A Short History of Italy (476-1900)

by Henry Dwight Sedgwick

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IV

LIST OF BOOKS FOR GENERAL READING

For the Middle Ages

Italy and her Invaders	Thomas Hodgkin.
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire	Edward Gibbon.
History of Latin Christianity	Dean Milman.
Rome in the Middle Ages (translated from the German by Mrs. G. W. Hamilton	F. Gregorovius.
Mediæval Europe	Ephraim Emerton.
Italian Chronicles of the Middle Ages	Ugo Balzani.
Story of the Byzantine Empire	C. W. C. Oman.
History of the Later Roman Empire	J. Bury.
The Holy Roman Empire	James Bryce.
Historical Documents of the Middle Ages	Ernest F. Henderson.
The Papal Monarchy	William Barry.
A History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages	H. C. Lea.
An Historical Sketch of Sacerdotal Celibacy in the Christian Church	H. D. Lea.
History of Auricular Confession and Indulgences in the Latin Church	H. C. Lea.
History of Western Europe	J. H. Robinson.
First Two Centuries of Florence (translated from the Italian by Linda Villari)	Pasquale Villari.
Florence, Mediæval Towns Series	E. C. Gardner.
The History of Venice	W. Carew Hazlitt.
A Short History of Venice	W. R. Thayer.
Church Building in the Middle Ages	Charles Eliot Norton.
The Monks of the West from St. Benedict to St. Bernard (translated from the French)	Montalembert.
The Classical Heritage of the Middle Ages	H. O. Taylor.
Life of St. Francis of Assisi (translated from the French by L. S. Houghton)	Paul Sabatier.
For the Renaissance
The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (translated from the German by S. G. C. Middlemore)	Jakob Burckhardt.
The Cicerone	Jakob Burckhardt.
Renaissance in Italy (The Age of the Despots, Revival of Learning, Fine Arts, Literature, Catholic Reaction)	John Addington Symonds.
History of the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages (translated from the French)	S. de Sismondi.
History of the Popes of Rome (translated from the German by Sarah Austin)	Leopold Ranke.
The Papacy during the Reformation	M. Creighton.
The Renaissance	Cambridge Mod. History.
History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages (translated from the German)	L. Pastor.
The Council of Trent	J. A. Froude.
Petrarch, the First Modern Scholar and Man of Letters	Robinson & Rolfe.
Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (translated from the Italian by Mrs. Foster)	Giorgio Vasari.
Journal of Montaigne's Travels in Italy.
For the Eighteenth Century
Studies of the Eighteenth Century in Italy	Vernon Lee.
Goldoni's Memoirs, translated by	W. D. Howells.
Memoirs of Carlo Gozzi	J. A. Symonds.
For the Risorgimento
The Liberation of Italy	Evelyn M. Cesaresco.
Italian Characters of the Epoch of Unification	Evelyn M. Cesaresco.
The Union of Italy (1815-1895)	W. J. Stillman.
Life of Victor Emmanuel II	G. S. Godkin.
The Dawn of Italian Independence	W. R. Thayer.
Modern Italy, 1748-1898 (translated from the Italian by Alice Vialls)	Pietro Orsi.

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INDEX

• Aachen, [59].
• Abyssinians defeat Italians, [415].
• Agnello, Father, [71], [72].
• Aistulf, [49].
• Alaric, [5].
• Alberic, [76], [78].
• Alberti, Leon Battista, [241].
• Albinola, [370].
• Albizzi, Maso degli, [230].
• Alboin, [27], [29].
• Albornoz, Cardinal, [218].
• Alessi, Galeazzo, [306].
• Alexander VI, Pope (Rodrigo Borgia), and Savonarola, [261];
  • political course, [272], [273];
  • private life, [275];
  • death, [275];
  • his apartments in Vatican, [288].
• Alexander VII, Pope, [346].
• Alfieri, Vittorio, [364].
• Alfonso, of Aragon, King of Two Sicilies, [223];
  • interest in humanism, [249];
  • his death, [262].
• Amalfi, [70], [73], [103].
• Amati, [359].
• Ammanati, [306].
• Angelico, Fra, [233].
• Antignati, [359].
• Apollo Belvedere, [289].
• Aragon, King of, swears allegiance to Innocent III, [122].
• Arcadia, the, [353], [354].
• Arians, [3];
  • persecuted by Justinian, [18].
• Ariosto, [283-285], [354].
• Aristotle, [19], [178], [235], [242].
• Arnold of Brescia, [109].
• Arnolfo di Cambio, [188].
• Arnulf, Emperor, [74];
  • enters Rome, [75].
• Arsenal, at Venice, [225].
• Aspromonte, [406].
• Assisi, heretics in, [125];
  • description of, [127], [128];
  • basilica of St. Francis, [132];
  • taken by Milan temporarily, [227].
• Athens, made a Latin fief, [119];
  • captured by Venice, [338].
• Athens, Duke of, see Walter of Brienne.
• Attendolo, Muzio, see Sforza Attendolo.
• Augustine, in England, [36].
• Augustulus, see Romulus Augustulus.
• Austria, supreme in Italy, [368];
  • in Holy Alliance, [370];
  • triumphant in 1848-49, [389], [390];
  • war with France and Piedmont, [400], [401];
  • war with Prussia and Italy, [407].
• Avignon, [151];
  • Petrarch at, [204];
  • return of Popes to Rome from, [217];
  • anti-popes of Great Schism at, [219].
• 
  
