Washington the Soldier

by Henry B. Carrington

Strategy.—See Preface.

Surveillance.—On the constant watch, with critical observation of existing or contingent conditions.

Taking Post.—Occupying a designated position, whether under orders, or in the contingencies of a march or an advance.

Zone.—A belt or stretch of country, indicating the sphere of action of the various parts of an army, which secures concert of action in combined movements.

CHRONOLOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

Note.—The contemporaries of Washington named in this index are in general only persons so associated with or opposed to the cause he stood for as to influence his military action.

Events are treated and indexed in chronological order, so that the index becomes thereby a miniature biography of the characters taking part in the events narrated. It may often prove interesting to note the age of a prominent actor in these events at the time, by calculating it from the year of his birth when given below.

Abbreviations.—For various nationalities: Am. (American); Br. (British); Fr. (French); H. (Hessian). In the biographical notices, b. for birth and d. for death are used; and occasionally, k. for killed, w. for wounded, and like familiar abbreviations may be found. The subsequent career of many is indicated thus—Cornwallis, sub. gov.-gen. India.

• Acts of Parliament to be resisted, [17]
• Adams, John—statesman; sub. pres, twice; b. 1735, d. 1826.
  • in first Continental Congress, [16]
  • on special naval committee, [60]
  • commissioner in the interests of peace, [116]
  • his influence abroad, [309]
• Adams, Samuel—orator; b. 1722, d. 1803.
  • exempted from the proffered pardon, [32]
  • his opinion of a regular army, [299]
• Agnew, James— Br. maj.-general;
  • k. at Germantown, [196]
• Alamance, N.C., battle of, May 16, 1771, [84]
• Albany Convention of July 4, 1754, [12]
• Allen, Ethan—col.; b. 1637, d. 1789.
  • captures Ticonderoga, May 10, 1775, [30]
  • tries to capture Montreal, without orders, [62]
  • captured and sent to England, [62]
  • insubordination commented upon by Washington, [62]
• Alliance frigate, twice takes Lafayette to France, [253], [362]
• American army,
  • wholly composed of militia, [21]
  • call for 30,000 under arms, [22]
  • officially recognized, [32]
  • its strange experience, March 2, 1776, [75]
  • occupies Boston, March 17, 1776, [80]
  • begins its first campaign, [83]
  • April muster, 1776, [87]
  • August muster, 1776, [101]
  • September muster, [114]
  • 85 regiments authorized, [116]
  • its condition, Sept. 10, 1776, [119]
  • October muster, [122]
  • its lack of discipline, [123]
  • Lee’s grand division, [135]
  • special muster ordered by Washington, Nov. 23, 1776, [136]
  • its condition, Dec. 30, 1776, [147]
  • parades in Philadelphia, [183]
  • August muster, 1777, [184]
  • condition at Valley Forge, Dec., 1777, [205]–6
  • at Newport, 1778, [242]
  • assignments of divisions, 1778, [247]
  • fixed at 80 battalions, [252]
  • at Philadelphia, weakened in discipline, [252]
  • its condition, Dec., 1779, [269]
  • its condition, Nov. 7, 1780, [296]
  • reorganization proposed, [298]
  • new basis, of 36,000 men, [299]
  • divisions again assigned, [300]
  • its condition, 1781, [306]
  • mutinous elements noticed, [307]
  • at the South, [315]–317
  • at Peekskill, 1781, [333]
  • before Yorktown, 1781, [356]
  • by States (Appendix A), [377]
• American Civil War referred to, for comparison (Preface), [vii]
  • policy defined, [91]
  • commissioners appointed in the interests of peace, [115]
  • cow-boys near New York, [255]
  • speculators feed the British, [306]
• Americo-Spanish War of 1898 illustrating the principle of “Strategy and Statesmanship in War” (Preface), [x], [xii]
• André, John—Br. major, sub. asst. adjt.-gen.; b. 1751, d. 1780.
  • taken prisoner, at St. John’s, [62]
  • arranges fête in honor of Howe, [215]
  • at capture of Charleston, [275]
  • his antecedents noticed, [289]
  • former relations to Miss Shippen, [289]
  • executed as a spy, [290]
  • his fate regretted, [290]
  • exchange for Arnold morally impracticable, [291]
• Angel,—col. at Fort Mercer, R.I., [201]
  • at Battle of Springfield, [283]–4
• Arbuthnot, Mariot—Br. admiral; b. 1711, d. 1794.
  • arrives at New York, [261]
  • relieves Sir George Collier, [261]
  • fights a French fleet, [326]
• Armies of modern times, [370]–1
  • of the Revolution as given by the British authority, Stedman (Appendix D), [386]
• Arms from France, [164]
• Armstrong, John—brig.-gen.; b. 1758, d. 1843.
  • at Brandywine, [186]
  • on the Schuylkill, [192]
• Arnold, Benedict—sub. maj.-gen.; b. 1740, d. 1801.
  • takes a company to Boston, [30]
  • hastens to Lake Champlain, [30]
  • anticipated by Allen, [30]
  • organizes a naval force, [30]
  • loved by Washington, [45]
  • returns in angry mood, [51]
  • proposes conquest of Canada, [51]
  • his expedition for Quebec, [55]
  • his disastrous march, [64]
  • wounded in a bold assault, [66]
  • his captains refuse longer service, [66]
  • the siege of Quebec fails, [66]
  • at Providence, [163]
  • unjustly treated by Congress, [165]
  • gallantry at Ridgefield, [166]
  • in command at Philadelphia, [167]
  • gallantry in Burgoyne campaign, [176]
  • finally promoted, [176]
  • court-martialed, [274]
  • is married to Miss Shippen, [289]
  • suffers from old wound, [222], [288]
  • in command at West Point, [288]
  • corresponds with Clinton, [288]
  • invites André to visit him, [290]
  • dictates price of his treason, [290]
  • antecedents in Philadelphia, [289]
  • his treason anticipated by Lord Germaine, [289]
  • his exchange for André impossible without dishonor, [291]
  • leaves N.Y. with troops, [310]
  • overtaken by a storm, [310]
  • his discretion doubted by Clinton, [310]
  • plunders Richmond, Va., [311]
  • cannot intimidate Jefferson, [311]
  • returns to fortify Portsmouth, [311]
  • writes to Lafayette, [331]
  • treated with silent contempt, [331]
  • tries threats to no purpose, [331]
  • relations with Gen. Phillips, [331]
  • ordered back to New York, [331]
  • lays waste New London, [351]
  • his recall explained, [351]
• Arnold, Mrs. (formerly Miss Shippen)—ignorant of Arnold’s treason, [289]
  • honored by Washington, [291]
  • sympathy of Lafayette, [291]
• Articles of Confederation finally adopted, [309]
• “Art of War” (Preface), [x]–xii
• Ashe, John—brig.-gen.; b. 1721, d. 1781; declares while speaker of the North Carolina Assembly, concerning the Stamp Act, “We will resist its execution to the death,” [13]
• Atlee, Samuel J.—col.; b. 1738, d. 1786.
  • joins the army at Brooklyn, [105]
  • commands Pennsylvania Rifles, [105]
  • makes a gallant fight, [107]
  • prisoner with Stirling, [107]
• Augusta 74, Br.; blown up in the Delaware, [202]
• Aux Trembles reached by Benedict Arnold, [65]
  • reached by Montgomery, [65]
  • reached by Carleton, [66]
• Baltimore pays honor to Rochambeau and Washington, [351]
• Bancroft, George—diplomat and historian; b. 1800, d. 1891.
  • as to the invasion of Canada, [54]
  • his estimate of Washington, [250]
• Barras, Paul François Jean, Count DE—Fr. admiral; b. 1755, d. 1829.
  • sails from Newport, [354]
  • enters the Chesapeake, [355]
  • signs capitulation of Yorktown, [360]
  • also signs for Count de Grasse, [360]
• Bennington unwisely attacked by Burgoyne; anticipated by Washington, [176]
• Berlin conference noticed, [370]
• Biddle, Nicholas—appointed naval captain, [60]
• Billingsport raided by Cornwallis, [203]
• Bird—Br. lieut.-col.; k. at Germantown, [196]
• Blackstone—chief of the Senecas; friend of Washington, [260]
• Bordentown occupied by Donop (H.), [139]
  • occupied by Cadwallader, [156]
  • visited by British troops, [213]
• Boston, massacre of March 5, 1770, [15]
  • Tea Party entertainment, Dec. 16, 1773, [15]
  • Port Bill, 1774, [15]
  • surrounded by 20,000 minute men, [30]
  • deliverance from British control a fixed purpose, [30]
  • not a proper British base, [33]
  • bombarded three nights, [74], [77]
  • evacuated, [80]
  • visited by D’Estaing, [243]
  • visited by Greene, [246]
  • visited by Lafayette, [244]
  • visited by Rochambeau, [361]
• Botta, Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo—Ital. historian; b. 1768, d. 1837.
  • as to Battle of Long Island, [113]
  • as to Battle of Trenton, [149]
  • reviews New Jersey campaign, [159]
• Boville, De—Fr. maj.-gen.; reconnoitres with Washington, [336]
• Bowdoin, James—pres. Mass. Council; b. 1727, d. 1790;
  • addressed by Charles Lee, [139]
• Braddock’s operations noticed, [7]
• Bradley, Joseph P.—Justice U.S. Supreme Court; b. 1813, d. 1892;
  • corrects a tradition as to Lafayette’s alleged reminiscence of Washington’s profanity, [235]
• Brandywine, Battle of, [185]
• British army, at various dates (Appendix D), [383]
  • troops quartered by British Parliament in Boston, 1768, [14]
  • estimates for troops, by British ministry, [96]
  • foreign auxiliaries opposed by British statesmen, [96]
  • four military operations proposed, [97]
  • its movements after Battle of Long Island, [116]
  • advances to Horn’s hook (see map), [120]
  • lands at Throgg’s Neck (see map), [125]
  • advances beyond New Rochelle, [126]
  • awaiting reënforcements, [127]
  • in New Jersey, [139]
  • invades the Illinois country, [253]
  • opposed by Gov. Jefferson, [253]
  • fed by Am. speculators, [296]
• British military policy defined, [95]
• British Parliament urges king to arrest Americans, 1769, [14]
  • rejects “Conciliatory Bill,” 1775, [18]
  • restricts New England trade, [18]
  • favors certain colonies, [18]
• Brookline, Mass., furnished fascine rods, [78]
• Brooklyn, N.Y., occupied by Lee, [85]
  • fortified by Greene, [102]
  • evacuated by Washington, [112]
• Bull Run, 1861, illustrates Brandywine (Preface), [x]
• Bunker Hill or Breed’s Hill, significance of the battle, [34]
• Burgoyne, Sir John—lieut-gen.; b. 1730, d. 1792.
  • arrives at Boston, [33]
  • describes rebels as peasants, [34]
  • calls battle on Breed’s Hill “a great catastrophe,” [40]
  • reaches Canada from Ireland, [89], [171]
  • issues an unwise proclamation, [172]
  • responded to by Washington, [172]
  • has no sympathy with “hire of Indians”, [172]
  • sharp letter from Gates, [173]
  • his noble response, [173]
  • captures Ticonderoga, [175]
  • his diversion to Bennington an error, [175]–6
  • surrenders his army, [176]
  • organization of his army (Appendix E), [387]
• Burke, Edmund—Br. statesman; b. 1730, d. 1797.
• Burr, Aaron—col.; sub. vice-pres.; b. 1750, d. 1830.
  • accompanies Arnold to Quebec, [55]
• Butler, Thomas—col.; at storming of Stony Point, [257]
• Byron, John—Br. admiral; b. 1723, d. 1786.
  • relieves admiral, Lord Howe, [239]
  • fleet scattered by a storm, [239]
  • arrives off Boston, [245]
• Cadwallader, John—brig.-gen.; b. 1743, d. 1786.
  • guarding the Delaware, [141]
  • fails to cross river, [142]
  • crosses Delaware at Bristol, [146]
  • arrives at Trenton, [151]
  • at Princeton, [156]
  • at Bordentown, [156]
• Cæsar, Julius—Roman general; b. 100 B.C., d. 44 B.C.
  • his campaigns cited in comparison (Preface), [viii]
  • his methods imitated by Washington, [313]
• Caldwell, James—his church burned by the British, [271]
  • his wife shot by the British, [279]
  • furnishes hymn books for gun-wadding at Springfield, [284]
• Campbell, William—Am. col.; b. 1745, d. 1781;
  • at Battle of King’s Mountain, [293]
• Canada lost to France, 1763, [10]
  • as a British base, [30]
  • invasion urged by Congress, [50]
  • Arnold its active spirit, [51]
  • Congress again moves, [52]–3
  • difference in religious faith, [52]
  • two expeditions planned, [55]
  • did not support Burgoyne, [55]
  • failure of the expeditions, [66]
  • visited by commissioners, [88]
  • visited by small-pox, [88]
  • costs five thousand American lives in sixty days, [88]
  • British reënforcements come, [89]
  • abandoned by the American army, [89]
  • the excuse of Congress, [89]
• Canadian Acts of Parliament, [50]
  • expeditions of Schuyler and Montgomery, [52], [55]
  • expedition again suggested, but opposed by Washington, [252]
• Carleton, Sir Guy—gov., of Canada, sub. gov. New York; b. 1724, d. 1808.
  • Arnold’s report of his small force in Canada, [51]
  • flees from Montreal in disguise to Quebec, [64]
  • pays military honors to his old comrade, Montgomery, [66]
  • his magnanimous parole of American prisoners of war, [66]
  • being largely reënforced in June, 1776, takes the offensive, [89]
  • succeeds Clinton in N.Y., [362]
  • coöperates with Washington, [363]
  • surrenders New York, [363]
• Carrington, Edward—col., sub. quartermaster-gen. (South); b. 1749, d. 1810.
  • indorsed by Chief Justice Marshall, [301]
  • explores the Southern rivers, [302]
  • commissioner to exchange prisoners, [318]
• Carroll, Charles—last survivor of the signers of the Declaration of Independence; b. 1737, d. 1832;
  • commissioner to Canada, [88]
• Carroll, Rev. John—sub. Archbishop of Maryland; visits Canada and reports a terrible condition of affairs, [88]
• Catharine II. of Russia—b. 1729, d. 1796;
  • is hostile to British commerce, but favors American interests, [296]
• Charleston, S.C., captured by Clinton, [275]
• Charlestown Heights, neglected by British, [34]
  • occupied by Americans, [34]
  • occupied by British, [35]
  • abandoned, [61]
• Charlottesville, Va., a Hessian prison-camp, visited by Tarleton, [340]
• Chase, Samuel—Md.; b. 1741, d. 1811;
  • appointed commissioner to Canada, [88]
• Chastellux, François Jean, Marquis DE—maj.-general; b. 1734, d. 1789.
