It is scarce necessary for me to make special acknowledgement to Señor Medina in all that relates to the American tribunals, for this is sufficiently attested by the constant reference to his works. With regard to Mexico I am under particular obligation to David Fergusson Esq. for the use of collections made by him during long residence in that Republic and also to the late General Don Vicente Riva Palacio for the communication of a number of interesting documents. To the late Doctor Paz Soldan of Lima my thanks are also due for copies made in the archives of Peru prior to their dispersion in 1881.

Philadelphia, October, 1907.

CONTENTS.

———
[Chapter I—Sicily].
PAGE
The Old Inquisition in Sicily[1]
The Spanish Inquisition introduced in 1487[2]
Expulsion of Jews in 1492[3]
Tardy Organization of the Tribunal[5]
It gradually becomes efficient[7]
Financial Mismanagement[9]
Popular Disaffection[10]
Increasing Activity[12]
Complaints of Sicilian Parliament[13]
Death of King Ferdinand—Tumult of 1516[14]
Re-establishment in 1519[17]
Efforts to reform Abuses[18]
Renewed Complaints of the Parliament[21]
Charles V suspends the Temporal Jurisdiction in 1535[22]
Dread of Protestantism—Jurisdiction restored in 1546[24]
Official-Immunity—Case of the Duke of Terranova[25]
Renewed Activity—Popular Hostility[26]
Enormous Increase in Number of Familiars[27]
Abuse of official Immunity[28]
Attempt at Reform in the Concordia of 1595[31]
Increased Aggressiveness of the Tribunal[33]
Collisions with the Secular Authority[34]
Quarrels with the Bishops[35]
Continued Strife—Concordia of 1635[37]
Activity during the Seventeenth Century[38]
The Inquisition under Austrian Rule—Auto de Fe of 1724—Pragmatic Sanction of 1732[40]
Reconquest of Sicily by Spain in 1734—The Inquisition placed under the Holy See—Its Exuberance repressed by Carlos III[42]
Suppressed by Ferdinando III in 1782[43]
Malta.
A Dependency of the Sicilian Tribunal[44]
Charles V in 1530 grants the Island to the Knights of St. John[45]
Episcopal Inquisition under Bishop Cubelles[45]
The Tribunal passes under Papal Control[46]
———
[Chapter] II—Naples.
The Old Inquisition in Naples—The Jews[49]
Refugees from Spain[50]
Spanish Conquest in 1503—Capitulation excludes the Spanish Inquisition[52]
Julius II revives the Papal Inquisition[53]
Ferdinand proposes to introduce the Spanish Inquisition in 1504[53]
Neapolitan Organization—the Piazze or Seggi[54]
Activity of the Papal Inquisition—Its Subordination to the Royal Power[55]
Ferdinand, in 1509, arranges to introduce the Spanish Inquisition[56]
Popular Opposition becomes uncontrollable[58]
Ferdinand abandons the Attempt[62]
His fruitless efforts to stimulate Persecution[63]
Inertness of the Papal Inquisition[65]
Banishment of Jews in 1540[66]
Protestantism in Naples—Juan de Valdés—Bernardino Ochino[67]
Organization of Roman Inquisition in 1542—Charles V orders its Introduction in Naples[70]
Tentative Efforts create popular Excitement[71]
The Tumult of 1547—its Suppression[73]
Punishment of the Leaders[76]
Recrudescence of Persecution—The Roman Inquisition tacitly introduced[78]
The Calabrian Waldenses—Their Extermination[79]
The Apulian Waldenses[85]
Intermingling of Jurisdictions[86]
Philip II promises the Via Ordinaria[87]
The Roman Inquisition under Cover of the Episcopal[87]
The Accused sent to Rome for Trial and Punishment[88]
The Exequatur of the Viceroy is a Condition precedent[89]
Gradual Encroachment—A Commissioner of the Roman Inquisition established in Naples[92]
He assumes to be an Inquisitor—Rome in 1628 denies the Necessity of the Viceregal Exequatur—Quarrels over it[94]
The Roman Inquisition virtually established in Naples[96]
Popular dissatisfaction—Demand for the Via Ordinaria[96]
Commissioner Piazza banished in 1671[99]
Outbreak in 1691—Commissioner Giberti ejected[99]
Carlos II prohibits the residence of Commissioners—Permanent Deputation to oppose the Inquisition[100]
The Roman Inquisition in 1695 publishes an Edict of Denunciation[101]
The Episcopal Inquisition disregards the Via Ordinaria—Struggles under the Austrian Domination[102]
Accession of Charles of Spain—Atto di fede of 1746[104]
Episcopal Inquisition suppressed—Archbishop Spinelli forced to resign[105]
Continued Vigilance of the Deputati until 1764[107]
———
[Chapter III—Sardinia.]