  • end of, [217], [218].
• Babylonish Captivity, [151];
• Baglioni, in Perugia, [198].
• Bandinelli, [308].
• Banditti, [325].
• Bank scandals, [415].
  • their society, [3];
  • habits, [4];
  • intercourse with Rome, [5], [6];
  • dismember Empire, [6];
  • their problems in Italy, [10];
  • described by Boethius, [19];
  • so-called (foreigners), [253], [257].
• Barbarians, their character, [1];
• Barbarossa, see Frederick I, Emperor.
• Barberini, see Urban VIII, Pope.
• Baroque, the, [307], [308], [350], [351].
• Barozzi, Giacomo, see Vignola.
• Basel, Council of, [268], [269].
• Beccaria, [362].
• Belisarius, [21].
• Bellini, composer, [358], [378].
• Bellini, Gentile, [312].
• Bellini, Giovanni, [312].
• Bellini, Jacopo, [312].
• Bellotto, [352].
• Bembo, [282], [283].
• Benedetto da Maiano, [244].
• Benedict, see St. Benedict.
• Benevento, [28].
• Bentivoglio, in Bologna, [198].
• Berchet, [377].
• Bergamo, annexed to Venice, [224].
• Bernini, [351].
• Bisticci, Vespasiano da, [234].
• Black Death, see Plague of 1348.
• Boboli garden, [306].
  • his account of Black Death, [209], [210].
• Boccaccio, [185];
• Boethius, [19].
• Boiardo, Matteo, [283].
  • university of, [177], [178];
  • poetry in, [184];
  • Bentivogli in, [198];
  • subject to Papacy, [218];
  • seized by Visconti, [227];
  • recovered by Papacy, [228];
  • visited by Montaigne, [324];
  • school of (painting), [351], [352].
• Bologna, jurists of, [110];
  • his character, [146];
  • quarrel with the Colonna, [147];
  • with Philip the Fair, [148];
  • his papal theories, [148], [149];
  • outraged, [150];
  • death, [151].
• Boniface VIII, Pope, [146];
• Bonifazio, [312].
• Bordone, Paris, [312].
• Borghese, Camillo, see Paul V, Pope.
  • employs Leonardo, [286];
  • believed to have murdered his brother, [314];
  • admired by Machiavelli, [314].
• Borgia, Cæsar, [272-275];
• Borgia, Lucrezia, [275].
• Borgia, Rodrigo, see Alexander VI, Pope.
• Borgia, son to Rodrigo, see Duke of Gandia.
• Botticelli, [245-247], [288].
• Bourbon, High Constable, [279].
• Bourbon, House of, [335], [339].
  • in Rome, [287];
  • designs St. Peter's, [289], [290].
• Bramante, [256], [283], [285];
  • annexed by Venice, [224];
  • gallant defence of, [391].
• Brescia, captured by Henry VII, [157];
• Brienne, Walter of, Duke of Athens, [229].
• Bronzino, [308], [309].
  • and Donatello, anecdote of, [238], [239].
• Brunelleschi, [233], [235-237];
• Bruno, Giordano, [349].
  • on Bandinelli, [308].
• Burckhardt, [304];
• Burgundy, [78].
• Byron, Lord, [372-375].
• Byzantine art, [188], [189].
  