  • accompanies Rochambeau to America, [286]
  • a relative of Lafayette, [286]
  • marches from Newport to Ridgebury, Conn., [333]
  • in conference at Wethersfield, [333]
  • commands a division, [337]
• Chatham, Lord (William Pitt)—orator and statesman; b. 1756, d. 1835.
  • Pittsburgh named in his honor, [10]
  • describes the First Continental Congress, [17]
  • his conciliatory bill defeated, [18]
  • as to making slaves of American Englishmen, [20]
  • as to Battle of Guilford, [320]
• Chatterton Hill, battle near White Plains, [129]
• Chemung, Battle of, noticed, [260]
• Chesapeake Bay memorable in naval warfare, [354]
• “Chimney-corner patriots” disgust Washington, [328]
• China stimulated by American example, [370]
• Civil liberty requires right execution of military power, [304]
• Clinton, James—brig.-general; b. 1736, d. 1812.
  • gallantry at Fort Clinton, [179]
  • in Indian expedition, [260]
• Clinton, George—gov., brig.-gen.; sub. vice-pres.; b. 1736, d. 1812.
  • commands in the Highlands, [166]
  • his services noted, [178], [190]
• Clinton, Sir Henry—lieut.-gen.; b. 1758, d. 1795.
  • arrives in America, [33]
  • urges attack upon Cambridge, [35]
  • overruled by Howe, [35]
  • expects an independent command, [70]
  • anticipated by Washington, [70]
  • visits Tryon in New York, [85]
  • ordered to destroy Southern cities, [85]
  • in attack upon Fort Sullivan, S.C., [85]
  • returns to New York, [89]
  • in battle of Long Island, [107]
  • expects large success, [110]
  • at Newport, R.I., [150]
  • in expedition up the Hudson, [178]
  • outgenerals Putnam, [178]
  • captures Forts Clinton and Montgomery, [179]
  • did not intend to join Burgoyne, [180]
  • returns to New York, [182]
  • relieves Howe in command, [215]
  • gives a fête to Howe, [215]
  • attempts capture of Lafayette, [216]
  • fails to capture Lafayette, [217]
  • his policy outlined, [221]
  • evacuates Philadelphia, [222]
  • moves toward Monmouth, [223]–4
  • followed by Lafayette, [225]
  • prepares for battle, [229]
  • abandons position at night, [234]
  • regains New York, [234]
  • escapes the French fleet, [238]
  • tries to reënforce Newport, [245]
  • reports to Lord Germaine, [249]
  • inactive at New York, [252]
  • captures Stony Point, [253]
  • reoccupies Stony Point, when Washington abandoned it, [259]
  • declines to attack West Point, [261]
  • abandons Newport and New England, [262]
  • sails for Charleston, [268]
  • reports his force, [270]
  • reports as to Provincials, [272]
  • expedition suffers from storm, [274]
  • captures Charleston, [275]
  • issues absurd proclamation, [275]
  • reënforced by Rawdon, [276]
  • returns to New York, [282]
  • plans a new expedition, [283]
  • invades New Jersey, [283]
  • Battle of Springfield, [283]–4
  • burns Springfield, [285]
  • “needs rest for his army”, [285]
  • plans descent upon Newport, [286]
  • writes Lord Germaine as to West Point, [288]
  • corresponds with Arnold, [289]
  • again writes Lord Germaine, [289]
  • closes bargain with Arnold, [290]
  • cannot exchange Arnold for André, [291]
  • watches the American mutiny, [309]
  • advises with Lord Germaine, [309]
  • sends Arnold to Virginia, [310]
  • doubts Arnold’s discretion, [310]
  • sends good officers with him, [310]
  • equally powerless with Cornwallis, [324]
  • learns of effort to capture Arnold, [325]
  • sends Phillips to support Arnold, [326]
  • orders Arnold to New York, [331]
  • disturbed by Arnold’s correspondence with London officials, [332]
  • receives Washington’s decoy letters, [335]
  • “in a state of siege”, [335]
  • other decoy letters reach him, [336]
  • orders Cornwallis to report to him, [337]
  • calls for reënforcements, [338]
  • intercepts other decoy letters with plans enclosed, [346]
  • outgeneraled by Washington, [347]–8
  • writes Cornwallis—promising help, [350]
  • advises Cornwallis to strike Philadelphia, [352]
  • does not understand Washington, [352]
  • hears from Cornwallis, [358]
  • sails for Yorktown too late, [358]
  • contemporaneous surrender of Cornwallis, [359]–60
  • is relieved of command in New York, [361]
  • succeeded by Sir Guy Carleton, [361]
• Collier, Sir George—Br. commodore.
  • convoys Clinton and his troops up the Hudson, [253]
  • his fleet visits New Haven, [256]
  • relieved by Admiral Arbuthnot, [261]
• Colonial Congress at New York, 1765, [11]
  • nine Colonies represented; others ratify action, [11]
  • names of Colonies that were not represented, [11]
  • the Declaration of Rights, [11]
  • denounces Stamp Act, Oct. 7, 1755, [13]
• Colonial expeditions, 1755, [10]
  • additional, 1758, [10]
• Colonial governments and their forms described, [16]
• Columbian Exposition, 1892, noticed, [372]–3
• Commissioners sent to Canada, [88]
  • General and Admiral Howe meet American commissioners in New York, [98]
  • arrange terms between Cornwallis and Washington, [359]
• Committee of Congress visits Boston, [60]
• Committee of Correspondence, 1773, and their purpose, [15]
• Connecticut Farms, N.J., burned by General Knyphausen, [279]
• Connecticut sends 2,000 men to Boston, April 26, 1775, [23]
  • assigns Putnam, Wooster, and Spencer to command, [23]
  • sends volunteers to New York with Lee, [71]
  • her militia greatly reduced, [116]
  • responds to Washington’s appeal, [116]
  • twice invaded by Tryon, [166], [256]
  • invaded by Arnold, [351]
• Continental Army organized, [32]
• Continental Congress adopts militia about Boston as the American Continental Army, [32]
  • forms Light Infantry corps, [32]
  • appoints Washington Commander-in-Chief, [32]
  • accompanies commission with pledge of support, [32]
  • sends committee to Washington at Cambridge, [52]
  • disclaims purpose to operate against Canada, [54]
  • but initiated and pressed every expedition, [54]
  • sends a second committee to Cambridge, [60]
  • authorizes a navy, [60]
  • urges attack upon Boston, [61]
  • sends committee to N.Y., [85]
  • orders additional troops to Canada, [88]
  • proposes to hire Indian allies, [88]
  • appoints commissioners to Canada, [88]
  • authorizes abandonment of New York, [117]
  • confers large powers upon Washington, [140]
  • imparts dictatorial powers, [148]
  • makes promotions without consulting Washington, [165]
  • adjourns to Lancaster and to York, [194]
  • honors the defenders of Fort Mifflin, [202]
  • places enemies of Washington in responsible commands, [205]
  • sends a committee to Valley Forge, [212]
• Continental money worth 3 cents on the dollar, [252]
• Conway, Thomas—Irish adventurer; brig.-gen. at Battle of Germantown, [195]
  • promoted major-general and inspector-general, [205]
  • resigns his commission, [207]
  • responsible for the “Conway cabal”, [212]
  • departs for France, [212]
• Cornwallis, Charles, Lord—sub. lieut.-gen. India; b. 1738, d. 1805.
  • sails for America, [97]
  • lands at Wilmington, N.C., [97]
  • accompanies Clinton to Charleston, S.C., [97]
  • returns to New York, [99]
  • in Battle of Long Island, [107]
  • enforces the surrender of Sullivan and Stirling, [108]
  • assaults Fort Washington, [132]
  • invades New Jersey, [136]
  • halts at Brunswick, [137]
  • on eve of departure for England, [150]
  • ordered back to New Jersey, [150]
  • advances upon Trenton, [152]
  • threatens Washington’s position, [154]
  • strengthens his own position, [154]
  • outgeneraled by Washington, [156]
  • retires to Brunswick, [156]
  • again on the aggressive, [167]
  • attempts to gain Washington’s defences, [169]
  • retires to Staten Island, [169]
  • in skirmish upon invasion of Pennsylvania, [185]
  • moves up the Brandywine, [188]
  • leads the advance of Howe’s army, [188]
  • surprises Sullivan’s division, [187]–9
  • moves to Chester, [192]
  • enters Philadelphia, [194]
  • lands in New Jersey, [203]
  • compels Americans to destroy their galleys, [203]
  • threatens Washington at Chestnut Hill, [204]
  • skirmishes with Morgan, [204]
  • makes incursion into New Jersey, [248]
  • in command at the South, [275]
  • suspends invasion of North Carolina, [293]
  • fails to subjugate the people, [293]
  • sore over Tarleton’s defeat at Cowpens, [315]
  • presses closely upon Greene, [315]
  • informs Clinton of his condition, [317]
  • abandons Charleston, [317]
  • expects no aid from Virginia, [318]
  • his proclamation to rebels, [318]
  • arranges for exchange of prisoners, [318]
  • parols militia as prisoners, [318]
  • seeks to control upper fords, [318]
  • is outgeneraled by Greene, [319]
  • in need of all supplies, [319]
  • at Guilford Court-House, [319]
  • cannot improve success, [320]
  • practically a defeat, so judged by contemporaries, [320]
  • retires to Wilmington, leaving his wounded, closely pursued by Greene, [321]
  • his position, and that of Clinton, noticed, [324]
  • reminiscence of earlier campaign, [325]
  • his effective force reduced, [329]
  • arrives at Yorktown from Wilmington, [333]
  • sustained by British ministry, [337]
  • Clinton wants his troops, [338]
  • promises to expel Lafayette from Virginia, [338]
  • in pursuit of Lafayette, [38]–9
  • his course described by Lafayette, [339]
  • abandons the pursuit, [339]
  • is followed by Lafayette, [340]
  • returns to headquarters, [341]
  • finds old despatches from Clinton, [341]
  • takes boats for Yorktown, [341]
  • his movements reported to Washington, [342]
  • is warned by Clinton of danger, [350]
  • relations to Clinton noticed, [352]–3
  • must destroy Lafayette’s army to hold Virginia, [353]
  • attempts escape by Gloucester, [358]
  • the movement abandoned, [358]
  • graphic report to Clinton, [358]
  • terms of surrender fixed, [359]
  • surrender completed, [360]
  • courtesies between officers of the three armies, [361]
  • his interview with Lafayette, [361]
• Cornwallis, Frederick—acts as Br. commissioner to exchange prisoners, [318]
• Coudray, Monsieur DE—ordered to complete defensive works along the Delaware, [192]
• Court-martial of Arnold, [274]
• Court-martial of Lee (Appendix G), [389]
• Cowpens, Battle of, [312]
• Coxe, Daniel—urges union of Colonies, 1722, [12]
• Crimean War noticed, [313]
• Cromwell, Oliver—Lord Protector of England; b. 1599, d. 1659.
  • cited by Washington’s officers as a precedent for assuming permanent command, [364]
• Crown Point, expedition against, 1755, [10]
  • visited by Allen and Arnold, [30]
  • captured by Seth Warner, [51]
• Custis, Mrs. Martha—b. 1732, d. 1802.
  • her marriage to Washington, [8]
• Danbury, Conn., invaded (with Ridgefield) by Tryon, [166]
• Dartmouth, George, Lord—Br. statesman; b. 1748, d. 1791.
  • comments upon Lexington and Concord, [20]
  • opposed military occupation of Boston, [33]
  • advised Howe to attack Southern cities, [69]
  • regarded New York as the true British base, [69]
• Dayton, Elias—col.; b. 1735, d. 1807.
  • his regiment in battle, [278]–9
• Deane, Silas—b. 1737, d. 1834.
  • on naval committee, [60]
  • commissioner to France, [209]
  • returns to Philadelphia, [238]
• Deborre, Prudhomme—brig.-gen.; disgraced at Brandywine, [189]
• Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776, [91]
• D’Estaing, Charles Hector, Count—Fr. lieut.-general; b. 1729, d. 1794.
  • reaches the Delaware with French fleet, [238]
  • sails at once for New York, [239]
  • unable to cross the bar, [240]
  • arrives at Newport, R.I., [240]
  • consults Sullivan as to attack, [242]
  • not affronted by Sullivan’s landing first, [243]
  • is confronted by British fleet, [243]
  • both fleets dispersed, [243]
  • returns to Newport, [243]
  • sails for Boston to refit; notices Sullivan’s protest, [243]
  • his manly course vindicated, [244]
  • sails for the West Indies, [245]
  • off the coast of Georgia, [261]
  • his siege of Savannah, urged by Lafayette, [267]
  • twice wounded, [268]
• De Fleury, Louis—Fr. lieuten’t, sub. col.
  • at defence of Fort Mercer, [202]
  • planned Fort Mifflin, [202]
  • wounded in its defence, [203]
• De Grasse, François Joseph Paul—Fr.; b. 1723, d. 1788.
  • arrives in the Chesapeake, [342]
  • limited in period of operations, [342]
  • urges assault upon Yorktown, [342]
  • yields to Lafayette’s judgment, [343]
  • is visited by Washington, [354]
  • has naval fight with Admiral Graves (see map), [355]
  • suggests a plan of action, [356]
  • opposed by Lafayette, [356]
  • sails for the West Indies, [361]
  • his trophies at Yorktown (Appendix F), [388]
• De Heister—H. lieut.-gen.; lands at Gravesend, Aug. 25, 1776, [106]
  • captures Sullivan and Stirling, and parts of their commands, [108]
  • advances to support Howe, [126]
• De Kalb, John, Baron—maj.-gen.; b. 1732, d. 1780.
  • comes to America with Lafayette. Note to Chap. XVIII, [191]
  • reports as to the army, [205]
  • appointed inspector-general, [207]
  • commands Maryland and Delaware troops, [277]
  • Southern campaign, [291]
  • k. in Battle of Camden, [292]
• Delaware troops always efficient, [277]
  • gallantry at Camden, [292]
• Denmark and Sweden hostile to England, [296]
• Destouches, Chevalier—succeeds De Ternay, deceased, [298]
  • supports Washington, [323]
  • indorsed by Washington, [326]
• De Ternay, Chevalier—convoys Rochambeau’s army from France, [286]
  • blockaded by British at Newport, [298]
  • dies at Newport, [298]
  • is succeeded by Destouches, [298]
• Dickenson, John—in first Continental Congress, [17]
• Dinwiddie, Robert—gov. of Virginia; b. 1690, d. 1770; sent Washington as commissioner to French frontier, [6]
• Donop—H. col.;
  • in the storming of Chatterton Hill, [129]
  • abandons Bordentown, [146]
  • k. in storming Fort Mercer, [201]
  • is buried by the Americans, [202]
• Dorchester Heights occupied by the Americans, [76]–80
• Drayton, William H.—b. 1742, d. 1779; chief justice, South Carolina, 1776, [86]
• Dumas, Mathieu, Count DE—Fr. col.; sub. marshal-de-camp and historian; b. 1753, d. 1837;
  • gallantry at Yorktown, [357]
    • Note.—He was wounded in storming redoubt.