The Spanish Inquisition introduced in 1492[109]
Conflicts with the Authorities[110]
Productive Confiscations[112]
Decadent condition of the tribunal[114]
Charles V endeavors to reanimate it—Its chronic Poverty[115]
Interference of the Bishops[117]
Multiplication of Officials[117]
Quarrels with the Secular Authorities[118]
The Inquisition disappears under the House of Savoy[119]
[Chapter IV—Milan.]
The Old and the reorganized Roman Inquisition[121]
Energy of Fra Michele Ghislieri (Pius V)[122]
Inefficiency of the Inquisition[123]
Cardinal Borromeo’s persecuting Zeal[124]
Philip II proposes to introduce the Spanish Inquisition[125]
Popular Resistance—General Opposition of Italian Bishops[126]
Philip II abandons the Project[128]
Political and Commercial Questions affecting Lombardy—Intercourse with Heretics[129]
Cardinal Borromeo stimulates Persecution[131]
His Mission to Mantua[133]
The Roman Inquisition perfected—Its Struggle to exclude Swiss Heresy[135]
It is suppressed by Maria Theresa in 1775[137]
———
[Chapter V—The Canaries.]
Importance of the Islands as a Commercial Centre[139]
Episcopal Inquisition by Bishop Muros, in 1499[140]
Tribunal established in 1505—It is dependent on Seville[140]
Its Activity until 1534[141]
It becomes dormant and is suspended[144]
It is reorganized in 1567 and rendered independent of Seville[145]
Activity of Inquisitor Diego Ortiz de Fúnez[147]
Visitation of Doctor Bravo de Zayas in 1570[148]
Visitation of Claudio de la Cueva in 1590—Abuses[150]
Prosecution of escaped Negro and Moorish Slaves[152]
Prosecution of English and Dutch Sailors[153]
Number of Relaxations[155]
Finances—Early Poverty—Wealth from Confiscations[156]
Prosecution of Judaizers[158]
Moorish and Negro Slaves—Renegades[159]
Trivial Cases[161]
Mysticism—Beatas revelanderas[162]
Solicitation in the Confessional[163]
Sorcery and Superstitions[165]
Foreign Heretics—Sailors and Merchants[167]
Treaties with England in 1604 and with Holland in 1609[171]
Precarious Position of Foreign Merchants[173]
Censorship[176]
Examination of Houses of Foreign Residents[177]
Irreverent religious Objects[178]
Visitas de Navíos[179]
Quarrels with the Authorities, secular and ecclesiastical[180]
Popular hostility—Opposition to Sanbenitos in Churches[188]
Suppression in 1813[189]
Final Extinction in 1820[190]
———
[Chapter VI—Mexico.]