• Cacciaguida, [180].
• Cambrai, League of, [224], [265], [266].
• Cambrai, treaty of, [293].
• Camorra, [294], [412].
• Campanella, [349].
• Canaletto, [352].
• Can Grande, see under Scala della.
• Canon law, see Church law.
• Canossa, [99].
• Cappello, Bianca, [327].
• Caracci, the, [309], [352].
• Caraffa, Cardinal, see Paul IV, Pope.
• Caravaggio, [309], [352].
• Carbonari, [369], [382].
• Cardinals, made papal electors, [91].
• Carducci, on Tasso, [310].
• Carissimi, [358].
  • war with Austria, [388];
  • resigns his crown, [390].
• Carlo Alberto, [375], [376], [379], [380], [384], [385];
• Carlo Dolci, [352].
• Carlo Felice, [375].
• Carlovingians, the, [44], [57], [58].
• Carlyle, on Mazzini, [382].
• Carmagnola, [228].
• Carnival, Roman, [330].
• Carpaccio, [312].
• Cassiodorus, [14].
• Castiglione, [281-283].
• Castillia, [370].
• Castracane, Castruccio, [200].
• Cateau-Cambrésis, treaty of, [293], [296], [327].
• Catholic Reaction, see Catholic Revival.
• Catholic Revival, [297-302].
• Cavalcanti, [184].
• Cavaliere servente, [356].
  • policy of Church and State, [398];
  • policy in Piedmont, [398];
  • as to Crimean War, [398], [399];
  • and Napoleon III, [399], [400];
  • resigns, [401];
  • recalled, [402];
  • interference in Naples, [404];
  • death, [406].
• Cavour, [386], [387];
• Celibacy of clergy, [86].
• Cellini, [308], [316], [317].
• Certosa, at Pavia, [226], [227], [250].
• Cervantes, [297].
  • marriage, [50];
  • Donation of, [50];
  • European conquests, [51];
  • titles, [53];
  • person and character, [53];
  • judges Pope, [55];
  • receives gifts from Caliph, [55];
  • coronation, [56];
  • his Empire, [57];
  • crowns his son, [59].
• Charlemagne, blessed by Pope, [45];
  • visits Cimabue's studio, [189].
• Charles of Anjou, [144], [161], [162];
• Charles of Durazzo, [222].
  • policy in Florence, [262], [263];
  • marries daughter to Alessandro dei Medici, [263];
  • inherits Two Sicilies, [264];
  • crowned Emperor, [299];
  • and Council of Trent, [300].
• Charles V, Emperor, struggle with Francis I, [257];
• Charles VIII, King of France, [256], [257], [259].
• Charles Martel, [44], [53].
• Chigi, see Alexander VII, Pope.
  • orthodoxy, [10];
  • relations with Empire, [16];
  • during Lombard dominion, [31];
  • imperial character, [32];
  • sources of power, [32], [33].
• Church, the (see also Papacy), causes of its rise, [8];
• Church law, [65].
• Cicisbeismo, [356].
• Cimabue, [189].
• Cimarosa, [358].
• Cinquecento, the, [304-318].
• Ciompi, [229].
• Clare, St., see St. Clare.
• Classical revival, [201-208].
  • dealings with Henry VII, [156].
• Clement V, Pope, [151];
  • crowns Charles V, [299].
• Clement VII, Pope, [262], [277], [278-280];
• Clement IX, Pope, [346].
• Clergy, in Carlovingian times, [71].
  • its creed, [86];
  • its effect, [88].
• Cluny, monastic reform of, [85];
  • dreams for Rome, [206];
  • letter to Florentines, [207];
  • his fall and death, [207].
• Cola, di Rienzo, [206-208];
• Colleoni, statue of, [247], [311].
• Colonia Erithrea, see Colony in Africa.
  • quarrel with Boniface VIII, [146];
  • Pope Martin V, [220];
  • custom in their palace, [277], [278].
• Colonna, the, [76];
• Colonna, Sciarra, [150].
• Colony in Africa, [415].
• Columbanus, St., see St. Columbanus.
• Commedia dell'Arte, [355].
• Commines, Philippe de, on Venice, [265].
  • prosperity of, [166] (see also Lombardy).
• Communes, government of, [163-165];
• Company, the Great, [212], [213].
• Concordat of Worms, [100].
• Condottieri, [212].
• Confalonieri, [370].
• Conradin, [143], [144].
• Consolations of Philosophy, [19].
• [Constance], wife of Henry VI, [113], [114], [117].
• Constance, Council of, [220], [221], [268].
• Constance, Peace of, [112].
  • legend of Donation, [46], [47].
• Constantine, [45];
  • captured by Crusaders, [118], [119];
  • by Turks, [242], [243], [264].
• Constantinople, [2], [25];
• Consuls, [165].
• Conti, family, [135].
  • last in Italy, [299].
• Coronation of Emperors, [80];
• Cosimo dei Medici, see under Medici.
• Cosimo I, Grand Duke, see under Medici.
• Counter-Reformation, see Catholic Revival.
• Courtier, Book of the, [284], [285].
  • sacked by Henry VII, [157].
• Cremona, [95];
• Crescimbeni, [353].
• Crete, lost by Venice, [338].
  • with Garibaldi in Sicily, [403];
  • his career, [414];
  • in parliament, [414], [415].
• Crispi, as a young patriot, [402];
  • assumed by Napoleon I, [365].
• Crown of Lombardy, [80];
• Custoza, battle of, [389].
  