• Dundas, Francis—Br. lieut.-col.; b. 1750, d. 1824; goes to Virginia with Arnold, [310]
• Dunmore, John Murray, Lord—Br. gov. Virginia; b. 1732, d. 1818.
  • seizes colonial powder, [28]
  • opposed by Patrick Henry, [28]
  • takes refuge on board the man-of-war Fowey, [28]
  • bombards Norfolk, New Year’s day, 1776, [68]
  • is visited by Gen. Clinton, [85]
• Du Portail, Lebegue—Fr. brig.-gen.; d. 1802.
  • captured at Charleston, [300]
  • succeeded as engineer by Kosciusko, [300]
  • reconnoitres with Washington, [336]
  • visits the Count de Grasse with Washington, [353]
• Effingham, Lord—Br.; resigns when ordered to America, [21]
• Elizabethtown, N.J., visited by Knyphausen, [227]
• Engineering defined, with note (Preface), [xi]
• Erskine, Sir William—Br. brig.-gen.; captured by Am. privateer at sea, [98], [99]
  • warns Cornwallis at Trenton, [155]
  • attempts to capture Lafayette, [216]
• Eutaw Springs—the last battle at the South, [321]
• Evacuation of Boston (Br.), [80]
  • Brooklyn (Am.), [113]
  • New York (Am.), [127]
  • Philadelphia (Br.), [222]
  • Charleston (Am.), [267]
  • Yorktown (Br.), [361]
  • New York (Br.), [363]
• Ewing, James—brig.-general; failed to cross at Trenton, 1776, on Christmas night, [162]
• Fairfax, Bryan, Lord—b. 1730, d. 1802; friend of Washington, [5]
• Fairfield, Conn., raided by Governor Tryon, [255]
• Febiger, Christian—colonel at Stony Point, [257]
• First Continental Congress, at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1774, [16]
  • its officers and members noticed, [16]
  • Washington a member, [17]
  • honored by Lord Chatham, [17]
  • supports Massachusetts, [17]
• Fleury, Louis de. See De Fleury.
• Forman—brig.-gen.,
  • at Battle of Germantown, [195]
• Forrest’s battery (Am.) at Trenton, [145]
• Forts Clinton and Montgomery captured (see map), [179]
• Fort Du Quesne, became Fort Pitt (now Pittsburgh), [10]
• Fort Mercer and its gallant defence, [201]
• Fort Mifflin, planned by De Fleury (Fr.), [202]
• France retains certain American possessions by Treaty of Paris, 1763, [11]
  • makes a formal alliance with America, [213]
  • sends an ambassador to America, [238]
  • sends a fleet to America, [238]
  • sends a second fleet to America, [261]
  • sends an army to America, [286]
  • sends a third fleet and troops to America, [342]
  • sends money to America, [348]
  • shares in the trophies of Yorktown, [388]
• Franco-Prussian war cited in comparison (Preface), [vii]
• Franklin, Benjamin—philosopher, diplomat, and statesman; b. 1716, d. 1790.
  • urges a union of the Colonies, 1754, [12]
  • the convention of July 4, 1754, the result, [12]
  • reasons for its failure, [12]
  • on passage of Stamp Act, writing to Charles Thompson, [13]
  • Thompson’s reply quoted, [13]
  • describes the servile attitude of the English people, [18]
  • chairman Penn. Committee of Safety, [28]
  • his opinion of fight at Breed’s Hill, [34]
  • commissioner to Canada, [88]
  • commissioner to meet Gen. and Admiral Howe, [116]
  • secures French support, [209]
  • writes as to Washington’s standing abroad, [308]
  • influence with Holland and Spain noticed, [309]
  • secures a loan from Holland, [348]
• Frederick II.—third king of Prussia (called “the Great”); son of Frederick William I.; b. 1712, d. 1786; like Washington in reticence, [44]
• French army at Newport, R.I., [286]
  • marches through Connecticut, [335]
  • joins Washington, [335]
  • threatens New York, [336]
  • supports Lafayette, [342]
  • parades in Philadelphia, [349]
  • reviewed by the president of Congress, [349]
  • in siege of Yorktown, [357]
  • competes with Americans, in action, [358]
• French fleet off the Delaware, with French Ambassador, [238]
  • unable to enter New York, [240]
  • sails for Newport, R.I., [240]
  • engages fleet of Howe, [243]
  • repairs at Boston, [243]
  • at Savannah, Ga., [261]
  • blockaded at Newport, [295]
  • off the Chesapeake, [350]
  • engages with British fleet, [354]
  • leaves America, [361]
• Frigate Le Sensible (Fr.) brings French treaty to America, [213]
  • La Chinier (Fr.) brings French minister to America, [238]
• Frigates built during the war, and their fate (Appendix B), [378]
• Gage, Thomas—Br. lieut.-gen.; b. 1721, d. 1787.
  • appointed gov. Massachusetts and Commander-in-Chief, [16]
  • his fatal movement upon Concord, [20]
  • succeeded by Howe, [58]
• Gates, Horatio—maj.-general, sub. adj.-general; b. 1728, d. 1806.
  • his antecedents, [36]
  • succeeds Sullivan in Canada, [88]
  • the confidant of Charles Lee, [127]
  • confidential letter from Lee, [127]
  • another letter from Lee, [138]
  • reports for duty, [139]
  • absent without leave, [141]
  • dodges Battle of Trenton, [142]
  • insolent letter to Burgoyne, [173]
  • its lofty rebuke, [173]
  • relieves Schuyler, and himself relieved, [173]
  • declines command of Ticonderoga, [173]
  • insulting letter to Washington, [173]–4
  • Washington’s reply, [174]
  • appeals to congressmen, [174]
  • on leave of absence, [174]
  • supersedes Schuyler, [176]
  • captures Burgoyne’s army, [176]
  • congratulated by Washington, [179]
  • reports direct to Congress, [179]
  • president of Board of War, [205]
  • still corresponds with Lee, [205]
  • commands at Peekskill, [212]
  • on Council of War, [217]
  • letters to Lee known to Washington, [220]
  • declines to fight Indians, [259]
  • “unequal to the command,” [260]
  • spends winter in Virginia, [281]
  • Congress gives him the Southern Department, [281]
  • sarcastic letter from Charles Lee, [281]
  • in command at the South, [291]
  • criticised by Irving, [291]
  • routed at Camden, [292]
  • his disgraceful flight, [292]
  • his abject apology, [292]
  • could have saved the battle, [292]
  • attempts to gather his army, [293]
  • the tidings reaches Washington, [295]
  • is succeeded by Greene, [300]
  • turns command over to Greene, [302]
  • retires to his farm, [302]
• George III.—King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith; b. 1738, d. 1820.
  • does not understand Englishmen in America, [20]
  • hears of Burgoyne’s surrender, [208]
  • unwisely adjourns Parliament, [208]
• Gerard (De Rayvenal), Monsieur Conrad A.; d. 1790.
  • pledges to Franklin and Deane French support, [209]
  • first Fr. ambassador to America, [238]
• Germaine, George (Viscount Sackville), Lord—Br. Prime Minister; b. 1716, d. 1785.
  • correspondence with Howe, [98]
  • with Clinton, [249], [289]
• Germantown, Battle of, Chapter XIX., [192]–7
• Gimât—Fr. col. on Washington’s staff.
  • at Monmouth, [233]
  • witness on Lee’s trial, [233]
  • at siege of Yorktown, [357]
• Gist, Mordecai—brig.-gen., sub. gov. Del.; b. 1743, d. 1792.
  • skirmishes with Cornwallis, [204]
  • recruits for Greene’s army, [301]
• Glover, John—col.; sub. brig.-gen.; b. 1732, d. 1797.
  • at Battle of Long Island, [108]
  • covers the retreat, [111]
  • resists British landing at Throgg’s Neck, [125]
  • at Battle of Trenton, [142]
• Gordon, Rev. William, as to Battle of Monmouth, [234]
• Grand tactics defined, with note (Preface), [x]
• Grant, James—Br. maj.-gen.; b. 1720, d. 1806.
  • at Battle of Long Island, [107]
  • watches Washington from Brunswick, N.J., [143]
  • compliments Washington’s sagacity, [143]
  • put Hessians off their guard, [143]
• Grant, Ulysses Simpson—Gen. U.S.A., sub. pres. twice; b. 1822, d. 1885.
  • his example cited, [66]
• Graves, Thomas, Baron—Br. admiral; b. about 1725, d. 1802.
  • ordered to burn coast towns, [59]
  • counter-action of Washington, [59]
  • attempts to capture Lafayette, [216]
  • sails for the Chesapeake, [355]
  • misses Count de Barras, [355]
  • engages a superior French fleet, [355]
  • returns to New York, [355]
• Gray—Br. maj.-gen.
  • surprises Wayne at Paoli, [193]
  • in attack upon Washington at Chestnut Hill, [204]
  • attempts to capture Lafayette, [216]
  • surprises Light Horse, at Tappan, [248]
• Great Britain sublimely faces world-wide antagonisms, [296]
  • unjust to her Provincial troops, [362]
  • Washington aids Carleton in their behalf, [363]
• Greene, Ashbel—chaplain at Monmouth; sub. pres. Princeton College, N.J.; b. 1762, d. 1848;
  • as to Washington’s interview with Lee at Monmouth, [236]
  • See also Washington’s letter as to the language used by him, [391]
• Greene, Christopher—colonel; b. 1737, d. 1781.
  • in Arnold’s expedition to Canada, [55], [200]
  • commands Fort Mercer, [200]
• Greene, Nathaniel—maj.-gen.; b. 1740, d. 1786.
  • commands Rhode Island troops, [24]
  • a Quaker youth and blacksmith’s apprentice, [25]
  • studied by forge-light, after work hours, [25]
  • announces principles essential to success, [25]
  • thorough work as member of the Kentish Guards, [26]
  • antecedents and studies, [26]
  • likened to Grant and Lee, [26]
  • outline of his career anticipated, [39]
  • his brigade noticed, [69]
  • in charge of Brooklyn Heights, [87]
  • completes the defences, [102]
  • prostrated by fever, [104]
  • succeeded by Putnam, [104]
  • advises retreat, [115]
  • describes Washington at Kipp’s Bay, [119]
  • assumes command in New Jersey, [122]
  • describes corrupt practices of surgeons, [123]
  • joins for duty, [127]
  • prepares for campaign in New Jersey, [130]
  • regards Fort Washington as defensible, [132]
  • at Battle of Trenton, [142]
  • commands advance posts before Trenton, [151]
  • leads the advance, Jan. 2, 1777, [155]
  • visits Congress, [166]
  • advances to meet Howe, [168]
  • his plan vindicated, [169]
  • selects position on the Brandywine, [185]
  • commands the reserve, [186]
  • with Washington, covers the retreat, [189]
  • at Battle of Germantown, [195]
  • enters New Jersey, [203]
  • assigns Lafayette to duty, [203]
  • at Council of War, [217]
  • at Monmouth, [230], [233]
  • at Boston, as quartermaster-general, [246]
  • describes the winter, 1780, [271]
  • in Battle of Springfield, [283]
  • manœuvres for position, [284]
  • scientific movements noticed, [285]
  • succeeds Arnold at West Point, [291]
  • submits plan for Southern campaign, [300]
  • succeeds Gates and goes South, [300]
  • relieves Gates, [302]
  • his reports and letters, [302]
  • graphic letter to Marion, [303]
  • “spies are the eyes of an army”, [303]
  • acts as if under the eyes of Washington, [303]
  • initiates his campaign, [313]
  • his army without clothing, [315]
  • uses blankets, “Indian style”, [315]
  • rides 125 miles to see Morgan, [315]
  • joined by Harry Lee, [316]
  • provides for Morgan’s prisoners, [316]
  • his wise strategic methods, [317]
  • expects no aid from Virginia, [318]
  • decides to fight Cornwallis, [318]
  • battle of Guilford Court-House, [319]
  • drives Cornwallis into Wilmington, [320]
  • his report to Washington, [320]
  • fights Rawdon, at Hobkirk Hill, [321]
  • the casualties stated, [321]
  • fights Stewart, at Eutaw Springs, “the final battle at the South”, [321]
  • redeems Georgia and the Carolinas, [322]
  • welcomes Lafayette to the South, [326]
  • regards capture of Cornwallis as settled, [327]
  • his army reënforced by Lafayette’s self-denial, [330]
• Greenfield, Conn., raided by Tryon, [256]
• Green Mountain Boys, Vt., regularly organized, [51]
  • resist Carleton’s advance from Canada, [62]
  • decline to reënlist after capture of Montreal, [63]
• Grenville, George—Br. Prime Minister; b. 1712, d. 1770;
  • ordains a revenue system, 1764, [12]
• Gridley, Richard—col.; b. 1711, d. 1796.
  • Engineer-in-Chief at Bunker Hill, [23]
  • resigns, and succeeded by Knox, [61]
• Griffiths—Am. col.; skirmishes with Donop (H.), [146]
• Hale, Edward Everett—clergyman, journalist, and author; b. Boston, Mass., 1822.
  • his tribute to Nathan Hale, [120], [121]
• Hale, Nathan—Am. captain; b. 1755; d. 1776.
  • confidential messenger of Washington, [120]
  • executed as a spy, Sept. 22, 1776, [121]
  • his memorable last words, [121]
  • his career sketched by the Rev. E. E. Hale, [120]–121
  • place of his execution identified by Lossing, [131]
• Hamilton, Alexander—col., sub. eminent financier; b. 1757, d. 1804.
  • occupies Chatterton Hill, with two guns, [128]
  • is sent to Gates for troops, [204]
  • with Lafayette at Monmouth, [226]
  • reports New York Harbor too shallow for French fleet, [240]
  • gallantry at Yorktown, [357]
• Hammond, Sir Andrew—Br. commodore;
  • arrives with troops, [261]
• Hampton, Wade—col.; b. 1754, d. 1835;
  • honored by Washington, [312]
• Hancock, John—statesman and maj.-gen.; b. 1737, d. 1793.
  • pres. Mass. Provincial Congress, [17]
  • advises Washington of Howe’s movements, [183]
  • at siege of Newport opposes departure of D’Estaing, [243]
• Hand, Edward—col.; b. in Ireland, 1744, d. 1802.