Propagation of the Faith the Object of the Conquest[191]
Organization of the Colonial Church[192]
Attempts to exclude New Christians[193]
Episcopal Inquisition[195]
Establishment of a Tribunal proposed—Dread of Protestantism[199]
Inquisitors sent out in 1570[200]
Tribunal installed, November 4, 1571[202]
Distance renders it partially Independent[203]
Commencement of Activity—The first auto de fe, February 28, 1574[204]
Autos of 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1590, 1596, and 1601[207]
Persecution of Judaizers[208]
Indians not subject to Inquisition[209]
Finances—Temporary royal Subvention—The Tribunal expected to be self-supporting[212]
Its early Poverty[213]
It claims Indian Repartimientos[215]
It refuses to render Account of its Receipts[216]
It obtains a Grant of Canonries in 1627[216]
Fruitless Efforts to make it account for the Confiscations[217]
Large Remittances made to the Suprema from the Autos of 1646, 1648 and 1649[219]
Efforts to make it forego and refund the royal Subvention[219]
Misrepresentations of the Confiscations and Remittances[223]
Comparative Inaction in the first Half of the Seventeenth Century[226]
Efficacy of the Edict of Faith[227]
Growth of Judaism—Active Persecution commences in 1642[229]
Autos de Fe of 1646, 1648 and 1649[230]
Auto de Fe of 1659[234]
Cases of William Lampor and Joseph Bruñon de Vertiz[236]
Inertia during the Rest of the Century[240]
Solicitation in the Confessional[241]
Temporal Jurisdiction—Immunity of Officials entitled to the Fuero[245]
Familiars—Commissioners—Abuse of their Privileges[247]
Concordia of 1610[251]
Competencias[252]
Concordia of 1633[254]
Abusive Use of Power by Commissioners[256]
Quarrels with Bishops—Case of Bishop Palafox[257]
Case of Doctor Juan de la Camara[259]
Exemption from Military Service[263]
Censorship—Irreverent Use of Sacred Symbols—Visitas de Navíos[264]
Repression under the Bourbon Dynasty[267]
Decadence of the Tribunal[269]
Political Activity caused by the Revolution—Censorship[272]
Prosecution of Miguel Hidalgo[276]
Suppression in 1813[288]
Re-establishment in 1815[290]
Prosecution of José María Morelos[292]
Extinction in 1820[297]
Persistent Intolerance[298]
The Philippines.
Included in the District of the Mexican Tribunal[299]
A Commissioner established there—His Powers[300]
Solicitation—Military Deserters[302]
Trivial Results[304]
Censorship[306]
Conflicts with the Authorities[308]
Audacity of the Commissioners[310]
Commissioner Paternina imprisons Governor Salcedo and rules the Colony[311]
Records burnt in 1763[317]
Episcopal Inquisition in China[317]
———
[Chapter VII—Peru.]
Deplorable Condition of the Colony[319]
Episcopal Inquisition—Its Activity[321]
Case of Francisco de Aguirre[322]
The Bishops seek to maintain their Jurisdiction[325]
The Tribunal established January 29, 1570[326]
The first Auto de Fe, November 15, 1573[328]
Organization and Powers—Exemption of Indians[329]
Supervision over Foreigners[332]
Extent of Territory—Commissioners and their Abuses[333]
New Granada detached in 1611—Other Divisions proposed[337]
Finances—Initial Poverty—Speedy Growth of Confiscations[342]
Fruitless Efforts to withdraw the Royal Subvention[344]
Suppression of Prebends for the Benefit of the Tribunal[346]
Enormous Confiscations in the Auto de Fe of 1639[347]
Other Sources of Income[349]
Increased Expenses exceed the Revenues[350]
Malversations and Embezzlements in the Eighteenth Century[351]
Financial Condition at Suppression in 1813[354]
Abusive use of arbitrary Power[355]
Scandalous conduct of Inquisitor Ulloa[355]
Visitation of Juan Ruiz de Prado[357]
His charges against Cerezuela and Ulloa[358]
Ulloa’s Visitation of the District[360]
Abusive use of arbitrary Power:
Inquisitor Ordoñez y Flores[362]
Inquisitors Gaitan and Mañozca[363]
Inquisitors Calderon and Unda[366]
Visitation of Antonio de Arenaza[367]
Paralysis of the Tribunal—Purchase of Offices[372]
Quarrels with the Viceroys[373]
Humiliation of Viceroy del Villar[374]
Complaints of succeeding Viceroys[380]
Conflicts of Jurisdictions[382]
Limitation of the Temporal Jurisdiction by Fernando VI[386]
Quarrels of Inquisitor Amusquíbar with Archbishop Barroeta[389]
Activity of the Tribunal—Bigamy, Blasphemy, Sorcery[390]
Propositions[392]
Solicitation in the Confessional[393]
Mystic Impostors—Maria Pizarro[396]
Angela Carranza[400]
Quietism—The Jesuit Ulloa and his Disciples[406]
Protestantism—English Prisoners of War[412]
Judaism[419]
Portuguese Immigration through Brazil and Buenos Ayres[421]
Case of Francisco Maldonado de Silva[423]
The Complicidad Grande—Auto de Fe of 1639[425]
Decline of Judaism—Case of Doña Ana de Castro[433]
Punishments[437]
Arbitrary Inconsistency—Case of François Moyen[439]
Censorship[444]
Morals and Politics[446]
Decadence and Suppression[447]
Re-establishment and Extinction[449]
Work accomplished[451]
———
[Chapter VIII—New Granada.]