• Damian, see St. Peter Damian.
  • on Boniface VIII, [146];
  • Divine Comedy, [152];
  • character, [152], [153];
  • De Monarchia, [153], [154];
  • views, [154];
  • hails Henry VII, [155], [156];
  • letter to Henry VII, [157-159];
  • follows Thomas Aquinas, [179];
  • importance in literature, [184];
  • effect on Tuscan speech, [184];
  • on the vernacular, [185];
  • painted by Giotto, [190];
  • celebrates Can Grande, [195];
  • invectives against Roman Curia, [274].
• Dante, [19];
• D'Azeglio, Massimo, [382], [384].
• Decameron, [274].
• Decretals, Isidorian, [66].
• Depretis, [413], [414].
• Desiderius, [29], [49], [50].
  • evils of, [214].
• Despotisms, [192-200];
• Despots, see Despotisms.
• Di Rudinì, [416].
• Divine Comedy, [184].
• Domenichino, [352].
• Donatello, [237-240].
• Donation of Charlemagne, [50].
• Donation of Constantine, [46-48], [49], [65].
• Donation of Pippin, [45], [47], [50].
• Donizetti, [358].
• Dossi, Dosso, [309].
• Ducal palace, Venice, [226].
• Duomo, Florence, [237].
• Durante, [358].
  
• Election of Emperors, [80].
• Election of Popes, [91].
• Emanuele Filiberto, [296].
• Emo, Angelo, [339].
• Empire, the, see the Roman Empire.
  • its policy, [25].
• Empire, Eastern, [24];
• England, [36].
  • capture, [142];
  • death, [143].
• Enzio, [141];
• Este, D', Ercole, duke, [250].
  • move to Modena, [295].
• Este, House of, [198], [282];
• Estensi, see House of Este.
• Eugenius IV, Pope, [288].
• Exarchs, [26], [36].
• Ezzelino da Romano, [194].
  
• Faliero, Marino, [225].
• Farnese, Alessandro, see Paul III, Pope.
• Farnese, Giulia, [275], [288].
  • in Piacenza, [305].
• Farnesi, in Parma, [295];
  • conquers Naples, [263], [264].
• Ferdinand the Catholic, [263];
• Ferdinand I, of Two Sicilies, [368], [370].
  • death, [402].
• Ferdinand II, of Two Sicilies (Bomba), [389], [390];
  • in High Renaissance, [283];
  • taken by Papacy, [295];
  • Tasso at, [310];
  • visited by Montaigne, [324].
• Ferrara, [246];
• Feudalism, [102].
• Ficino, Marsilio, [245].
• Fiesole, library at, [233], [234], [251].
• Fiesole, Mino da, [244].
• Filicaia, [353].
• Flagellants, [175].
• Flemish painters, [243].
  • denounced by Dante, [158];
  • shuts out Henry VII, [159];
  • her guilds, [164];
  • wool trade, [166];
  • bankers, [167];
  • impediments to trade, [167];
  • receives back Ghibellines, [176];
  • in 1283, [182], [183];
  • democratic, [194];
  • about 1300, [202];
  • in Black Death, [210];
  • takes Pisa, [227];
  • under Duke of Athens, [229];
  • revolt of Ciompi, [229];
  • Salvestro dei Medici, [229];
  • Michele di Lando, [229];
  • the oligarchy, [230];
  • in Early Renaissance, [231-241];
  • interest in Plato, [243];
  • under Lorenzo, [250];
  • 1492-1537, [258-263];
  • under Grand Dukes, [294], [295];
  • close of Renaissance, [308], [309];
  • visited by Montaigne, [326], [327].
• Florence, Guelf, [133];
• Foligno, [332].
• Foresti, [370].
• Formosus, Pope, [68].
• Foscari, Francesco, Doge, [224]
• Foscolo, Ugo, [377].
  • bows to Innocent III, [122];
  • vigorous monarchy, [145];
  • invades Italy, [253], [254], [255];
  • claims on Italy, [293];
  • defeated by Spain, [293];
  • sends army to Rome, [391], [392], [394];
  • withdraws garrison from Rome, [407];
  • relations with Italy, [412], [413].
• France, [58];
• Francesca, Piero della, [249].
• Francesco I, Grand Duke of Tuscany, [326], [327].
• Francis I, King of France, [257].
• Francis I, King of Two Sicilies, [378].
• Francis II, King of Two Sicilies, [402], [404].
• Francis, St., see St. Francis.
  • Gray Friars, [134].
• Franciscan Order, [129], [131-133];
  • Kingdom of, [43];
  • Catholicism of, [43].
• Franks, [40];
  • character, [102];
  • theory of imperial rights, [103];
  • wars with Lombard cities, [108];
  • called to Italy, [108], [109];
  • war with Milan, [109];
  • diet at Roncaglia, [111];
  • defeat at Legnano, [112];
  • his son's marriage, [113];
  • death, [113].
• Frederick I, Emperor (Barbarossa), [102];
  • gratitude to Innocent III, [117];
  • summons to Germany, [121];
  • pledge to Innocent III, [121], [122];
  • King of Germany, [122];
  • character, [134];
  • promises, [135];
  • crowned emperor, [135];
  • at Brindisi, [136];
  • denounced by Gregory IX, [136], [137];
  • excommunicated, [137];
  • letter to King of England, [138], [139];
  • recovers Jerusalem, [139];
  • King of Jerusalem, [140];
  • his habits, [140], [141];
  • poetry, [141];
  • war with Lombard cities, [142];
  • excommunicated again, [142];
  • defeat, [142];
  • death, [143];
  • times of, [180].
• Frederick II, Emperor, [117];
• 
  