  • in skirmish on Long Island, [104]
  • falls back to Prospect Hill, [105]
  • delays British landing at Throgg’s Neck, [125]
  • skirmishes with the Hessian Yagers, [126]
  • in front of Trenton, 1776–7, [151]
  • in Sullivan’s expedition, [260]
  • becomes adjt.-gen., vice Scammon, resigned, [300]
• Hannibal—Carthaginian prince and general; b. 229 B.C., d. 183 B.C. (Preface), [v]
• Harrison, Benjamin—signer of Declaration of Independence; b. 1740, d. 1791;
  • visits Boston on naval affairs, [60]
• Harrison, Robert H.—col.
  • secretary to Washington, [300]
  • becomes C.J. of Maryland, [300]
• Harrison, Thomas—speaker of Virginia House of Burgesses;
  • addressed by Washington, [250]
• Haslet—col. Delaware reg’t; b. in Ireland, d. 1777.
  • joins army at Brooklyn, [105]
  • makes a gallant fight, [107]
  • attacks the Queen’s Rangers successfully, [126]
  • k. at Battle of Princeton, [154]
• Hazelwood, John—Am. naval officer; b. 1726, d. 1800;
  • gallantry on the Delaware, [202]
• Hazen, Moses—col., sub. brig.-gen.; b. 1733, d. 1802;
  • threatens Staten Island, [347]
• Heath, William—maj.-general; b. 1735, d. 1814.
  • appointed brig.-gen, [36]
  • his antecedents, [36]
  • subsequent career outlined, [39]
  • describes occupation of Dorchester as “never so much done in so short a space”, [77]
  • ordered to New York, [82]
  • efficient at New York, [104]
  • aids in the retreat, [110]
  • makes a night march, [128]
  • commands in the Highlands, [131]
  • at Fishkill, [135]
  • advised of Washington’s plans, [141]
  • ordered to take the offensive, [147]
  • special assignment to duty, [156]
  • reprimanded for mismanagement, [157]–8
  • ordered to Boston, [254]
  • again in the Highlands, [268]
  • commands camp in New Jersey, [346]
• Hebrew military and civil antecedents (Preface), [viii], [ix]
• Henry, Patrick—orator and statesman; b. 1736, d. 1799.
  • charged with treason, [13]
  • denounces British Stamp Act, [13]
  • in first Continental Congress, [17]
• Hessian prisoners taken at Saratoga remain in America, [248]
  • quartered in Virginia, [248]
• Hessian soldiers misunderstood, [363]
• Hildreth, Richard—historian; b. 1807, d. 1865.
  • criticises Samuel Adams, [299]
  • Mr. Adams’ position sound in principle, [299]
• Hillhouse, James—captain, sub. eminent lawyer and senator; b. 1754, d. 1832.
  • resists Tryon’s invasion of New Haven, [256]
• Hobkirk Hill noticed, [321]
• Hood, Sir Samuel—Br. admiral; b. 1724, d. 1816.
  • arrives in America, [354]
  • looks into Delaware Bay, [354]
  • proceeds to New York, [354]
  • reports to Admiral Graves, [354]
• Hornblower, Joseph C.—Chief Justice of New Jersey; b. 1777, d. 1864;
  • misreported as to Washington’s language at Monmouth, [235]
• Howe, Lord Richard—admiral; b. 1725, d. 1799.
  • reaches N.Y. July 12, 1776, [98]
  • joint commissioner with General Howe, [98]
  • refuses to recognize Washington’s military title, [96]
  • does so in order to secure Erskine’s exchange, [99]
  • returns to New York, [245]
  • sails for Boston, [245]
• Howe, Sir William—lieut.-gen.; b. 1730, d. 1814.
  • declares martial law, [32]
  • offers pardon to all but Samuel Adams and John Hancock, [32]
  • established in America, [33]
  • overrules Clinton’s advice to attack Cambridge, [35]
  • his martinet discipline, [48]
  • ordered to succeed Gage, [58]
  • issues an unwise proclamation, [58]
  • Washington’s counter-proclamation, [58]
  • orders coast towns to be devastated, [59]
  • instructed by Lord Dartmouth, [69]
  • “New York is the proper British base”, [70]
  • overruled by Gage, [70]
  • Dorchester Heights seized, [77]
  • his report to Lord Dartmouth, [77]
  • fails to recapture the Heights, [80]
  • evacuates Boston, [80]
  • embarks for Halifax, [80]
  • sails from Halifax for New York, [97]
  • lands troops on Staten Island, [98]
  • confers with Governor Tryon, [98]
  • writes Lord Germaine as to plans, [98]
  • addresses George Washington, Esq., [98]
  • changes the address to secure a military exchange, [99]
  • “dispensing pardon to repentant sinners,” as Washington styles Howe’s mission, [99]
  • brilliant landing of his army, [106]
  • the battle outlined, [107]–9
  • negotiations with American commissioners, [108]
  • advance of his army, [117]
  • makes enormous requisitions for troops, [118]
  • movements anticipated by Washington, [120]
  • writes Lord Germaine as to a long campaign, [124]
  • will not attack Harlem Heights, [125]
  • lands at Throgg’s Neck, [126]
  • orders storming of Chatterton Hill, [126]
  • awaits reënforcements, [126]
  • outgeneraled by Washington, [129]
  • crosses to the Hudson, [129]
  • anticipated by Washington, [130]
  • tries to deter American enlistments, [130]
  • guarantees “liberties and properties”, [130]
  • captures Fort Washington, [132]
  • knew of Adjutant Dumont’s treason, [133]
  • excuse for not following Washington, [133]
  • specific instructions given, [133]
  • sends Cornwallis into New Jersey, [137]
  • “weather too severe for field service”, [137]
  • returns to New York, [139]
  • winter quarters specified, [139]
  • surprised by news from Trenton, [150]
  • calls for 20,000 more troops, [150]
  • hurries Cornwallis to New Jersey, [150]
  • withdraws troops from Newport, [163]
  • plans anticipated by Washington, [165]
  • marches again into New Jersey, with 17,000 men, [167]
  • details of the campaign, [168]–170
  • will invade Pennsylvania, [177]
  • writes a decoy letter, which Washington detects, [177]
  • no doubts of Burgoyne’s success, [181]
  • sails for the Chesapeake, [182]–183
  • skirmishes with American advance, [185]
  • masterly strategy in the Battle of Brandywine, [187]–190
  • cares for the wounded of both armies, [192]
  • his rear threatened by Washington, [194]
  • his headquarters at Germantown, [195]
  • repels Washington’s attack, but does not attack in turn, [195]
  • after battle returns to Philadelphia, [196]
  • threatens American army at Chestnut Hill, [204]
  • explains the failure of his movement, [204]
  • succeeded in command by Clinton, [215]
  • his army in detail (Appendix D–2), [384]
• Huntington, L.I., raided by Tryon’s expedition, [256]
• Hyde Park, Mass., where fascine rods were made available, [78]
• Independence, National, proclaimed at Philadelphia, July 4, 1776, [91]
• Independence proclaimed at Charlotte, N. C., May 20, 1774, [29]
• Indian atrocities during the Revolution, [249]
  • summarily avenged, [252], [260]
• Indian auxiliaries advocated by Great Britain, [172]
  • advocated by Congress, [88]
  • denounced by Burgoyne, [172]–3
  • ridiculed by Schuyler, [88]
• Irving, Washington—diplomat, historian, scholar; b. 1783, d. 1859.
  • his personal aid acknowledged by the author (Preface), [xiv]
  • his sketch of Washington’s youth, [1]
  • his tribute to Mary Washington, [5]
• Japan honors the example and teachings of Washington, [370]
• Jay, John—statesman and jurist; b. 1745, d. 1829.
  • in first Continental Congress, [17]
  • suggests to burn New York, [108]
  • commissioner to France, [309]
  • his services recognized, [309]
• Jefferson, Thomas—patriot and statesman, governor Va., sub. pres. twice; b. 1743, d. July 4, 1826.
  • sees basis for a constitution in government of Iroquois Indian Confederacy, [12]
  • protects the western frontier, [253]
  • advised by Washington, [300]
  • defies Arnold’s threats, [311]
  • narrowly escapes capture by Tarleton, [340]
  • is vindicated by Lafayette, [343]
• Jomini, Henri, Baron DE—gen.; chief of staff to Napoleon; aide-de-camp Emperor of Russia; military writer; b. 1799, d. 1869.
  • gives grounds of Napoleon’s success (Preface), [xiii]
  • as applied to Washington, [44]
  • as to retreats, [73]
• Jones, John Paul—lieut., captain in the navy, sub. admiral in the Russian navy; b. 1747, d. 1792.
  • appointed in the navy, [59]
  • history of his name, [379]
  • his naval success, [379]
• Joshua—the Hebrew captain, an antetype of Washington upon completion of his mission, [373]
• Jubilee, Am., at Valley Forge, [213]
  • French alliance honored, [213]
  • Br. at Philadelphia, [215]
  • General Howe honored, [215]
  • noted participants, [215]
• Kent, James—chief justice, jurist, and author, N. Y.; b. 1763, d. 1847;
  • his opinion of General Schuyler, [37]
• Kentish Guards, R.I., identified with Greene, [26]
  • their prompt start for Boston, [27]
  • their subsequent promotions in the service, [26]
• Keppel, Augustus—Br. admiral; b. 1725, d. 1786; gives an opinion of the war, [21]
• King’s Mountain, Battle of, mentioned, [293]
• Kingston, N. Y., burned by Gen. Vaughn, [179]
• Knowlton, Thomas—capt., sub. col.; b. 1740, d. 1776.
  • at Bunker Hill, [122]
  • k. at Harlem Heights, [122]
• Knox, Henry—chief of artillery, sub. maj.-gen.; sub. Sec. of War; b. 1750, d. 1806.
  • succeeds Gridley, resigned, [61]
  • efficient in ordnance department, [71]
  • mounts Ticonderoga cannon at Cambridge, [71]
  • reports his artillery force, [102]
  • efficient at Trenton with Forrest’s battery, [145]
  • recruits artillery in Mass., [163]
  • establishes gun-factory at Springfield, [163]
  • visits Count de Grasse, with Washington, [353]
• Knyphausen, Wilhelm, Baron VON—H. lieut.-general; b. 1730, d. 1789.
  • arrives in America and joins Howe, [126]
  • in attack upon Fort Washington, [132]
  • at Brandywine, [186]–7
  • conducts Clinton’s baggage-train from Philadelphia, [224]
  • pushes for Monmouth, [224]
  • reaches New York, [229]
  • invades New Jersey, [271]
  • in Battle of Springfield, [279]
  • acts the part of Pharaoh, instead of that of Moses, [280]
• Kosciusko, Thaddeus—Polish maj.-general; b. 1750, d. 1817.
  • perfects fortifications at West Point, [212]
  • appointed chief engineer, vice Du Portail, captured, [300]
  • ordered to the South, [302]
  • his efficiency, [302]
  • his antecedents, [305]
  • locates earthworks, [317]
• Lafayette, or La Fayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Rock-Gilbert Dumotier, Marquis DE—maj.-general; b. 1757, d. 1835.
  • arrives in America, [191]
  • reaches Philadelphia, [191]
  • joins Washington, in council, [191]
  • his first scout, [185]
  • commands a division, [203]
  • visits Albany as to Canadian movement, [211]
  • rejoins Washington, [212]
  • concurs with his chief, [213]
  • skilful at Barren Hill, [215]
  • amusing incident of the battle, [216]
  • outmanœuvres Clinton, [216]
  • attends a Council of War, [217]
  • pursues Clinton, [225]
  • reports progress, [226]
  • his relations to Lee, [228]
  • skirmishes with Queen’s Rangers, [229]
  • protests against retreat, [229]
  • commands second line at Monmouth, [231]
  • conduct during the battle, [235]
  • alleged statement as to Washington at Monmouth disproved, [235]
  • a letter to his wife, [236]
  • on duty at Newport, [241]
  • corresponds with D’Estaing, [244]
  • makes quick trip to Boston, [244]
  • covers retreat to Newport, [245]
  • occupies Bristol, [245]
  • sails for France, [253]
  • returns to America, [276]
  • joins Washington, [276]
  • reports to Congress, [276]
  • his proclamation as to Canada, [288]
  • his sympathy with Mrs. Arnold, [291]
  • his estimate of Washington, [305]
  • extols the American army, [306]
  • intrusted with arrest of Arnold, [312], [323]
  • starts on his expedition, [324]
  • an interesting reminiscence, [325]
  • letters to his wife, [325]
  • wounded at Brandywine, [325]
  • his active movements, [325]
  • orders from Washington, [326]
  • has confidence of Greene, [327]
  • how he treated deserters, [327]
  • harasses the enemy, [329]
  • his letter to Washington, [330]
  • headquarters established, [331]
  • ignores Arnold’s letters, [331]
  • complimented by Washington, [332]
  • marches to meet Wayne, [338]
  • reports his movements, [339]
  • takes the offensive, [339]
  • joined by Wayne and unites with Steuben, [340]
  • intercepts Tarleton’s correspondence, [340]
  • in sharp action at Williamsburg, [341]
  • gallantry noticed, [341]
  • writes Washington in full, [342]
  • reports landing of French troops, [342]
  • declines grave risks, [342]
  • outgenerals Cornwallis, [343]
  • ready for Washington’s arrival, [343]
  • has Cornwallis inclosed, [343]
  • complains of “rusty wheels”, [343]
  • vindicates Gov. Jefferson, [343]
  • confident of victory, [343]
  • receives special orders from Washington not to let Cornwallis escape, [345]
  • sends despatches to Washington, [349]
  • his twenty-fourth birthday, and incidents, [350]
  • writes to his wife as to his “thrilling adventures” and “enviable lot”, [350]
  • welcomes Washington at his headquarters, [351]
  • hastens Washington’s army from Baltimore, [353]
  • relations to the French court, [356]
  • overrules plans of De Grasse, [356]
  • storms a redoubt, [357]
  • pleasantry with Baron Vioménil, [358]
  • relations to Cornwallis, [361]
  • their mutual appreciation, [362]
  • expedition to Charleston abandoned, [362]
  • sails from Boston for France, [362]
  • bids farewell to Washington, [362]
• Laurens, Henry—statesman; b. 1724; d. 1792.
  • vice-president of South Carolina, [86]
  • reports New York Harbor too shallow for French fleet, [240]
  • in the siege of Savannah, [268]
  • sent commissioner to Holland, [296]
  • taken prisoner in London, [296]
  • in London Tower for high treason, [296]
  • sent on special mission to France, [296]
  • arrives in Paris, [309]
  • speaks plain words at Paris, [309]
  • returns to America with funds and pledges of French support, [348]
• Lauzun, Armand Louis de Goutant, Duke DE—b. 1747, d. 1793.
