LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.


FIG.
1. Cast of Trigonia longa.
2. Microscopic section of the wood of a fossil Conifer.
3. Microscopic section of the wood of the Larch.
4. Section of Carboniferous strata, Kinghorn, Fife.
5. Diagram illustrating the formation of stratified deposits.
6. Microscopic section of a calcareous breccia.
7. Microscopic section of White Chalk.
8. Organisms in Atlantic Ooze.
9. Crinoidal marble.
10. Piece of Nummulitic limestone, Pyramids.
11. Microscopic section of Foraminiferal limestone—Carboniferous, America.
12. Microscopic section of Lower Silurian limestone.
13. Microscopic section of oolitic limestone, Jurassic.
14. Microscopic section of oolitic limestone, Carboniferous.
15. Organisms in Barbadoes earth.
15. Organisms in Barbadoes earth.
16. Organisms in Richmond earth.
17. Ideal section of the crust of the earth.
18. Unconformable junction of Chalk and Eocene rocks.
19. Erect trunk of a Sigillaria.
20. Diagrammatic section of the Laurentian rocks
21. Microscopic section of Laurentian limestone.
22. Fragment of a mass of Eozoön Canadense.
23. Diagram illustrating the structure of Eozoön.
24. Microscopic section of Eozoön Canadense.
25. Nonionina and Gromia.
26. Group of shells of living Foraminifera.
27. Diagrammatic section of Cambrian strata.
28. Eophyton Linneanum.
29. Oldhamia antiqua.
30. Scolithus Canadensis.
31. Group of Cambrian Trilobites.
32. Group of characteristic Cambrian fossils.
33. Fragment of Dictyonema sociale.
34. Generalised section of the Lower Silurian rocks of Wales.
35. Generalised section of the Lower Silurian rocks of North America.
36. Licrophycus Ottawaensis.
37. Astylospongia prœmorsa.
38. Stromatopora rugosa.
39. Dichograptus octobrachiatus.
40. Didymograptus divaricatus.
41. Diplograptus pristis.
42. Phyllograptus typus.
43. Zaphrentis Stokesi.
44. Strombodes pentagonus.
45. Columnaria alveolata.
46. Group of Cystideans.
47. Group of Lower Silurian Crustaceans.
48. Ptilodictya falciformis.
49. Ptilodictya Schafferi.
50. Group of Lower Silurian Brachiopods.
51. Group of Lower Silurian Brachiopods.
52. Murchisonia gracilis.
53. Bellerophon argo.
54. Maclurea crenulata.
55. Orthoceras crebriseptum.
56. Restoration of Orthoceras.
57. Generalised section of the Upper Silurian rocks.
58. Monograptus priodon.
59. Halysites catenularia and H. agglomerata.
60. Group of Upper Silurian Star-fishes.
61. Protaster Sedgwickii.
62. Group of Upper Silurian Crinoids.
63. Planolites vulgaris.
64. Group of Upper Silurian Trilobites.
65. Pterygotus Anglicus.
66. Group of Upper Silurian Polyzoa.
67. Spirifera hysterica.
68. Group of Upper Silurian Brachiopods.
69. Group of Upper Silurian Brachiopods.
70. Pentamerus Knightii.
71. Cardiola interrupta, C. fibrosa, and Pterinœa subfalcata.
72. Group of Upper Silurian Univalves.
73. Tentaculites ornatus.
74. Pteraspis Banksii.
75. Onchus tenuistriatus and Thelodus.
76. Generalised section of the Devonian rocks of North America.
77. Psilophyton princeps.
78. Prototaxites Logani.
79. Stromatopora tuberculata.
80. Cystiphyllum vesiculosum.
81. Zaphrentis cornicula.
82. Heliophyllum exiguum.
83. Crepidophyllum Archiaci.
84. Favosites Gothlandica.
85. Favosites hemisphœrica.
86. Spirorbis omphalodes and S. Arkonensis.
87. Spirorbis laxus and S. Spinulifera.
88. Group of Devonian Trilobites.
89. Wing of Platephemera antiqua.
90. Clathropora intertexta.
91. Ceriopora Hamiltonensis.
92. Fenestella magnifica.
93. Retepora Phillipsi.
94. Fenestella cribrosa.
95. Spirifera sculptilis.
96. Spirifera mucronata.
97. Atrypa reticularis.
98. Strophomena rhomboidalis.
99. Platyceras dumosum.
100. Conularia ornata.
101. Clymenia Sedgwickii.
102. Group of Fishes from the Devonian rocks of North America.
103. Cephalaspis Lyellii.
104. Pterichthys cornutus.
105. Polypterus and Osteolepis.
106. Holoptychius nobilissimus.
107. Generalised section of the Carboniferous rocks of the North of England.
108. Odontopteris Schlotheimii.
109. Calamites cannœformis.
110. Lepidodendron Sternbergii.
111. Sigillaria Grœseri.
112. Stigmaria ficoides.
113. Trigonocarpum ovatum.
114. Microscopic section of Foraminiferal limestone—Carboniferous, North America.
115. Fusulina cylindrica.
116. Group of Carboniferous Corals.
117. Platycrinus tricontadactylus.
118. Pentremites pyriformis and P. conoideus.
119. Archœocidaris ellipticus.
120. Spirorbis Carbonarius.
121. Prestwichia rotundata.
122. Group of Carboniferous Crustaceans.
123. Cyclophthalmus senior.
124. Xylobius Sigillariœ.
125. Haplophlebium Barnesi.