• Galileo, [346], [349].
• Gamba, Pietro, [373], [374].
  • in Rome, [392], [393];
  • escapes, [394], [398];
  • expedition to Two Sicilies, [402-405];
  • attempt on Rome, [406];
  • second attempt, Mentana, [407];
  • death, [413].
• Gandia, Duke of (a Borgia), murdered, [312].
  • prosperity, [105];
  • war with Pisa, [169], [170];
  • submits temporarily to Milan, [199];
  • loss in Black Death, [210];
  • war with Venice, [224];
  • still a republic, [295];
  • palaces in, [306];
  • becomes Republic of Liguria, [365];
  • given to Kingdom of Sardinia, [367].
• Garibaldi, [382];
• Genoa, [70];
  • its duchies, [77];
  • part of Holy Roman Empire, [78];
  • attitude towards its king, [96];
  • in time of Innocent III, [120], [121].
• Genseric, [5].
• Germany, [58];
• Gesù, church, [305], [306].
  • trouble in Milan, [157];
  • cause lost, [159];
  • description of, [168], [169];
  • described by Gregory X, [176];
  • fictitious revival of, [325].
• Gesuati, [321].
• Ghibellines, [155];
• Ghiberti, [241].
• Ghirlandaio, Domenico, [245], [288].
• Gioberti, [383], [384].
• Giocondo, Fra, [290].
• Giorgione, [312].
• Giotto, [189], [190].
• Giulio Romano, [309].
  • admires I Promessi Sposi, [377].
• Gladstone, on conditions in Naples, [395], [396].
• Goethe, admires Palladio, [306], [307];
• Goldoni, [353-356].
• Gonzaga, the, in Mantua, [198].
• Goths, see Ostrogoths.
• Gozzoli, Benozzo, [233], [244].
• Gravina, [353], [359].
• Great Council of Venice, [171], [172].
• Greek, study of, [242], [243].
• Greek Empire, overthrown by Crusaders, [119].
• Gregory I (the Great), Pope, [35-37].
• Gregory II, Pope, [42], [53].
  • character, [90];
  • aims, [91];
  • becomes Pope, [91];
  • creed, [91], [92];
  • claims, [92];
  • allies, [92-96];
  • denunciation of simony and lay investiture, [96];
  • attempted deposition by Henry IV, [97];
  • excommunicates Henry IV, [99];
  • at Canossa, [99];
  • his death, [100].
• Gregory III, Pope, [42], [53].
  • anger at Frederick II, [136];
  • letter on Frederick, [135-137];
  • excommunicates Frederick, [137].
• Gregory VII, Pope (Hildebrand), [89];
• Gregory IX, Pope (Ugolino), [135];
• Gregory X, Pope, describes Ghibellines, [176].
• Gregory XI, Pope, ends Babylonish Captivity, [217].
• Gregory XIII, Pope, [328], [329].
• Gregory XV, Pope, [345].
• Gregory XVI, Pope, [383].
• Grossi, Tommaso, [382].
  • trouble in Milan, [157];
  • description of, [168], [169];
  • fictitious revival of, [325].
• Guardi, [352].
• Guelfs, accept Henry VII, [156];
• Guercino, [352].
  • modern historian, [281].
• Guerrazzi, F. D., [382].
• Guicciardini, on condition of Italy, [253], [254];
• Guido Reni, [352], [360].
• Guilds, [164].
• Guinicelli, [184].
  