  • with Rochambeau, [333]
  • threatens Morrisania, [334]
  • in concert with General Lincoln, [335]
  • his lancers in action, [337]
  • tendered a banquet at Philadelphia, [350]
  • despatches from Lafayette read, [350]
  • at Yorktown, [357]
• Ledyard, William—col.; b. 1750, d. 1781;
  • massacred at Fort Griswold, [351]
• Lee, Charles—retired Br. officer, maj.-general; b. 1731, d. 1782.
  • first noticed, [36]
  • his characteristics, [37]
  • how regarded by Washington, [45]
  • distrusts American troops, [56]
  • opposes Washington’s plans, [56]
  • is sent to Connecticut, [70]
  • advises occupation of New York, [70]
  • writes about “crushing serpents”, [70]
  • ordered to New York, [71]
  • fortifies Brooklyn Heights, [85]
  • arrogates authority, and is reprimanded, [85]
  • ordered to South Carolina, [85]
  • his conduct at Charleston, [86]
  • returns north for duty, [127]
  • abuses Congress, [127]
  • curious letter to Gates, [127]
  • finally joins Washington, [128]
  • in charge of reserve camp, [131]
  • his grand division noticed, [135]
  • withholds troops required by Washington, [135]
  • finally enters New Jersey, [137]
  • is taken prisoner, [137]
  • writes Gates, insulting Washington, [138]
  • writes Heath, insulting Washington, [138]
  • writes James Bowdoin as to Washington, [139]
  • mistakes the man addressed, [139]
  • his capture noticed by Washington, [139]
  • effect of his independent action, [141]
  • his risks as prisoner of war, [164]
  • Washington’s firmness in the matter, [164]
  • unsoldierly conduct, [174]
  • placed on parole, [217]
  • reports for duty, [217]
  • compared with Arnold, [218]
  • letters to Congress, [218]
  • letters to Washington, [218]
  • Washington’s stinging reply, [218]
  • conferences with Howe brought to light in 1872, [219]
  • joins army at Valley Forge, [220]
  • opposes Washington’s plans, [225]
  • his theory noticed, [225]
  • relations to Lafayette, [227]
  • declines a special command, [227]
  • his contemptuous reference to Washington’s plans, [227]
  • begs for it, afterwards, [227]
  • writes Lafayette, in great distress, [228]
  • pretends to be satisfied, [228]
  • commands the advance troops, [228]
  • orders retreat against Lafayette’s protest, [229]
  • never handled a command before, [230]
  • never under fire during the war, [230]
  • is rebuked by Washington, [232]
  • the incident described, [232]
  • his conduct during the day,, [233]
  • his trial, suspension, and death, [234]
  • vindication of Washington from traditions as to language upon meeting Lee, [235]
  • Notes of Lee’s Court-martial (Appendix G), [389]–392
• Lee, Henry—colonel, sub. brig.-gen.; b. 1756, d. 1818.
  • at storming of Stony Point, [257]
  • captures Paulus Hook, [259]
  • joins General Greene, [303]
  • opinion as to Battle of Guilford, [319]
• Lee, Richard Henry—statesman; b. 1732, d. 1794.
  • in first Continental Congress,, [17]
  • in March, 1775, urges Virginia to arm, [26]
• Lee, Robert Edward—eminent confederate general, 1861–5; b. 1810, d. 1870;
  • shared peculiarities of Washington and Grant, [44]
• Lee, Thomas S.—gov. Md.; addressed by Washington, [300]
• Leslie, Alexander—Br. maj.-general; b. 1740, d. 1794.
  • commands the assault at Chatterton Hill, [129]
  • joins Cornwallis, [298]
  • fortifies Norfolk, [301]
  • at battle of Guilford, [320]
  • in the Virginia campaign, [331]
• Lincoln, Benjamin—maj.-gen.; b. 1733, d. 1810.
  • joins the army with Mass. troops, [122]
  • reaches Peekskill, with four thousand New England militia, [157]
  • threatens Fort Independence, [157]
  • at Charleston, S.C., [253]
  • has a fresh command, [334]–5
  • commands a division, [337]
  • receives sword of Cornwallis at Yorktown, [360]
• Livingston, Henry B.—col.; b. 1757, d. 1823;
  • saves Fort Edward, [295]
• Livingston, Philip—signer of Declaration of Independence; b. 1716, d. 1778;
  • in first Continental Congress, [17]
• Logistics defined, with note (Preface), [x], [xi]
• Lossing, Benson J.—historian, b. 1813, d. 1891;
  • gratefully noticed by the author (Preface), [xiv]
• Louis XVI.—king of France; b. 1754, d. 1793.
  • officially supports America, [213]
  • his purpose anti-British, [302]
  • opposed occupation of New York, [352]–3
• Lynch, Thomas—patriot; b. 1720, d. 1776.
  • in first Continental Congress, [17]
  • at Cambridge, [60]
• Magaw—col.;
  • at Fort Washington, [130]–2
  • betrayed by his adjutant, [133]
  • casualties of the assault, [133]
• Manly, John—Am. captain;
  • makes valuable captures at sea, [60]
• Marie Antoinette—queen of France; b. 1755, d. 1793;
  • friend of Lafayette and of America, [356]
• Marion, Francis—brig.-general; b. 1732, d. 1795.
  • addressed by Greene, [303]
  • esteemed by Washington, [312]
• Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of—gen., sub. field marshal; b. 1650, d. 1722;
  • cited in comparison (Preface), [viii]
• Marshall, John—chief justice U.S., jurist and historian; b. 1755, d. 1836.
  • as to Asst. Quartermaster-General Carrington, [301]
  • as to American mutiny, [307]
  • as to troops sent South, [327]
• Maryland troops always efficient, [277]
  • gallantry at Camden, [202]
  • at Rattle of Guilford, [320]
• Massachusetts leads resistance to Stamp Ac, [13]
  • resolves its Assembly into a Provincial Congress, [17]
  • elects John Hancock as its first president, [17]
  • organizes a force of “Minute Men”, [17]
  • organizes a Committee of Safety, [17]
  • summons 30,000 men to instant duty, [22]
  • drafts one-fifth of her able-bodied men, [116]
  • orders a monument to Chevalier de Saint Sauveur, [247]
  • liberal to troops during a mutiny, [308]
• Matthews—Br. maj.-gen. in attack upon Fort Washington, [132]
  • lays waste Portsmouth and Norfolk, [253]
  • in Battle of Springfield, [278]
• Matthews, John—jurist; b. 1774, d. 1802;
  • on special War Committee. 73
• Maxwell, William—brig.-gen.; b. in Ireland, d. 1798.
  • in command at Morristown, [141]
  • on special duty, [147]
  • stationed at Elizabethtown, [164]
  • moves against Howe, [168]
  • at Red Clay Creek, [185]
  • accompanied by Lafayette, [185]
  • gallantry at Chadd’s Ford, [186]
  • active in New Jersey, [222]
  • obstructs Clinton’s retreat, [224]
  • in Battle of Springfield, [279]
  • associated with Lafayette, [324]
• McClellan, George Brinton—maj.-gen. U.S.A.; b. 1826, d. 1885;
  • his qualities cited in comparison, [162]
• McCrea, Jane—her murder not chargeable to Burgoyne, [173]
• McDougall, Alexander—brig.-gen.; b. 1750, d. 1786.
  • occupies Chatterton Hill, [128]
  • fights the battle known as “White Plains”, [129]
  • on special duty at Morristown, [147]
  • succeeds Heath at Peekskill, [166]
  • in Battle of Germantown, [195]
  • established at Peekskill, [206]
  • accompanies Kosciusko to West Point, [212]
  • again in the Highlands, [248]
• McDowell, Charles—colonel; b. 1743, d. 1815;
  • at King’s Mountain, his descendants honored, [293]
• Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, [29]
  • County, North Carolina, eminently patriotic, [293]
• Meigs—Am. col.;
  • attacks Sag Harbor, [167]
  • at storming of Stony Point, [257]
• Mercer, Hugh—brig.-general; b. 1721, k. at Battle of Princeton, 1777 154
• Mifflin, Thomas—brig.-general; b. 1744, d. 1800.
  • efficient before Boston, [72]
  • provides barracks in New York, [83]
  • in battle of Long Island, [106]
  • skilful in the retreat, acting under confidential orders, of Washington, [110]
  • absence from Valley Forge disastrous, [206]
  • rejoins camp, [217]
  • criticised by Washington in letter to Gouverneur Morris, [217]
• Milton, Mass., where Rufus Putnam found fascine rods, [78]
• Minnigerode—H. col.; k. in attack upon Fort Mercer, [201]
• Monckton, Henry—Br. lieut.-col.; b. 1740, k. 1778, at Monmouth, [233]
• Monmouth, Battle of, described (see map), [229]–237
• Monroe, James—lieutenant, sub. pres.; b. 1758, d. 1831.
  • at battle of Trenton, [142]
  • helps capture two guns, [145]
  • wounded in battle, [145]
• Montgomery, Richard—Am. brig.-gen.; b. 1737, k. before Quebec, 1775.
  • his military antecedents, [36]
  • subsequent career outlined, [38]
  • a comrade of Carleton when Wolfe fell, [38]
  • in despair at condition of the troops, [38]
  • starts for Canada, [55]
  • reaches Ticonderoga, [61]
  • receives imperative orders from Washington, [61]
  • sympathetically sustained by Washington, [63]
  • his Orderly Book, [63]
  • occupies Montreal, [63]
  • tries a forlorn-hope assault upon Quebec, [63]
  • goes to Arnold’s relief, [65]
  • is killed in battle, [65]
  • buried with honors of war, [66]
• Montreal captured by British, 1760, [10]
  • captured by Montgomery, 1775, [63]
• Moore, George H.—sec. N.Y. His. Soc.;
  • brings to light Charles Lee’s papers, [219]
• Morgan, Daniel—brig.-general; b. 1737, d. 1802.
  • captured at Quebec, [65]
  • attacks Hessians in New Jersey, [169]
  • skirmishes with Cornwallis, [204]
  • supports Maxwell in N.J., [225]
  • serves under Lafayette, [225]
  • reports to Gen. Greene, [303]
  • fights Battle of Cowpens, [314]
  • is visited by Greene, [315]
  • retires from the army, [315]
• Morris, Gouverneur—statesman; b. 1752, d. 1816;
  • his letter from Washington, 1778, [217]
• Morris, Robert—financier and statesman; b. 1734, d. 1806;
  • friend of Washington, [164]
• Morristown headquarters described, [265]
• Moses—Hebrew deliverer of his people; model legislator; founder of modern civil codes; b. about 1570 B.C., d. about 1450 B.C.
  • the Hebrew Commonwealth and its military system noticed (Preface), [viii]
  • his decimal army organization (Preface), [viii]
  • his sanitary and police regulations (Preface), [viii]
  • patriotic instruction of Hebrew youth imperative by his laws (Preface), [viii]
  • his general order, “Forward,” when he led his people to national independence, quoted, as Washington marched through Philadelphia for Brandywine, [184]
• Muhlenburg, Peter—maj.-gen.; b. 1746, d. 1807.
  • at Battle of Brandywine (see map), [186]
  • active in Virginia, [301]
• Murphy—maj.;
  • leads N.C. troops at Stony Point, [257]
• Murray, Lindley—grammarian; b. 1745, d. 1826;
  • friend of Greene, [25]
• Mutiny of Connecticut troops, [277]
  • of Pennsylvania troops, [306]–7
  • a natural outbreak, [308]
• Napoleon I.—Bonaparte (Buonaparte), Emperor of France; b. 1769, d. 1821.
  • his military maxims noticed (Preface), [viii]
  • his Italian campaign compared with the First New Jersey campaign in the Am. Revolution (Preface), [xiii]
  • the basis of his success given by Jomini (Preface), [xiii]
• Nash, Abner—gov. N.C.; b. 1716, d. 1786;
  • addressed by Washington, [300]
• Nash, Francis—brig.-general; b. 1720, k. at Battle of Germantown, 1777, [195]–6
• New England discriminated against by Great Britain, [18]
  • experience in earlier wars, [21]
  • her governors in conference with committee of Congress, [60]
  • finally relieved from British hostilities, [262]
• New Hampshire liberality during the American mutiny, [308]
• New Haven, Conn., invaded by Tryon, [256]
• New Jersey seizes the Provincial treasury and raises troops, [28]
  • the chief battleground, [161]
  • more than meets her quota, [272]
  • her noble women, [272], [285]
  • a continuous battlefield and the strategic center, [285]
• Newport, R.I.; Howe’s strategic objective, 1776, [118]
  • occupied by the British, [150]
  • besieged by Franco-American forces, [241]
  • abandoned by the British, [262]
  • occupied by Rochambeau, [286]
• New York city as a British base, [94]
• New York Committee of Public Safety aroused, [27]
  • its assembly becomes a Provincial Congress, [27]
• Nook’s Hill fortified, March 10, 1775, [60]
  • evacuation of city a necessity, [60]
• Norfolk, Va., laid waste by Matthews, [253]
• North Carolina “will resist Stamp Act to the death”, [13]
  • defies its Provincial governor, [28]
  • adopts the cause of Boston, [28]
  • a convention meets at Charlotte, May 20, 1775, [29]
  • the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, [29]
  • sends Gen. Moore with two battalions to New York, [115]
  • two companies in storming of Stony Point, [257]
• North, Frederick, Lord—Earl of Guilford; b. 1733, d. 1792.
  • British Prime Minister, 1769, [15]
  • abolishes all duties except on tea, [15]
  • the consequences noted, [15]
• Norwalk, Conn., raided by Tryon, [256]
• Ogden—Am. col.;
  • as to panic at Monmouth, [231]
• O’Hara, Charles—Br. maj.-gen.; b. 1756, d. 1791.
  • makes the surrender of army of Cornwallis, [360]
• Onondaga Indians near Syracuse, N.Y., punished, [252]
• “On to Philadelphia,” like the “On to Richmond” of 1861, ill-judged, [198]
• Panic at Brooklyn controlled by Washington, [112]
  • at Kipp’s Bay, noticed, [119], [237]
  • at Toulon, compared, [120]
  • at Princeton, controlled by Washington, [154]
  • at Monmouth, turned by Washington into victory, [231]
  • at Camden, [292]
• Paoli, birthplace of Wayne, visited by British, [193]
• Paris, Treaty of, 1763, and its terms, [11]
• Parker, Sir Peter—Br. admiral; b. 1716, d. 1811.
  • sails from Ireland, [97]
  • repulsed by Moultrie, [97]
  • joins Howe in New York, [99]
• Parliament of Nations, 1892, noticed, [372]
• Parsons, Samuel H.—brig.-gen.; b. 1737, d. 1789.
