra, [293].
Terebratella, [268], Astleriana, [268].
Terebratula, [184], [234]; digona, [235]; elongata, [168]; hastata, [185]; quadrifida, [235]; sphœroidalis, [235].
Terebratulina, [268]; caput-serpentis, [268]; striata, [268].
Termites, [311].
Terrapins, [280], [296].
Tertiary period, [44], [284-287].
Tertiary rocks, classification of, [284-287].
Testudinidœ, [313].
Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods, [112]; of the Cambrian, [89]; of the Lower Silurian, [112-114]; of the Upper Silurian, [130]; of the Devonian, [149]; of the Carboniferous, [186], [187]; of the Permian, [199]; of the Trias, [212]; of the Jurassic, [237-239]; of the Cretaceous, [272-274]; of the Eocene, [294]; of the Miocene, [312].
Textularia, [22], [264], [311]; Meyeriana, [311].
Thanet Sands, [287], [288].
Theca, [88], [111], [129].
Theca Davidii, [88].
Thecidium, [213].
Thecodont Reptiles, [218].
Thecodontosaurus, [200], [218]; antiquus, [219].
Thecosmilia annularis, [231].
Thelodus, [131].
Theriodont Reptiles, [202], [220].
Thylacoleo, [349].
Tile-stones, [116].
Titanotherium, [316].
Toothed Birds, [281-283].
Tortoises, [202], [296].
Tragoceras, [318].
Travertine, [21].
Tree-Ferns, of the Devonian, [136]; of the Coal-measures, [164].
Tremadoc Slates, [77-79].
Trematis, [110].
Trenton Limestone, [95], [96].
Trianthrus Beckii, [107].
Triassic period, [203]; rocks of, in Britain, [204]; in Germany, [204]; in the Austrian Alps, [205]; in North America, [205]; life of, [206-224].
Triconodon, [254].
Trigonia, [235], [255], [269].
Trigoniadœ, [198], [211].
Trigonocarpum, [170]; ovatum, [170].
Trilobites, [84-87]; of the Cambrian, [85], [87]; of the Lower Silurian, [107], [108]; of the Upper Silurian, [123], [124]; of the Devonian, [144], [145]; of the Carboniferous, [179].
Trimerellidœ, [127].
Trinucleus, [108]; concentricus, [107].
Trionycidœ, [296].
Triton, [293].
Trochocyathus, [266].
Trochonema, [129].
Trogontherium, [361]; Cuvieri, [336], [361].
Trumpet-shells, [293].
Tulip-tree, [262], [308].
Turbinolia sulcata, [292].
Turbinolidœ, [292].
Turrilites, [272], [273]; catenulatus, [274].
Turritella, [271], [293].
Turtles, [202], [251], [280], [296].
Typhis tubifer, [293].

Ullmania selaginoides, [197].
Unconformability of strata, [48].
Under-clay of coal, [162].
Ungulata, of the Eocene, [300-303]; of the Miocene, [315-319]; of the Pliocene, [327-329]; of the Post-Pliocene, [353-357].
Uniformity, doctrine of, [5-7].
Unio, [250].
Univalves (see Gasteropoda).
Upper Cambrian, [77-79]; Chalk, [259]; Cretaceous, [257], [259]; Devonian, [135]; Eocene, [287], [288]; Greensand, [258]; Helderberg, [135]; Laurentian, [66]; Llandovery, [115]; Ludlow rock, [116]; Miocene, [305]; Oolites, [227]; Silurian period, [115]; rocks of, in Britain, [115], [116]; in North America, [116-118]; life of, [118-131].
Ursus arctos, [359]; Arvernensis, [339]; ferox, [359]; spelœa, [360].
Ursus, [336], [356].