126. Group of Carboniferous Polyzoa.
127. Group of Carboniferous Brachiopoda.
128. Pupa vetusta.
129. Goniatites Fossœ.
130. Amblypterus macropterus.
131. Cochliodus contortus.
132. Anthracosaurus Russelli.
133. Generalised section of the Permian rocks.
134. Walchia piniformis.
135. Group of Permian Brachiopods.
136. Arca antiqua.
137. Platysomus gibbosus.
138. Protorosaurus Speneri.
139. Generalised section of the Triassic rocks.
140. Zamia spiralis.
141. Triassic Conifers and Cycads.
142. Encrinus liliiformis.
143. Aspidura loricata.
144. Group of Triassic Bivalves.
145. Ceratites nodosus.
146. Tooth of Ceratodus serratus and C. Altus.
147. Ceratodus Fosteri.
148. Footprints of Cheirotherium.
149. Section of tooth of Labyrinthodont.
150. Skull of Mastodonsaurus.
151. Skull of Rhynchosaurus.
152. Belodon, Nothosaurus, Palœosaurus, &c.
153. Placodus gigas.
154. Skulls of Dicynodon and Oudenodon.
155. Supposed footprint of Bird, from the Trias of Connecticut.
156. Lower jaw of Dromatherium sylvestre.
157. Molar tooth of Microlestes antiquus.
158. Myrmecobius fasciatus.
159. Generalised section of the Jurassic rocks.
160. Mantellia megalophylla.
161. Thecosmilia annularis.
162. Pentacrinus fasciculosus.
163. Hemicidaris crenularis.
164. Eryon arctiformis.
165. Group of Jurassic Brachiopods.
166. Ostrea Marshii.
167. Gryphœa incurva
168. Diceras arietina.
169. Nerinœa Goodhallii.
170. Ammonites Humphresianus.
171. Ammonites bifrons.
172. Beloteuthis subcostata.
173. Belemnite restored; diagram of Belemnite; Belemnites canaliculata.
174. Tetragonolepis.
175. Acrodus nobilis.
176. Ichthyosaurus communis.
177. Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus.
178. Pterodactylus crassirostris.
179. Ramphorhynchus Bucklandi, restored.
180. Skull of Megalosaurus.
181. Archœopteryx macrura.
182. Archœopteryx, restored.
183. Jaw of Amphitherium Prevostii.
184. Jaws of Oolitic Mammals.
185. Generalised section of the Cretaceous rocks.
186. Cretaceous Angiosperms.
187. Rotalia Boueana.
188. Siphonia ficus.
189. Ventriculites simplex.
190. Synhelia Sharpeana.
191. Galerites albogalerus.
192. Discoidea cylindrica.
193. Escharina Oceani.
194. Terebratella Astieriana.
195. Crania Ignabergensis.
196. Ostrea Couloni.
197. Spondylus spinosus.
198. Inoceramus sulcatus.
199. Hippurites Toucasiana.
200. Voluta elongata.
201. Nautilus Danicus.
202. Ancyloceras Matheronianus.
203. Turrilites catenatus
204. Forms of Cretaceous Ammonitidœ.
205. Belemnitella mucronata.
206. Tooth of Hybodus.
207. Fin-spine of Hybodus.
208. Beryx Lewesiensis and Osmeroides Mantelli.
209. Teeth of Iguanodon.
210. Skull of Mosasaurus Camperi.
211. Chelone Benstedi.
212. Jaws and vertebræ of Odontornithes.
213. Fruit of Nipadites.
214. Nummulina lœvigata.
215. Turbinolia sulcata.
216. Cardita planicosta.
217. Typhis tubifer.
218. Cyprœa elegans.
219. Cerithium hexagonum.
220. Limnœa pyramidalis.
221. Physa columnaris.
222. Cyclostoma Arnoudii.
223. Rhombus minimus.
224. Otodus obliquus.
225. Myliobatis Edwardsii.
226. Upper jaw of Alligator.
227. Skull of Odontopteryx toliapicus.
228. Zeuglodon cetoides.
229. Palœotherium magnum, restored.
230. Feet of Equidœ.
231. Anoplothelium commune.
232. Skull of Dinoceras mirabilis.
233. Vespertilio Parisiensis.
234. Miocene Palms.
235. Platanus aceroides.
236. Cinnamomum polymorphum.
237. Textularia Meyeriana.
238. Scutella subrotunda.
239. Hyalea Orbignyana.
240. Tooth of Oxyrhina.
241. Tooth of Carcharodon.
242. Andrias Scheuchzeri.
243. Skull of Brontotherium ingens.
244. Hippopotamus Sivalensis.
245. Skull of Sivatherium.
246. Skull of Deinotherium.
247. Tooth of Elephas planfrons and of Mastodon Sivalensis.
248. Jaw of Pliopithecus.
249. Rhinoceros Etruscus and R. megarhinus.
250. Molar tooth of Mastodon Arvernensis.
251. Molar tooth of Etephas meridionalis.
252. Molar tooth of Elephas antiquus.
253. Skull and tooth of Machairodus cultridens.
254. Pecten Islandicus.
255. Diagram of high-level and low-level gravels.
256. Diagrammatic section of Cave.
257. Dinornis elephantopus.
258. Skull of Diprotodon.
259. Skull of Thylacoleo.
260. Skeleton of Megatherium.
261. Skeleton of Mylodon.
262. Glyptodon clavipes.
263. Skull of Rhinoceros tichorhinus.
264. Skeleton of Cervus megaceros.
265. Skull of Bos primigenius.
266. Skeleton of Mammoth.
267. Molar tooth of Mammoth.
268. Skull of Ursus spelœus.
269. Skull of Hyœna spelœa.
270. Lower jaw of Trogontherium Cuvieri.

PART I.


PRINCIPLES OF PALÆONTOLOGY.

THE
ANCIENT LIFE-HISTORY
OF
THE EARTH


INTRODUCTION.

THE LAWS OF GEOLOGICAL ACTION.