  • his brigade at Kipp’s Bay, [119]
  • were trusted by Washington, [119]
  • redeemed their good name, [119]
  • a parallel case cited under Napoleon, [120]
  • before Fort Independence, [157]
  • on duty in Connecticut, [163]
  • joins Washington, [168]
  • in the Highlands, [179]
• Peabody, Nathaniel—statesman; b. 1741, d. 1823;
  • on special War Commission, [273]
• Penn, William—b. 1644, d. 1718;
  • urged a Colonial Union, 1697, [12]
• Pennington, William—gov. N.J., and speaker U.S. House; b. 1717, d. 1791;
  • as to Washington’s language at Monmouth, on meeting Lee, [236]
• Pennsylvania appropriates money for troops, [28]
  • her Assembly corresponds with Washington, [207]
• Penobscot, Me., a British post 270
• Percy, Hugh, Earl—Br. lieut.-gen., Duke of Northumberland; b. 1742, d. 1817.
  • his soldierly qualities noticed, [35]
  • fails to recapture Dorchester Heights, [80]
  • at Battle of Long Island (see map), [105]
  • joins Howe before White Plains, [128]
  • in the attack upon Fort Washington, [132]
• Philadelphia takes action, April 24, 1775, [28]
  • her citizens overawe the opposing element, [28]
  • visited by Washington’s army, [183], [192]
  • mighty ovation to the soldiers, [184]
  • supplies the suffering army, [194]
  • is occupied by Howe, [196]
  • its winter experiences, 1778, [210]
  • the Howe carnival and its magnificence, [215]
  • evacuated by Clinton, [221]–222
  • occupied by Arnold, [222]
  • visited by Washington and Rochambeau, [348]–9
• Phillips, William—Br. maj.-gen.; b. 1731, d. 1781.
  • sent to Virginia, [326]
  • destroys much property, [329]
  • his relations to Arnold, [331]
  • his death and its effects, [331]
• Pigot, Sir Robert—maj.-gen.; b. 1720, d. 1796;
  • at Newport, R.I., [241]
• Pomeroy, Seth—brig.-general; b. 1706, d. 1777.
  • his military antecedents, [24]
  • appointed brig.-gen., [36]
  • declines further service, [38]
• Portsmouth, Va., laid waste by Matthews, [253]
• Pownall, Thomas E.—Br. gov. Mass.; b. 1722, d. 1805;
  • his prediction, [368]
• Prescott, Richard—Br. maj.-general; b. 1725, d. 1788;
  • taken prisoner, and exchanged for Lee, [217]
  • at Savannah, [267]
• Prescott, William—colonel; b. 1726, d. 1795.
  • conducts the Bunker Hill (Breed’s Hill) fight, [34]
  • Governor’s Island, N.Y., [102]
  • safely removes all stores, [112]
  • repels Howe’s advance at Throgg’s Neck, [125]
• Prevost, Sir Augustine—Br. maj.-gen.; b. 1725, d. 1786;
  • outgenerals Lincoln but without substantial results on either hand, [253]
• Proctor, Thomas—Am. capt. of artillery; b. in Ireland, 1739, d. 1806.
  • with battery at Chadd’s Ford Brandywine, [186]
  • in Indian expedition, [260]
• Pulaski, Casimir, Count—Polish maj.-gen.; b. 1747, k. 1779, in siege of Savannah, [268]
  • dear to Washington, [305]
• Putnam, Israel—maj.-general; b. 1718, d. 1790.
  • his military antecedents, [23]
  • conspicuous at Bunker Hill, [38]
  • subsequent career outlined, [38]
  • commands at New York, [87]
  • succeeds Sullivan at Brooklyn, [104]
  • instructed by Washington, [104]–5
  • succeeded by Washington in person, [107]
  • fortifies Hudson River shore, [115]
  • favors retreat from New York, [115]
  • his laconic utterance, [115]
  • commands New York city, [115]
  • a division at White Plains, [129]
  • at Philadelphia, [153]
  • located at Peekskill, [178]
  • grants unwise furloughs, [178]
  • outgeneraled by Clinton, [179]
  • regains position, [180]
  • on the Long Island shore, [206]
  • returns to Peekskill, [206]
  • at Danbury, Conn., [248]
  • in command on the Hudson, [254]
• Putnam, Rufus—col.; b. 1738, d. 1824;
  • his efficiency as civil engineer at Boston, [75]
• Quebec, captured in 1759, [10]
  • assaulted by Montgomery and Arnold, 1776, [66]
  • magnanimity of General Carleton at death of Montgomery, [66]
• Queen’s Rangers (Provincial), noticed, [204], [255], [279]
  • Washington’s magnanimity toward them, reciprocating Carleton’s action at Quebec, [363]
• Rahl (Rall), John Gottlieb—H. col.; b. 1720, d. 1776.
  • storms Chatterton Hill, [129]
  • commands at Trenton, [139]
  • k. in battle, [146]
• Rawdon, Francis, Lord—Marquis of Hastings, earl, sub. gov.-gen. India; b. 1754, d. 1825.
  • gallantry at Bunker Hill, [35]
  • reënforces Clinton at the South, [276]
  • in battle of Hobkirk Hill, [321]
• Reed, Joseph—adjt.-general, sub. gov. Penn.; b. 1741, d. 1785.
  • in Washington’s confidence before Boston, [71]
  • describes the army at Harlem Heights, [123]
  • in the secret of Washington’s attack upon Trenton, [141]
• Religious distinctions among the colonies harmonized, [266]
• Rhode Island sends 1,500 men to Boston, April 25, 1775, [22]
  • her troops under Nathaniel Greene, [25]
  • seizes British stores, [27]
  • calls for protection of her ports, [87]
  • two regiments in Continental pay, [87]
  • sends additional troops to New York, [115]
• Richmond, Charles Lennox, Duke—Br. Sec. of State; b. 1735, d. 1806.
  • denounces hire of Hessian troops, [96]
  • his prediction verified, [209]
• Ridgefield, Conn., invaded by Tryon, [166]
• Riedesel, Friedrich Adolph, Baron—H. maj.-general; b. 1730, d. 1800.
  • reaches Canada with troops, [89]
  • in Burgoyne’s command, [387]
• Roberts, Charles G. D.—prof. King’s College, N.S.;
  • his history of Canada cited 63
• Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur de—Fr. marshal; b. 1725, d. 1807.
  • arrives in America, [286]
  • appreciates Washington, [287]
  • writes as to American conditions, [287]
  • confers with Washington at Hartford, [297]
  • sends his son to France, [298]
  • again in conference at Wethersfield, [333]
  • asks coöperation of Count de Grasse, [333]
  • at West Point with Washington, [347]
  • moves southward, [347]
  • advances $20,000 in gold to American army, [347]
  • parades in Philadelphia, [349]
  • receives despatches from Washington, [350]
  • entertained at Baltimore, [351]
  • guest of Washington at Mt. Vernon, [351]
  • opposed occupation of New York, [353]
  • visits Count de Grasse with Washington, [353]
  • signs articles of Cornwallis’ surrender, [360]
  • honored by Congress, [361]
  • remains with Washington, [361]
  • visits New England, [361]
  • sails for the West Indies, [361]
• Rowan county, N.C., eminently patriotic, [293]
• Rutledge, Edward—statesman, signer of Declaration of Independence; b. 1749, d. 1800;
  • commissioner with Adams and Franklin to meet Gen. and Admiral Howe, 1776, [118]
• Rutledge, John—sub. gov. and chief justice, S.C.; b. 1739, d. 1800.
  • pres. Republic of South Carolina, [86]
  • controls the conduct of Charles Lee, [86]
  • his characteristics, [86]
  • aids in siege of Savannah, [267]
• Saint (St.) Clair, Arthur—maj.-gen; b. 1734, d. 1818.
  • at Battle of Princeton, [154]
  • writes a boastful letter, [175]
  • abandons Ticonderoga, [175]
• Saint (St.) John, N.B., founded by British Provincials, [363]
  • May 17th its natal day, [363]
  • honors Washington, [363]
• Saint (St.) John’s, captured Nov. 3, 1775, [62]
  • André among the prisoners, [62]
• Saint (St.) Ledger, Barry—Br. col.; b. 1737, d. 1789;
  • invades the Mohawk valley, [171]
• Saint (St.) Luc, La Corne de—b. 1712, d. 1784.
  • as to hiring Indians, [173]
  • is rebuked by Burgoyne, [173]
• Saint (St.) Memin, Charles Balthazar Julien Favre de—Fr. artist; b. 1770, d. 1852;
  • his profile of Washington, by a crayon process of his own, the last portrait of Washington taken, frontispiece
• Saint (St.) Sauveur, Chevalier DE—Fr.; k. at Boston, [247]
  • a monument to his memory ordered, [247]
• Saint (St.) Simon, Claude Henri, Count DE—Fr.; b. 1760, d. 1825.
  • arrives with De Grasse, [342]
  • lands 3,000 French troops, [342]
  • reports to Lafayette for duty, [342]
  • waves seniority of rank, [343]
  • urges immediate assault, [343]
  • yields to Lafayette’s judgment, [343]
  • sails for the West Indies, [362]
• Salem, Mass., declines benefits of Boston Fort Bill, [16]
• Savannah, Ga., responds to call from Lexington, [29]
  • intercepts royal letters to governors, [30]
  • Committee of Safety, acts promptly, [30]
  • besieged without success, [267]–8
• Schovalhoff, Count—Russian statesman; his prediction at the Berlin Conference verified in 1898, [370]
• Schuyler, Philip—maj.-general; sub. U.S. senator; b. 1733, d. 1804.
  • appointed maj.-gen., [36]
  • his antecedents, [36]
  • his career outlined, [37]
  • honored by Kent and Webster, [37]–8
  • ordered to Canada, [55]
  • among the Six Nations, [61]
  • urged forward by Washington and joins Montgomery, [61]
  • advised as to Allen’s misadventure, [62]
  • suspends resignation at Washington’s request, [63]
  • his Orderly Book, [63]
  • again advised by Washington,, [64]
  • is to expect a bloody summer, [87]
  • ridicules hiring Indians, [88]
  • to resist Carleton’s advance, [163]
  • is relieved by Gates, [173]
  • is promptly restored, [173]
  • offers Gates a command, [173]
  • it is sneeringly declined, [173]
  • his energetic action, [174]
  • is absent, sick, without fault, [175]
  • has a prophetic letter from Washington, [175]
  • organizes a large army, [176]
  • is superseded by Gates, [176]
  • returns to Congress, [273]
  • on committee to visit Washington, [273]
  • is urged to be Secretary of War, [328]
  • gives reasons for declining, [328]
• Second Continental Congress, May 10, 1775, [31]
  • provides money and munitions, [31]
  • delegates from Georgia make action unanimous, [31]
  • rules and articles of war adopted, [31]
  • denounces acts of Parliament as “unconstitutional, oppressive, and cruel”, [31]
• Second New Jersey campaign, and its results, [167]
• Sevier, John—Am. col.; b. 1745, d. 1815;
  • at King’s Mountain, his descendants honored, [293]
• Sharpe, Granville—Br. philanthropist; b. 1734, d. 1813;
  • resigns rather than aid the war, [21]
• Shelby, Isaac—col., sub. gov. Kentucky; b. 1750, d. 1826.
  • at King’s Mountain, his descendants honored, [293]
  • summoned to Virginia, 1780, [314]
• Sheldon, Elisha—col.; attacked by Tarleton, [255]
  • on expedition with Lauzun, [334]
  • supports Washington, [334]–5–6
  • has a spirited scout, [337]
• Sheridan, Philip Henry—general U.S.A.; b. 1831, d. 1888;
  • his example cited, [162]
• Sherman, William Tecumseh—general; b. 1820, d. 1891;
  • his march to the sea cited by way of comparison, [162]
• Shippen, Miss, belle of the Philadelphia fêtes, [216]
  • becomes the wife of Arnold, [289]
  • had no knowledge of Arnold’s treason, [291]
  • highly esteemed by Washington and Lafayette, [291]
• Shuldham—Br. admiral;
  • relieves Graves at Boston, [68]
  • comments on seizure of Dorchester Heights, [77]
• Siege of Quebec closed, [66]
  • Boston, [80]
  • Newport, [245]
  • Savannah, [268]
  • Yorktown, [268]
  • Charleston, [275]
  • New York, [347]
• Signal-fires in New Jersey, [280]
• Simcoe, J. Graves—Br. lieut.-col., Queen’s Rangers; sub. gov. Canada; b. 1752, d. 1806.
  • active in forays, [248]
  • in the Battle of Springfield, [279]
  • in Virginia with Arnold, [310]
  • raids Virginia, [320]
  • popular misconceptions of his character, [363]
• “Six Nations” (Iroquois) a model for Jefferson’s constitution, [12]
  • as a confederacy, [13]
  • invaded by Sullivan, [260]
  • devastated by Sullivan, [260]
  • their estimate of Washington, [260]–1
• Smallwood, William—brig.-gen.; sub. governor Md.; b. 1732, d. 1792.
  • with Maryland troops at Long Island, [105]
  • makes a gallant fight, [107]
  • deplores ignorance of officers, [123]
  • in Pennsylvania, later, [193]
  • in battle of Germantown, [195]
  • on duty near Philadelphia, [206]
  • as governor, recruits for Greene’s army, [301]
• Smith, Samuel—lieut.-colonel; b. 1752, d. 1839;
  • with Maryland troops at Fort Mifflin, [200]
• Sons of Liberty organized, [14]
• South Carolina denounces the Stamp Act, [13]
  • seizes the colonial magazine, April 21, 1775, [29]
  • first news from Lexington, [29]
  • intercepts royal packages, [29]
  • declares a Republic, with officers, congress, army, navy, and all the accessories of an independent state, [86]
• Spain joins France against Great Britain, 1761, [11]
• Spencer, Joseph N.—brig.-gen.; b. 1714, d. 1789.
  • his military antecedents, [36]
  • his subsequent career, [39]
  • attempts capture of Newport by Washington’s order, [163]
• “Spies,” says Greene, “are the eyes of an army”, [303]
• Springfield, Mass., selected by Knox for a gun-factory, [163]
• Springfield, N.J., Battle of, [278]–9
  • its lesson emphasized, [283]
  • its casualties noticed, [285]
  • tested the Continental troops, [286]
• Stamp Act of 1755 noticed, [13]
  • repealed in 1766, [14]
• Stark, John—maj.-gen.; b. 1728, d. 1822.
  • in the Battle of Bunker Hill, [32]
  • at the Battle of Trenton, [142]
  • at the Battle of Springfield, [283]
• Statesmanship in war defined, with note (Preface), [xii]
  • as stated by Jesus (Preface), [xii]
• Stedman, Charles—Br. staff officer and historian; b. 1745, d. 1812.