• Hapsburg, House of, [335], [338].
• Hawkwood, John, [213], [222].
  • attempts to depose Gregory VII, [97];
  • his letter to Gregory, [97-99];
  • at Canossa, [99];
  • death, [100].
• Haynau, [391].
  • character, [114];
  • his acts, [115].
• Henry IV, Emperor, [90];
  • welcomed by Dante, [155], [156];
  • enters Italy, [156];
  • becomes Ghibelline chief, [157];
  • receives letter from Dante, [157-159];
  • death, [159];
  • effect of, on fortunes of Can Grande and the Visconti, [198].
• Henry VI, Emperor, his Sicilian marriage, [113];
• Henry VII, Emperor, [150];
  • in Italy, [125];
  • in England and Bohemia, [220].
• Henry IV, King of France (Henry of Navarre), [337], [338], [357].
• Heresy, in Southern France, [123];
  • their end, [143], [144].
• Hildebrand, see Gregory VII, Pope.
• Hohenstaufens, [102], [113];
  • its extent, [79], [80];
  • its power, [81];
  • attitude toward Papacy, [84], [85], [89];
  • concordat with Papacy, [100];
  • death struggle with Papacy, [133];
  • real end, [143];
  • last flicker, [152-160];
  • a shadow, [161];
  • its petty bargainings, [217];
  • extinguished by Napoleon, [365].
• Holy Alliance, [370].
  • crowns Frederick II, [135];
  • death, [135].
• Holy Roman Empire, beginning, [78];
• Honorius, Pope, [133];
• Humanists, [242], [244], [245].
• Humbert of the White Hand, [173].
• Humbert, King, [416].
• Hungarians, raids of, [77].
• Huss, John, [220], [221].
  
• Iconoclasm, [41], [42].
  • doings in Italy, [116];
  • in Tuscany and Two Sicilies, [117];
  • at Constantinople, [119];
  • in Germany, [120];
  • excommunicates Otto IV, [121];
  • his doings in Europe, [122];
  • in England, [122];
  • Albigensian crusade, [123];
  • triumph, [123], [124];
  • recognizes St. Francis, [126], [127];
  • referred to by Frederick II, [138];
  • and Dominicans, [299].
• Index Librorum Prohibitorum, [299].
• Innocent III, Pope, his education, [115];
• Innocent VIII, Pope, [286].
• Innocent X, Pope, [346].
• Innocent XI, Pope, [346].
  • settled between Empire and Papacy, [100].
• Inquisition, [298], [299].
  • influenced by Dante, [184];
  • its dialects, [185].
• Investiture, lay, [86], [87], [89];
  • under Byzantine rule, [26];
  • on fall of Carlovingian Empire, [69];
  • its divisions, [69];
  • condition of people, [70];
  • degradation, [67-78];
  • condition under mercenary soldiers, [213], [214];
  • condition prior to 1494, [252];
  • during Catholic Revival, [302], [303];
  • divisions of, at close of 16th century, [304];
  • place for travellers, [319];
  • as seen by Montaigne, [320-334];
  • under Napoleon I, [365], [366];
  • on Napoleon's fall, [366-368];
  • unity of, [395-408];
  • difficulties after unity, [411-413];
  • relations with France, [412], [413];
  • Triple Alliance, [413].
• Italian language, [80];
• Italy, condition of, middle of 6th century, [23], [24];
• Isidorian Decretals, see Decretals.
  
