The power to chalk down daily on the black-board of the New York Produce Exchange the price at which people in two hemispheres shall buy their light has followed these strokes of "cheapness":
1. Freight rates to the general public have been increased, often to double and more what is paid by a favored few.[680]
2. The construction has been resisted of new lines of transportation by rail,[681]
3. And pipe.[682] This has been done by litigation,[683] by influence, by violence,[684] even to the threatened use of cannon,[685] and by legislation, as in Ohio and Pennsylvania, to prevent the right of eminent domain from being given by "free pipe-line bills" to the people generally.
4. The cost of pipeage has been raised.[686]
5. Rivers and canals have been closed.[687]
6. Oil has been made to run to waste on the ground.[688]
7. The outflow of oil from the earth has been shut down.[689]
8. The outflow of human energy that sought to turn it to human use has been shut down by restricting the manufacture by the combination and by others, by contract,[690] dismantling,[691] and explosion.[692]