  • as to Burgoyne campaign and Clinton, [180]
  • as to loose Br. discipline, [210]
  • as to Battles of Guilford and Hobkirk Hill, [321]
  • as to Br. and Am. forces in 1776 and 1777 (Appendix D), [386]
• Stephen, Adam—Am. maj.-gen.; b. 1730, d. 1791.
  • service at Brandywine, [189]
  • at Battle of Germantown, [195]
  • dismissed for drunkenness, [196]
• Stephens, Edward—brig.-general; b. 1745, d. 1820;
  • conducted prisoners, taken at Cowpens, northward, [316]
• Sterling—Br. col., sub. maj.-general. [Should not be confused with Lord Stirling, in the Am. service, see below.]
  • along the Delaware, [194]
  • k. in Battle of Springfield, [278]
• Steuben, Frederick William Augustus, Baron—maj.-gen.; b. 1730, d. 1794.
  • instructor at Valley Forge, [210]
  • promoted maj.-gen, [212]
  • acts in harmony with Washington and Lafayette, [213]
  • at Battle of Monmouth, [233]
  • ordered to the South, [300]
  • in charge of powder and lead supplies, [302]
  • in concert with Lafayette, [327]
  • his depot at Elk Island attacked, [340]
  • joins Lafayette’s division, [340]
  • in the siege of Yorktown, [357]
• Stewart—Br. col.;
  • succeeds Rawdon at the South, [321]
  • fights Green at Eutaw Springs, [321]
• Stiles, Ezra—pres. Yale College; b. 1727, d. 1795;
  • friend of Greene’s youth, [25]
• Stirling, William Alexander, Lord [his claim to Br. title and estates had been in dispute]—Am. col., sub. maj.-gen.; b. 1726, d. 1783.
  • in Battle of Long Island, [105]
  • his brigade of picked regiments, [105]
  • fights both Grant and Cornwallis, [107]
  • taken prisoner by superior numbers, [108]
  • is exchanged and returns to duty, [122]
  • reaches White Plains, [128]
  • established at Princeton, [136]
  • in Battle of Princeton, [154]
  • engages Cornwallis, [169]
  • in Battle of Brandywine, [186]
  • his good conduct, [189]
  • in Battle of Germantown, [195]
  • at a Council of War, [217]
  • in Battle of Monmouth, [233]
  • threatens Staten Island, [271]
  • president at Charles Lee’s court-martial (Appendix G), [389]
• Stony Point stormed by Wayne, [257]–8
  • abandoned by Washington, [259]
• Strategy defined, with note (Preface), [x]
• Sullivan, John—maj.-general; b. 1740, d. 1795.
  • personal notice, [36]
  • his career outlined, [39]
  • sent to Canada, [87]
  • succeeded by Gates, [88]
  • ambitious letter to Washington, [89]
  • Washington’s discreet reply, [89]
  • his attitude defined, [89]
  • succeeds Greene on Long Island, [104]
  • succeeded by Putnam, [104]
  • a peculiar letter, [104]
  • his specious report, [107]
  • taken prisoner, [108]
  • on exchange, takes Lee’s division, [139]
  • accompanies Washington to Trenton, [142]
  • incident of the march, [144]
  • enters the lower town, [145]
  • frets about appointments, [166]
  • Washington’s rejoinder, [166]
  • again in New Jersey, [167]
  • fails in the attack upon Staten Island, [184]
  • joins Washington in time for Brandywine, [184]–5
  • his position at Brandywine (as per map), [186]
  • ordered to attack Cornwallis, [187]
  • flanked by Cornwallis, [187]
  • ordered to change position, [187]
  • movement beyond his capacity, [188]
  • difficult under best conditions, [188]
  • loses control of his division, [188]
  • personal valor undoubted, [189]
  • treated justly by Washington, [190]
  • surprised by Howe, [191]
  • in Battle of Germantown, [195]
  • his gallantry noticed, [196]
  • urges attack upon Philadelphia, [207]
  • attempts siege of Newport, [241]
  • relations to the Count d’Estaing, [242]–3
  • issues an intemperate order, [243]
  • prudently modifies the same, [243]
  • advised by Washington to retreat, [244]
  • manly course of D’Estaing, [244]
  • retires to Providence, [245]
  • devastates the Six Nation region with unsparing desolation, [260]
  • comments upon that invasion, [260]–261
  • resigns and enters Congress, [297]
  • laconic appeal to him by Washington, [297]
• Sumter, Thomas—col.; b. 1734, d. 1832;
  • honored by Washington, [312]
• Symonds, Thomas—Br. royal navy.
  • led attack upon Fort Sullivan (Moultrie) in 1776, [359]
  • signs terms of capitulation of Yorktown, [359]
• Tarleton, Banestre—Br. lieut.-col.; b. 1754, d. 1833.
  • attacks Sheldon’s cavalry quarters, [255]
  • raids Westchester County, N.Y., [259]
  • Washington’s counter-stroke, [259]
  • makes no progress at the South, [293]
  • pursues Morgan, [314]
  • completely routed at Cowpens, [314]
  • acknowledges the American success, [321]
  • makes a raid upon Charlotte, [340]
  • fails to capture Jefferson, [340]
  • compliments Lafayette, [340]
  • covers the retreat of Cornwallis, [341]
  • joins him at Yorktown, [341]
  • skirmishes with Lafayette, [341]
• Ternay. (See De Ternay.)
• Thanksgiving Proclamations of Washington—
  • at Valley Forge, [214]
  • at White Plains, [246]
  • at Yorktown, [360]
  • at New York, [365]
• Thayer—Am. maj.;
  • in defence of Fort Mifflin, [203]
• Thomas, George Henry—maj.-gen. U.S.A.; b. 1815, d. 1870;
  • his example cited, [26]
• Thomas, John—major-general (Mass.), Continental brig.-gen.; b. 1725, d. 1776.
  • military antecedents, [23], [36]
  • subsequent career noticed, [39]
  • efficient in the siege of Boston, [78]
  • sent to Canada, [84], [86]
  • a victim to small-pox in camp, [88]
• Thompson, Charles—Secretary of first Continental Congress, and his correspondence with Franklin noticed, [13], [16]
• Ticonderoga taken by Ethan Allen, [30]
  • retaken by Burgoyne, [182]
• Towers, Robert, of Philadelphia, to receive and pay for arms, [141]
• Trumbull, Jonathan—gov. Conn.; statesman; the original Brother Jonathan; b. 1710, d. 1788.
  • anxious about sea-coast exposure, [56]
  • his correspondence with Washington, [56]
  • always Washington’s fast friend, [56]
  • furnishes troops for New York city, [83]
  • sends nine more regiments to Washington, [102]
• Trumbull, Jonathan Jr.,—col., statesman; b. 1740, d. 1804.
  • commissary at Long Island, [110]
  • becomes secretary to Washington, [300]
• Tryon, William—gov. N.C.; b. 1725, d. 1788.
  • his relation to the British Stamp Act, [13]
  • his career in North Carolina, New York, and Connecticut, [84]
  • holds a conference with Gen. Howe, [98]
  • invades Connecticut, [166]
  • fights Worcester and Arnold at Ridgefield, [166]
  • again invades Conn., [256]
  • resisted by Yale College students at New Haven, [256]
  • in the Battle of Springfield, [278]
• Tully, Monsieur DE—sails for the Chesapeake, [323]
  • is obliged to return, [323]
  • his reasons satisfactory to Washington, [326]
• Union of the Colonies advocated in 1697, 1722, 1754 by Penn, Coxe, and Franklin, [12]
• United States of America, a “stupendous fabric of freedom and empire,” as predicted by Washington, and the fulfilment, [365], [366], [368]
  • “asylum for the poor and oppressed of all nations,” as predicted by Washington, and comments, [365], [368]
  • respect for law and religion the basis of Washington’s character, and of the confidence he inspired in the American people, [367]–8
  • shares with Great Britain bequests under Magna Charta, [371]
  • harmony in that fruition, the possible future, [371]
  • three hundred millions of treasure, her free-will offering to man, [374]
  • her alms, recorded in the census of 1890, the gauge of her maturing sympathy with humanity, [374]
• Valley Forge established as headquarters, [206]
  • special Council of War noticed, respecting “On to Philadelphia!”, [212]
  • French alliance announced in camp, [213]
  • a grand parade ordered, [214]
  • a Thanksgiving proclamation made, [214]
  • special Council of War, April 20, 1777, [217]
  • its ordeal made soldiers, [231]
• Varnum, James Mitchell—brig.-gen.; b. 1749, d. 1789.
  • his brigade reports for duty, [203]
  • in Battle of Monmouth, [233]
  • enters Congress, [315]
• Vaughan, Sir John—Br. maj.-gen.; b. 1738, d. 1795;
  • burns Kingston, N.Y., [179]
• Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Count DE—Fr. minister of foreign affairs; b. 1717, d. 1787.
  • comments on the Battle of Germantown, [197]
  • proclaims the French alliance and the active support of American Independence, [209]
  • is advised by Rochambeau of American conditions, [287]
  • regards the American Congress as too exacting, [308]
  • guarantees a loan from Holland, [348]
• “Victory or Death” the countersign and alternative proclaimed by Washington, [149]
• Vioménil, Baron Antoine Charles de Houx—Fr. gen.; b. 1728, d. 1792.
  • storms a redoubt at Yorktown, [357]
  • pleasantry of Lafayette noticed, [358]
• Virginia aroused by the Stamp Act, [13]
  • responds to Patrick Henry’s appeal, [14]
  • includes Washington in her delegation to First Continental Congress, [17]
  • catches the news from Lexington, [28]
  • excited conflict with Lord Dunmore, [28]
  • called upon for more troops, [115]
  • her troops at Middlebrook, [247]
  • receives Greene and other officers gladly, [301]
  • invaded by Arnold, [310], [311]
  • Lafayette in command, [326], [330]
  • Cornwallis arrives, [331]
  • adjournment of Assembly to Charlotte, [338]
  • liberal in its enactments, [338]
  • Lafayette’s gallantry at Williamsburg, [341]
  • Jefferson sustained by Lafayette, [343]
  • arrival of Washington, [351]
• Ward, Artemas—maj.-general; b. 1727, d. 1800.
  • his antecedents, [23]
  • appointed senior maj.-gen., [35]
  • his brief career noticed, [37]
  • occupies Boston, March 17, 1776, [80]
• Warner, Seth—colonel; b. 1744, d. 1785.
  • a volunteer at Bunker Hill as well as at Ticonderoga, [35]
  • accompanies Allen to Ticonderoga, [35]
  • his subsequent career, [35]
• Washington, Augustine—father of the Soldier; b. 1694, d., in his son’s eleventh year, 1743, [4]
• Washington, George—gen., sub. pres. twice; b. 1732, d. 1799.