• Jerome, St., see St. Jerome.
  • recovered by Frederick II, [139].
• Jerome of Prague, [220], [221].
• Jerusalem, plan for reconquest of, [134];
  • suppressed, [347];
  • restored in Papal States, [367].
• Jesuit style, [351].
• Jesus, Order of, [299];
• Joan I, Queen of Naples, [222].
• Joan II, Queen of Naples, [222].
• John of Bologna, [308], [324].
• John, Don, of Austria, [295].
  • his trial, [82-84];
  • deposition, [84].
• John, King of England, [122], [138].
• John XII, Pope, [78], [81];
• Jommelli, [358].
• Jubilee, first, [147].
• Julius II, Pope, [270], [275-277], [288].
• Justin, Emperor, [16].
• Justinian, Emperor, [16-18].
  
• Ladislaus, King of Naples, [222], [230].
• Landini, [308].
• Lando, Michele di, [229].
• Landucci, Luca, diary of, [259-262].
• Laocoön, the, discovery of, [291], [292].
• Lateran palace, [45].
• Legion, Garibaldi's, [393].
• Legnano, battle of, [112].
• Leo (composer), [358].
• Leo, Emperor, the Isaurian, [41].
• Leo I, Pope, the Great, [9].
• Leo III, Pope, [54], [56].
  • excommunicates Luther, [278];
  • last of papal overlords of Europe, [292].
• Leo IV, Pope, [73], [74].
• Leo X, Pope (Medici), [250], [251], [262], [276], [277];
• Leo XIII, Pope, [416-419].
• Leonardo, see Vinci, Leonardo da.
• Leopardi, Alessandro (sculptor), [311].
• Leopardi, Giacomo (poet), [378].
• Leopold I, Grand Duke of Tuscany, [363].
• Lippi, Filippino, [244].
• Lombard cities, see Lombardy and Milan.
  • character, [27];
  • conquests, [28];
  • civilization, [28], [29];
  • conversion to Catholicism, [29];
  • political incompetence, [29];
  • influence, [30];
  • attempt to conquer all Italy, [43];
  • defeated by Pippin, [45];
  • by Charlemagne, [50].
• Lombardi (architects and sculptors), [311].
  • trade, [106];
  • represented at diet of Roncaglia, [110];
  • peace with Barbarossa, [112];
  • condition prior to 1789, [362];
  • crown of, assumed by Napoleon, [365];
  • restored to Austria, [367];
  • condition in 1820-21, [370], [371];
  • in 1848, [387];
  • united to Piedmont, [401].
• Lombards, the, [23];
• Lombardy, espouses Hildebrand's side, [95];
• Lorenzo the Magnificent, see under Medici.
• Loreto, [332].
• Lorraine, King of, [62].
• Lothair, Emperor, [58], [59].
• Lotto, Lorenzo, [312].
• Louis I, Emperor, the Pious, [58], [59].
  • unites with Spain against Naples, [263].
• Louis II, Emperor, [58], [59], [62], [63].
• Louis XII, King of France, [257];
• Louis Napoleon, see Napoleon III.
  • under Castruccio Castracane, [200];
  • still a republic, [295];
  • visited by Montaigne, [332];
  • on Napoleon's fall, [367].
• Loyola, Ignatius, [299].
• Lucca, [168];
• Lucca, Bagni di, [333].
• Ludovisi, see Gregory XV, Pope.
• Luini, [309].
• Luther, Martin, [276], [278], [297].
• Lutherans, do not attend Council of Trent, [298].
  • also Cæsar Borgia, [273];
  • writes, [281];
  • description of successful Prince, [314], [315];
  • comedies, [354].
• Lyons, Council of, [142].
  
