We have now reached our goal, the end of the nineteenth century, and if we look back and contemplate the vicissitudes of Italy, such as no other nation ever experienced, twice on the throne of Europe, three times crowned with its crown,—Imperial, Ecclesiastical, Intellectual,—and resurvey the three centuries during which foreign tyrant and native priest joined hands to smother and quench the Italian fire, and then read in detail the heroic acts of the men who sacrificed themselves for Italian freedom, we shall feel sure that the dull colours of the present generation are but signs of a time of rest, and that the genius of Italy lives within and will again enrich the world with deeds of men sprung from the "gentle Latin blood."

FOOTNOTE:

[25] Fulfil, O gracious God, my anxious prayer,
That, at the last, one among the citizens of Heaven
I may enjoy Thy Light, Thy Face, forever.

APPENDIX

I

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF POPES AND EMPERORS

Year of Accession.Popes.Emperors.Year of Accession.
A.D A.D.
468SimpliciusRomulus Augustulus 475
483Felix IIIAnastasius I[1] 491
492Gelasius I
496Anastasius II
498Symmachus
498Laurentius (Anti-pope)
514Hormisdas
Justin I 518
523John I
526Felix IV
JUSTINIAN[2] 527
530Boniface II
530Dioscorus (Anti-pope)
532John II
535Agapetus I
536Silverius
537Vigilius
555Pelagius I
560John III
Justin II 565
574Benedict I
578Pelagius IITiberius II 578
Maurice 582
590GREGORY I (THE GREAT)[2]
Phocas 602
604Sabinianus
607Boniface III
607Boniface IV
HERACLIUS 610
615Deusdedit
618Boniface V
625Honorius I
638Severinus
640John IV
Constantine III }
Heracleonas, } 641
Constans II }
640Theodorus I
649Martin I
654Eugenius I
657Vitalianus
Constantine IV (Pogonatus) 668
672Adeodatus
676Domnus I
678Agatho
682Leo II
683?Benedict II
685John VJustinian II 685
685?Conon
687Sergius I
687Paschal (Anti-pope)
687Theodorus (Anti-pope)
Leontius 694
Tiberius Apsimar 697
701John VI
705John VIIJustinian II restored 705
708Sisinnius
708Constantine
Philippicus Bardanes 711
Anastasius II 713
715Gregory II
Theodosius III 716
LEO III (THE ISAURIAN) 718
731Gregory III
741ZachariasConstantine V (Copronymus) 741
752Stephen II
752Stephen III
757Paul I
768Stephen IV
772Hadrian I
Leo IV 775
Constantine VI 780
795LEO IIIDeposition of Constantine VI by Irene 797
CHARLEMAGNE }Carlovingian 800
Lewis I (the Pious) }Line. 814
816Stephen IV }
817Paschal I }
824Eugenius }
827Valentinus }
827Gregory IV }
Lothair I } 840
844Sergius II }
847Leo IV }
855Benedict IIILewis II } 855
855Anastasius (Anti-pope) }
858NICHOLAS I }
867Hadrian II }
872John VIII }
Charles II (the Bald)} 875
Charles III (the Fat)} 881
882Martin II
884Hadrian III
885Stephen V
891FormosusGuido }[3] Italians 891
Lambert } 894
896Boniface VIArnulf, German 896
896Steven VI
897Romanus
897Theodore II
898John IX
900Benedict IV
Lewis III (of Provence) 901
903Leo V
903Christopher
904Sergius III
911Anastasius III
913Lando
914John X
Berengar, Italian 915
928Leo VI
929Stephen VII
931John XI
936Leo VII
939Stephen VIII
941Martin III
946Agapetus II
955John XII
OTTO THE GREAT }Saxon 962
963Leo VIII }Line.
964Benedict V (Anti-pope) }
965John XIII }
972Benedict VI }
Otto II } 973
974Boniface VII (Anti-pope) }
974Domnus II }
974Benedict VII }
983John XIVOtto III } 983
985John XV
996Gregory V
996John XVI (Anti-pope)
999SILVESTER II
Henry II (of Bavaria)1002
1003John XVII
1003John XVIII