  • his boyhood, tastes, and training as described by Irving, [1]
  • physical appearance as described by Mercer, [2]
  • physical accomplishments, [3]
  • personal characteristics, [4]
  • choice of a profession, [4]
  • parentage, and mother’s influence, [4]
  • first victory won, [4]
  • surveyor, inspector, adjutant-general, [5]
  • commissioner to the French, [6]
  • frontier service, [6]
  • with Braddock, [7]
  • military studies and maxims, [8]
  • marriage, and in House of Burgesses, [8]
  • anticipates revolution, [14]
  • in the First Continental Congress, [17]
  • predicts a bloody future, [18]
  • appointed Commander-in-Chief, [32]
  • his associates in command, [35]
  • starts for Cambridge, [40]
  • assumes command, [41]
  • his army noticed, [41]
  • withholds some commissions, [44]
  • his reticence compared with that of other generals, [44]
  • his trust in Providence, [44]
  • method of assignments, [44]
  • his estimate of Arnold, [45]
  • rebukes profanity, [46]
  • enjoins observance of the Sabbath, [47]
  • institutes courts-martial for “swearing, gambling,” etc., [47]
  • skilled in logistics, [48]
  • regard for private soldiers, [49]
  • deserters rebuked, [49]
  • games of chance prohibited, [49]
  • invasion of Canada forced by Congress, [50]
  • visited by Committee of Congress, [52]
  • risks of Canadian invasion, [53]
  • denounces religious bigotry, [53]
  • after Boston, then New York, [54]
  • expeditions to Canada urged by Congress, [55]
  • attitude of Gen. Charles Lee, [56]
  • ignores sea-coast raids, [56]
  • writes Gov. Trumbull, [57]
  • would burn Boston, [57]
  • policy as to holding cities, [57]
  • straggling rebuked, [58]
  • appeals to Congress, [58]
  • privateering regulated, [59]
  • visited by Congressmen and secures a navy, [60]
  • laconic letter to Congress, [61]
  • writes Schuyler as to Northern expeditions, [63]
  • writes Congress as to same, [63]
  • begs Schuyler not to resign—for sake of “God and Country”, [63]
  • writes Schuyler as to British action, [64]
  • plans operations against New York, [69]
  • sends Lee to New York, [70]
  • would cross to Boston on the ice, but opposed by Council, [71]
  • laconic letter to Joseph Reed, [72]
  • preparations for assault, [72]
  • his inflexibility of purpose, [72]
  • preparations for future service, [72]–3
  • experimental bombardment, [74]
  • enforced silence in camp, [75]
  • his confidential staff, [75]
  • secret plan near execution, [76]
  • second bombardment, [76]
  • third bombardment and occupation of Dorchester Heights, [77]
  • British criticism, [77]
  • contingency of failure anticipated, [79]
  • a general bombardment, [80]
  • Nook’s hill fortified, [80]
  • Boston evacuated, [80]
  • his mission to Boston completed, [81]
  • reorganization of the army, [82]
  • movement to New York begun, [82]
  • advises Congress and Governor Trumbull of his plans, [83]
  • disciplines delinquent officers, [83]
  • establishes a regular Pay System, [83]
  • visits Connecticut to hasten troops forward, [84]
  • reaches New York, [84]
  • rebukes Lee and sends him South, [85]
  • forced by Congress to send more troops to Canada, [86]
  • details more troops to Canada under order of Congress, [86]
  • compels citizens to choose between Britain and America, [86]
  • deprecates detachment of troops to Canada, [87]
  • predicts danger to both the armies, [87]
  • warns soldiers not to right their own wrongs, [87]
  • learns of British contracts for Hessians, [87]
  • notes change in Canadian sentiment, [87]
  • writes Schuyler predicting a bloody summer, [87]
  • describes Sullivan’s characteristics, [89]
  • apology of Congress for Canadian disaster, [90]
  • strategic conditions at New York, [91]
  • Declaration of Independence and its effect, [91]
  • British plans noticed, [93]
  • correspondence with Howe, [98]
  • describes British commissioners, as dispensing pardon to repenting sinners, [99]
  • spreads Howe’s proclamation broadcast, [99]
  • denounces gossip-mongers, [100]
  • informs Gov. Trumbull that to trust Providence without effort is to tempt Providence, [102]
  • issues stringent orders as to discipline, [103]
  • reënforces garrison at Brooklyn, [104]
  • details Sullivan, vice Greene, sick, [104]
  • a remarkable letter from Sullivan, [104]
  • Putnam supersedes Sullivan, [104]
  • issues orders to Putnam as to wasteful firing, [105]
  • skulkers must be shot down on the spot, [105]
  • an “army” not a “mob”, [105]
  • will make battle costly to enemy, [108]
  • omnipresent in tent or trench, [108]
  • plans to withdraw to New York, [109]
  • consummate ruse to prevent demoralization of troops, [110]
  • withdrawal consummated, [112]
  • its incidents and success, [112]
  • comment of historian Botta, [113]
  • labors without sleep for forty-eight hours while assembling the untrained army, [114]
  • laconic notice of bad habits in officers and men, [114]
  • describes the militia as “dismayed, intractable, and impatient to return home”, [114]
  • notices periodical homesickness, [115]
  • its contagious virulence before battle, [115]
  • again demands a sufficient regular army, [115]
  • denounces robbing orchards and gardens, [115]
  • orders three daily roll-calls, to stop straggling, [115]
  • writes Congress as to vacating the city, [115]
  • advises Gov. Trumbull to deal with deserters, [116]
  • generous response of Mass. and Conn, [116]
  • describes the situation, [117]
  • initiates retirement from the city, [119]
  • denounces a panic at Kipp’s Bay, [119]
  • his personal exposure to rally fugitives, [119]
  • a mournful letter to Congress, [120]
  • Edward Everett Hale’s account of the execution of Nathan Hale as a spy serving under Washington’s orders, [120]
  • embezzlement by regimental surgeons, [123]
  • offers reward for Hessian troopers and their horses, [126]
  • his skirmishers successful, [126]
  • outgenerals Howe and gains White Plains, [127]
  • is joined by Greene and Lee 127
  • letter of Lee to Gates, censuring Washington, [127]
  • operations at White Plains, [128]
  • battle of Chatterton hill, [129]
  • British preparations for attack, [129]
  • retires to North Castle Heights, [129]
  • advises Congress of Howe’s plans, [129]
  • advises with Greene as to Fort Washington, [131]
  • crosses into New Jersey, [131]
  • orders Lee to follow, [131]
  • so advises Gov. Trumbull, [131]
  • writes forcibly to Congress, [131]
  • judicious order in logistics, [131]
  • boys or old men enlisted at officers’ risk, [131]
  • warns Congress of certain invasion of New Jersey by Howe, [132]
  • abandons Fort Lee, [133]
  • enters upon his first New Jersey campaign, [133]
  • a misnomer to call it simply a “masterly retreat”, [135]
  • musters his army, [136]
  • skirmishes with Cornwallis, [136]
  • controls the Delaware river, [136]
  • plans Dec. 5, to take the offensive, [137]
  • notes the capture of Lee, [139]
  • Sullivan takes Lee’s division, [139]
  • other letters of Lee, [138]–9
  • his powers enlarged by Congress, [140]
  • places Philadelphia under military rule, [140]
  • takes the aggressive, [143]
  • battle of Trenton, with map, [144]
  • “will drive the enemy from New Jersey”, [147]
  • is clothed with dictatorial authority, [148]
  • his response to Congress, [148]
  • his motto, “Victory or death,” retained, [149]
  • reoccupies Trenton, [152]
  • awaits arrival of Cornwallis, [152]
  • fights battle of Princeton (see map), [152]
  • instructs officers having independent commands, [157]
  • headquarters established at Morristown, [157]
  • exercises with energy his enlarged powers, [157]
  • his capacity for reprimand, [157]
  • sternly rebukes Heath, [158]
  • issues counter-proclamation to one by Howe, [158]
  • review of his career by Botta, [160]
  • base of operations established (see map), [161]
  • appreciates Howe’s plans, [164]
  • the second New Jersey campaign, [167]
  • outgenerals Cornwallis, [169]
  • learns of Burgoyne’s invasion, [171]
  • replies to his proclamation, [172]
  • tart correspondence with Gates, [174]
  • prophetic letter to Schuyler, [175]
  • detects Howe’s modified plan, [177]
  • reaches Philadelphia, [183]
  • triumphant march through the city, [184]
  • takes position on the Brandywine, [185]
  • battle of Brandywine, [187]
  • its lesson, [191]
  • reaches Philadelphia, [192]
  • resumes the offensive, [194]
  • attacks Germantown, [195]
  • lesson from that battle, [197]
  • operations along the Delaware, [200]
  • sends Lafayette into New Jersey, [203]
  • hostile attitude of Gates, [204]
  • experience at Valley Forge, [206]
  • pleads with Congress, [206]
  • clock-work and army discipline similar, [206]
  • sharply rebukes the Pennsylvania Assembly, [207]
  • the Conway cabal, [207]
  • French alliance proclaimed, [213]
  • gives Lafayette an independent command, [215]
  • a sharp letter to Lee, [217]
  • follows Clinton, [224]
  • increases Lafayette’s command, [225]
  • advises Lafayette as to Lee, [228]
  • advances to his support, [230]
  • rallies the retreating army, [231]
  • rebukes Lee on the field and takes command, [232]
  • fights the battle of Monmouth, [233]
  • European comments noticed, [234]
  • Clinton escapes him to New York, [234]
  • trial and sentence of Lee, [234]
  • end of Lee’s career, [234]
  • tradition as to profanity at Monmouth disproved, [235]–7
  • at White Plains again, [237]
  • watches D’Estaing, [240]
  • “George Washington, Esqr.,” and Howe, [241]
  • writes Sullivan at Newport, [242]
  • warns him against Clinton, [244]
  • suggests a timely retreat, [244]
  • officially recognizes the hand of Providence, [246]
  • removes to Fishkill, [247]
  • assigns army divisions, [247]–8
  • opinion of Bancroft cited, [250]
  • visits Philadelphia, [250]
  • writes Speaker Harrison as to corruption of the times, [250]–1
  • social excesses of congressmen deplored, [251]
  • opposes another expedition to Canada, [252]
  • sacrifices his private fortune, [252]
  • at New Windsor, [254]
  • watches hostile demonstrations, [256]
  • plans attack upon Stony Point, [257]
  • its success as planned, [258]
  • capture of Paulus Hook, [259]
  • sends Sullivan to punish Indians, [259]
  • honored by the Six Nations, [260]–1
  • strengthens West Point, [261]
  • his sublime faith, [264]
  • his trials at Morristown, [265]
  • postpones attack upon New York, [265]
  • reorganization of the army imperatively necessary, [269]
  • praises New Jersey promptness, [272]
  • again appeals to Congress, [272]–3
  • watches Clinton closely, [274]
  • visited by Lafayette, just returned from France, [276]
  • gives him a letter to President of Congress, [276]
  • sends Southern troops southward, [277]
  • the mutiny of troops gives him “infinite concern”, [277]
  • outgenerals Knyphausen, [280]
  • describes British movements, [280]
  • new trials at hand, [281]
  • outgenerals Clinton, [282]
  • Battle of Springfield, [286]
  • adroit appeal to governors at the North, [286]
  • again threatens New York, [286]
  • appreciated by Rochambeau, [287]
  • assigns Arnold to West Point, [288]
  • Arnold’s treason and the execution of André, [290]
  • vindicates Mrs. Arnold, [291]
  • takes post at Brakeness, [291]
  • assigns Greene to West Point, [291]
  • his outlook over the field, [294]
  • his sympathy with the rank and file, [295]
  • writes about American speculators in food, [296]
  • appeals to Sullivan, then in Congress, [297]
  • compares rolling small and large snowballs, [297]
  • confers with Rochambeau, [297]
  • writes Franklin of approaching victory, [298]
  • reënforces Southern army, [299]
  • temporary expedients denounced, [299]
  • designates winter quarters, [300]
  • addresses Southern governors, [301]
  • places Greene in Gates’ place, [301]
  • sends his best officers south, [303]
  • his powers again enlarged, [304]
  • as judged abroad, [305]
  • “stay-at-homes” derided, [305]
  • his “superhuman regard for man, as man”, [305]
  • his relations to foreign officers, [305]
  • treatment of Pennsylvania mutiny, [307]
  • is judged by French generals, says Franklin, [308]
  • individuality of the States, noticed, [308]
  • keeps away from scene of mutiny, [309]
  • elements of success in sight, and all plans matured, [313]
  • his specific instructions to Greene, [313]
  • his use of “pick and spade,” [313]
  • writes Greene as to Cowpens, [316]
  • is advised of Greene’s movements, [320]
  • plans for capture of Arnold, [323]
  • the war approaches its crisis, [324]
  • writes Lafayette as to French support, [326]
  • modifies Lafayette’s orders, [326]
  • “never judges the past by after events”, [326]
  • urges Schuyler to be Secretary of War, [328]
  • startling extracts from his diary, [328]
  • “chimney-corner patriots” denounced, [328]
  • “venality, corruption and abuse of trust universal”, [329]
  • indorses Lafayette’s strategy, [330]
  • approves his action respecting Arnold, [332]
  • confers again with Rochambeau at Wethersfield, [333]
  • advances toward New York, [334]
  • joined by French army, [335]
  • sends out decoy letters and plans, [335]
  • builds brick ovens in New Jersey, [336]
  • reconnoitres Clinton’s outposts, [336]–7
  • challenges Clinton to battle, [337]
  • hears good news from Lafayette, [339]
  • second report from Lafayette, [341]
  • Lafayette ready for his arrival, [343]
  • good news from Count de Grasse, [344]
  • urges Northern governors to action, [345]
  • swift messengers sent everywhere, [345]
  • his finesse outwits Clinton, [346]
  • visits West Point with Rochambeau, [347]
  • abandons fixed headquarters, [347]
  • allied armies in motion not missed by Clinton, [347]
  • grand tidings from France, [348]
  • enters Philadelphia, not yet missed by Clinton, [348]
  • despatches from Lafayette received, [349]
  • starts for Chesapeake Bay, [349]
  • meets courier from Lafayette, [350]
  • another courier arrives, [350]
  • welcomed with Rochambeau at Baltimore, [351]
  • visits Mt. Vernon with French officers as guests, [351]
  • arrives at Lafayette’s headquarters, [351]
  • his strategy noticed, [352]–3
  • studies the position with care, [354]
  • visits Count de Grasse, [356]
  • fires the first gun before Yorktown, [357]
  • siege pushed with vigor, [357]
  • terms of surrender settled, [359]
  • surrender consummated, [360]
  • issues proclamation for Public Thanksgiving, [360]
  • a grand parade of the entire army, [360]
  • assigns Lafayette to a Southern expedition, [361]
  • the expedition abandoned, [361]
  • parts with Lafayette who returns to France, [361]
  • retains Rochambeau in America until 1782, [361]
  • his magnanimous treatment of the Queen’s Rangers, [362]
  • still honored in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, [362]–3
  • triumphant entry into New York, [363]
  • formally closes the war, [364]
  • another Thanksgiving proclamation, [364]
  • predicts a grand future for America, [365]
  • his trust in Divine Providence emphasized, [366]
  • tested by military art, [367]
  • grounds of his faith in American destiny, [371]
  • lessons from his career, [373]
  • founds West Point Military Academy, [373]
  • donates sites for National University, [374]
  • his closing appeal to the American conscience, [374]
• Washington, Lawrence—brother of the Soldier; b. 1718, d. 1752.
  • educated in England, [1]
  • in the British army, [1]
  • his example and influence, [1], [4]
• Washington, Martha—wife of the Soldier; b. 1732, d. 1802;
  • her marriage (see also Custis), [8]
• Washington, Mary—mother of the Soldier; b. 1706, d. 1789.
  • her will-power, [4]
  • her moral training, [5]
  • their permanent effect in her son’s character, [5]
• Washington, William—colonel; b. 1752, d. 1810.
  • at Battle of Trenton, [142]
  • captures two guns at Trenton, [145]
  • wounded in the attempt, [145]
  • at Cowpens, [314]
• Washington’s “Invincibles”, [105]
• Wayne, Anthony—maj.-gen.; b. Paoli, Pennsylvania, 1745, d. 1796.
  • attacks Hessian rear-guard in N.J., [169]
  • at Battle of Brandywine, [186], [189]
  • surprised at Paoli, [193]
  • at Battle of Germantown, [195]
  • with Lafayette at Monmouth, [226]
  • powerless at time of mutiny, [307]
  • joins Lafayette in Virginia, [341]
  • makes a brilliant charge at Williamsburg, [341]
• Webster, Daniel—statesman and orator; b. 1782, d. 1852.
  • his opinion of General Schuyler, [37]
  • his sublime ideal, “Union,” in prospect, [266]
• Wellington, Arthur Wellesley—Br. gen., sub. field marshal; b. 1769, d. 1852;
  • cited for comparison (Preface), [viii]
• Wesley, John—eminent divine; b. 1703, d. 1791;
  • had visited America, [21]
• Whipple, Abraham—Am. naval officer; b. 1731, d. 1819;
  • cited as to Charleston, [274]
• Wilkinson, James—maj.-gen.; b. 1757, d. 1825.
  • with Lee at his capture, [138]
  • at Battle of Trenton, [142]
  • his interview with Washington, [142]
• Willett, Marinus—col.; b. 1744, d. 1826;
  • operates against the Onondagas near Syracuse, [252]
• Williams, James—Am. col.;
  • at King’s Mountain, and descendants honored, [293]
• Wilmington, N.C., visited by Sir Peter Parker, Cornwallis and Clinton, May 3, 1776, [97]
• Winthrop, Robert Charles—scholar, historian, statesman; b. 1809, d. 1894;
  • gratefully remembered by the author (Preface), [xiv]
    • Note.—Mr. Winthrop delivered the oration at laying the corner-stone of the national Washington monument, at Washington, D.C., and also at its dedication.
• Woman’s heroism in the Revolution, [285]
• Wooster, Daniel—maj.-gen.; b. 1711, d. 1777.
  • his military antecedents, [23]
  • his subsequent career outlined, [38]
  • in movement against Fort Independence, [157]
  • at home with the Connecticut militia, [165]
  • resigns his commission, [165]
  • is mortally wounded, [166]
• Wright, Sir James—royal governor of Georgia; b. 1714, d. 1785, noticed, [29], [30]
• Wyoming Valley invaded by Indians, [249]
  • summarily avenged, [252], [260]
• Yale College students resist Tryon’s invasion of New Haven, [256]

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