[1849] Frid. Kelleri Paradoxon de Tortura in Christ. Repub. non exercenda. Reimp. Jenæ, 1688.
[1850] Déclaration du 24 Août, 1780 (Isambert, XXVII. 374).
[1851] Nicolas is careful to assert his entire belief in the existence of sorcery and his sincere desire for its punishment, and he is indignant at the popular feeling which stigmatized those who wished for a reform in procedure as “avocats des sorciers.”
[1852] Dict. Histor. s. v. Grevius.
[1853] Bernhardi Diss. Inaug. cap. II. §§ iv. x.—Bernhardi ventured on the use of very decided language in denunciation of the system.—“Injustam, iniquam, fallacem, insignium malorum promotricem, et denique omni divini testimonii specie destitutam esse hanc violentam torturam et proinde ex foris Christianorum rejiciendam intrepide assero” (Ibid. cap. I. § 1).
[1854] Meyer, Institutions Judiciaires, IV. 297. Even, then, however, the inquisitorial process was not abolished, and criminal procedure continued to be secret. For the rack and strappado were substituted prolonged imprisonment and other expedients to extort confession; and in 1803 direct torture was used in the case of Hendrik Janssen, executed in Amsterdam on the strength of a confession extracted from him with the aid of a bull’s pizzle.
[1855] An enumeration of the opponents of torture may be found in Gerstlacher’s Comment. de Quæst. per Tormenta, pp. 24-30, and Werner’s Dissert. de Tortura Testium, pp. 28-31.
[1856] M. A. Engel de Tortura ex Foris Christ. non proscribenda. Lipsiæ, 1733.
[1857] Jo. Frid. Werner Dissert. de Tortura Testium, Erford. 1724. Reimpr. Lipsiæ, 1742.
[1858] Carlyle, Hist. Friedrich II. Book XI. ch. i.