II. To compel whole populations to produce the same commodities, and thus to deprive them of the power to make exchanges among themselves.
III. To compel them, therefore, to export to England all their produce in its rudest forms, at great cost of transportation.
IV. To deprive them of all power of returning to the land the manure yielded by its products, and thus to compel them to exhaust their land.
V. To deprive them of the power of associating together for the building of towns, the establishment of schools, the making of roads, or the defence of their rights.
VI. To compel them, with every step in the process of exhausting the land, to increase their distances from each other and from market.
VII. To compel the waste of all labour that could not be employed in the field.
VIII. To compel the waste of all the vast variety of things almost valueless in themselves, but which acquire value as men are enabled to work in combination with each other.[44]
IX. To prevent increase in the value of land and in the demand for the labour of man; and,
X. To prevent advance toward civilization and freedom.
That such were the tendencies of the system was seen by the people of the colonies. "It is well known and understood," said Franklin, in 1771, "that whenever a manufacture is established which employs a number of hands, it raises the value of lands in the neighbouring country all around it, partly by the greater demand near at hand for the produce of the land, and partly from the plenty of money drawn by the manufactures to that part of the country. It seems, therefore," he continued, "the interest of all our farmers and owners of lands, to encourage our young manufactures in preference to foreign ones imported among us from distant countries." Such was the almost universal feeling of the country, and to the restriction on the power to apply labour was due, in a great degree, the Revolution.