Settlement of New Granada[453]
Commissioners appointed by Tribunal of Lima[454]
Demand for an Independent Tribunal[455]
Extent of District—Attempt to include Florida[457]
Tribunal established in 1610 at Cartagena[460]
Early Operations[461]
Sorcery and Witchcraft—Blasphemy[462]
Judaism[466]
Inertia—Sack of Cartagena in 1697[467]
Decadence[468]
Censorship—The Copernican System[470]
Quarrels with the Authorities[473]
Arbitrary Control exercised by Inquisitor Mañozca[473]
Incessant Broils—Inquisitor Vélez de Asas y Argos—Fiscal Juan Ortiz[476]
Visitation of Dr. Martin Real in 1643—Its Failure[480]
Internal Dissensions and external Quarrels[483]
Visitation of Pedro Medina Rico in 1648—Death of Inquisitor Pereira and Secretary Uriarte[485]
Internal and external Quarrels continue[488]
Degradation of the Tribunal[489]
Quarrel with Bishop Benavides y Piedrola—Inquisitor Valera[491]
Humiliation of Governor Ceballos[498]
Decadence after the Sack of 1697[499]
Finances—The Royal Subvention[500]
Wealth accruing from Confiscations[501]
Quarrels over the Subvention[502]
Asserted Distress of the Tribunal[505]
The Revolutionary Junta banishes the Tribunal in 1810[506]
It takes Refuge in Santa Marta and Puertobelo[508]
It returns to Cartagena in 1815[508]
It is extinguished by the United States of Colombia in 1821[510]
Influence of the Inquisition on the Spanish Colonies[511]
———
[Appendix of Documents][517]
[Index]

THE INQUISITION
IN THE SPANISH DEPENDENCIES.

CHAPTER I.
SICILY.

The island of Sicily, in the fifteenth century, was a portion of the dominions of Aragon. Like the rest of the possessions of that crown, it had enjoyed the benefits of the old papal Inquisition under the conduct of the Dominicans, but, as elsewhere, towards the close of the Middle Ages, the institution had become nearly dormant, and at most was employed occasionally to wring money from the Jews. An effort to galvanize it, however, was made, in 1451, by the Inquisitor Fra Enrico Lugardi, who produced a fictitious decree, purporting to have been issued in 1224, by the Emperor Frederic II, granting to the inquisitors a third of the confiscations, together with yearly contributions from Jews and infidels; this was confirmed by King Alfonso of Naples, and again, in 1477, by Ferdinand and Isabella.[1] When, in 1484, the Spanish Inquisition was extended to Aragon, Ferdinand did not at first seek to carry its blessings to his insular possessions. February 12, 1481, he had appointed Filippo de’Barbari, one of his confessors, as inquisitor of Sicily, Malta, Gozo and Pantelaria, who apparently did nothing to further the cause of the faith, for Sixtus IV, in letters of February 23, 1483, to Isabella, complained of the prevalence in the island of the same heresies that pervaded Spain; to repress these he had issued sundry bulls, which had proved inoperative in consequence of the opposition of the royal officials, to his no little grief. Seeing the zeal displayed in Spain, he prayed and exhorted that it should be extended to Sicily and that the necessary royal favor be exhibited to the measures which he had taken and might take in the future.[2] There is no evidence that this produced any effect, and the institution seems to have remained inert until, about 1487, Torquemada, as Inquisitor-general of Aragon, appointed Fray Antonio de la Peña as inquisitor who, on August 18th of that year, celebrated the first auto de fe, in which Eulalia Tamarit, apparently a refugee from Saragossa, was burnt. It seems that a Dominican, named Giacomo Roda, had been exercising the functions under a commission from the General of his Order, who subsequently instructed the provincial, Giacomo Manso, to dismiss him. In 1488 la Peña left Sicily, appointing Manso to act during his absence, when Roda reasserted himself and it required a brief from Innocent VIII, February 7, 1489, to make him desist. In fact, at this time there seems to have been some confusion between the claims of the papal and Spanish Inquisitions, for we hear of another Dominican inquisitor, Pietro Ranzano, Bishop of Lucera, to whom the senate of Palermo, on January 19, 1488, took the customary oath of obedience.[3]