1009Sergius IV
1012Benedict VIII
1024John XIXConrad II }Franconian1024
1033Benedict IX }Line.
HENRY III }1039
1044Silvester (Anti-pope) }
1045?Gregory VI }
1046Clement II }
1048Damasus II }
1048Leo IX }
1054Victor II }
HENRY IV }1056
1057Stephen IX }
1058Benedict X }
1059Nicholas II }
1061Alexander II }
1073GREGORY VII (Hildebrand) }
1080Clement (Anti-pope) }
1086Victor III }
1087Urban II }
1099Paschal II }
Henry V }1106
1118Gelasius II
1118Gregory (Anti-pope)
1119Calixtus II
1121Celestine (Anti-pope)
1124Honorius II
Lothair II (the Saxon)1125
1130Innocent II
(Anacletus, Anti-pope)
1138Victor (Anti-pope)[Conrad III][4] }Hohenstaufen1138
1143Celestine II }Line.
1144Lucius II }
1145Eugenius III }
FREDERICK I }1152
(BARBAROSSA)}
1153Anastasius IV }
1154Hadrian IV }
1159ALEXANDER III }
1159Victor (Anti-pope) }
1164Paschal (Anti-pope) }
1168Calixtus (Anti-pope) }
1181Lucius III }
1185Urban III }
1187Gregory VIII }
1187Clement III }
HENRY VI }1190
1191Celestine III{ [Philip] }1198
1198INNOCENT III{ Otto IV of Brunswick
Otto IV1208
FREDERICK II }Hohenstaufen1212
1216Honorius III }Line.
1227GREGORY IX }
1241Celestine IV }
1241Vacancy }
1243Innocent IV }
[Conrad IV] } }1250
[William] }
1254Alexander IVInterregnum1254
[Richard, Earl of Cornwall] }1257
[Alfonso, King of Castile] }1257
1261Urban IV
1265Clement IV
1269Vacancy
1271Gregory X
[Rudolf I (of Hapsburg)]1272
1276Innocent V
1276Hadrian V
1276John XXI[5]
1277Nicholas III
1281Martin IV
1285Honorius IV
1289Nicholas IV
1292Vacancy[Adolf (of Nassau)]1292
1294Celestine V
1294BONIFACE VIII
[Albert I (of Hapsburg)]1298
1303Benedict XI
1305Clement V }Avignon,
}seat ofHENRY VII (of Luxemburg)1308
1314Vacancy }Papacy.Lewis IV (of Bavaria)1314
1316John XXII }
1334Benedict XII }
1342Clement VI }
}Charles IV (House of Luxemburg)1347
1352Innocent VI }
1362Urban V }
1370Gregory XI }
1378Urban VI, Clement VII }Great[Wenzel (House of Luxemburg)]1378
(Anti-pope) }Schism
1389Boniface IX }
1394Benedict (Anti-pope) }
}[Rupert (Count Palatine)]1400
1404Innocent VII }
1406Gregory XII } }
1409Alexander V } }
1410John XXIII } }Sigismund (House of Luxemburg)1410
1417Martin V
1431Eugene IV
[Albert II (of Hapsburg)][6]1438
1439Felix V (Anti-pope)
Frederick III1440
1447NICHOLAS V }Popes
1455Calixtus III }of the
1458Pius II }Renaissance.
1464Paul II }
1471SIXTUS IV }
1484Innocent VIII }
1493Alexander VI }[Maximilian I]1493
1503Pius III }
1503JULIUS II }
1513LEO X }
CHARLES V1519
1522Hadrian VI
1523Clement VII
1534Paul III }Council
1550Julius III }of Trent.
1555Marcellus II }
1555Paul IV }
}[Ferdinand I][7]1558
1559PIUS IV }
[Maximilian II]1564
1566Pius V
1572Gregory XIII
[Rudolph II]1576
1585SIXTUS V
1590Urban VII
1590Gregory XIV
1591Innocent IX
1592Clement VIII
1605Leo XI
1605Paul V
[Matthias]1612
[Ferdinand II]1619
1621Gregory XV
1623Urban VIII
[Ferdinand III]1637
1644Innocent X
1655Alexander VII
[Leopold I]1658
1667Clement IX
1670Clement X
1676Innocent XI
1689Alexander VIII
1691Innocent XII
1700Clement XI
[Joseph I]1705
[Charles VI]1711
1720Innocent XIII
1724Benedict XIII
1740Benedict XIV
[Charles VII]1742
[Francis I, husband of Maria Theresa]1745
1758Clement XII
[Joseph II] }House of1765
1769Clement XIII }Hapsburg
1775Pius VI }through
[Leopold II] }Maria Theresa.1790
[Francis II] }1792
1800Pius VII
Abdication of Francis II1806
1823Leo XII
1829Pius VIII
1831Gregory XVI
1846PIUS IX
1878LEO XIII
1903Pius X