• Machiavelli, admires Castruccio Castracane, [200];
• Mafia, [294], [364], [411], [412].
• Magenta, battle of, [400].
• Malatesta, in Rimini, [198].
  • defeat and death, [144];
  • his daughter, [162].
• Mameli, Goffredo, [393], [394].
• Manfred, [141], [143];
• Manin, Daniele, [388], [394].
  • duchy, [293];
  • opera in, [357].
• Mantegna, [288].
• Mantua, the Gonzaga in, [198];
• Manzoni, [377].
• Marignano, [257].
• Maroncelli, [370-372].
• Marozia, [75], [76].
• Martin V, Pope, [220], [268].
• Masaccio, [240], [241].
  • Donation to Papacy, [94].
• Mastai-Ferretti, Cardinal, see Pius IX, Pope.
• Matilda, Countess, [94];
  • letter to Carlo Alberto, [379-382];
  • triumvir in Rome, [391-394], [398];
  • death, [413].
• Maximilian, Emperor, [265].
• Mazzini, [376];
  • cultivation, [233];
  • his tastes, [233];
  • libraries, [233], [234];
  • death, [235];
  • anecdote of, with Donatello, [239];
  • founds Platonic Academy, [243];
  • and Nicholas V, [251].
• Medici, dei, Alessandro, [263].
  • marriage, [291];
  • rule, [294], [295];
  • descendants, [295];
  • his architect, [306].
• Medici, dei, Cosimo, Pater Patriæ, [232];
• Medici, dei, Cosimo I, Grand Duke, [263];
• Medici, dei, Francesco I, Grand Duke, [326], [327].
• Medici, dei, Giovanni, see Leo X, Pope.
• Medici, dei, Giovanni, Angelo (not of Florentine family), see Pius IV, Pope.
• Medici, dei, Giuliano, see Clement VII, Pope.
• Medici, dei, Lorenzo, the Magnificent, [248-250], [286].
• Medici, dei, Maria, [357].
• Medici, dei, Piero, [244], [249].
• Medici, dei, Salvestro, [229].
• Mentana, battle of, [407].
• Mercenary soldiers, [211-214].
• Merovingians, [44].
• Metastasio, [359], [360].
  • sonnets, [285];
  • goes to Rome, [289];
  • plans dome of St. Peter's, [290];
  • at discovery of Laocoön, [299];
  • statues in Florence, [308].
• Metternich, [367].
• Michelangelo, [263];
  • classes in, [107], [108];
  • war with Barbarossa, [109];
  • receives Henry VII, [156];
  • Visconti in, [198], [199];
  • acquires Genoa temporarily, [199];
  • under Gian Galeazzo Visconti, [226];
  • becomes a dukedom, [226];
  • cathedral, [226], [227];
  • loss of dominion on Gian Galeazzo's death, [228];
  • end of Visconti, [250];
  • founding of Sforza line, [250];
  • condition, 1466-1535, [254-258];
  • captured by French, [257];
  • by Spanish, [257];
  • annexed to Spanish crown, [258];
  • Leonardo there, [286];
  • Bramante there, [287];
  • under Spanish governors, [294];
  • visited by Montaigne, [333];
  • under Spanish rule, [339], [340];
  • conveyed to Austria, [341];
  • Five Days of, [387];
  • jealous of Turin, [389].
• Michelozzo, [233].
• Milan, [107];
• Mille, i, [403].
• Minghetti, [413].
  • seat of House of Este, [293];
  • transfers, [341];
  • reform in, [362];
  • restoration of old order on Napoleon's fall, [367];
  • in 1848, [388], [389], [397];
  • united with Piedmont in Kingdom of Italy, [402].
• Mino, da Fiesole, [244].
• Modena, duchy, [293];
• Mohammed, [40], [41].
• Monasteries, [34], [72].
• Montaigne, diary of his travels in Italy, [320-334].
• Monte Cassino, [34].
• Montefeltri, in Urbino, [198].
• Montefeltro, Federigo da, [249], [250].
• Monteverdi, [357].
• Montfort, [123].
  • House of Aragon reigning, [161];
  • condition, about 1350, [201];
  • loss in Black Death, [210];
  • condition, 1350-1450, [222];
  • conquered by Alfonso of Aragon, [223];
  • no share in Renaissance, [249];
  • passes to illegitimate branch of House of Aragon, [263];
  • conquered by Spaniards, [263];
  • annexed to Spanish crown, [264];
  • under Spanish viceroys, [294];
  • inquisition in, [299];
  • conveyed to Austria and then to Spanish Bourbons, [341];
  • condition, prior to 1789, [363];
  • given to Joseph Bonaparte and Murat, [365];
  • revolution of 1820, [369], [370];
  • cruelty of Francis I, [378];
  • in 1848, [386];
  • takes part in war against Austria, [388];
  • persecution of liberals, [391];
  • persecution described by Gladstone, [395], [396];
  • united with Kingdom of Italy, [404], [405].
• Murat, [365], [366].
  
• Naples, [21], [70], [73];
  • plans of, [399];
  • agreement with Cavour, [400];
  • war with Austria, [400];
  • peace, [400], [401].
• Napoleon I, [365], [366].
• Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon), interferes in Rome, [391];
• Narses, [22], [26].
• Niccolini, [382].
• Nicholas I, Pope, [62-64].
• Nicholas V, Pope, [251], [252], [269], [288].
  • in Sicily, [93];
  • become liegemen to the Popes, [93].
• Nogaret, [150].
• Normans, in Southern Italy, [92];
• Novara, battle of, [390].
  
• Odescalchi, see Innocent XI, Pope.
• Odoacer, [7], [10], [11], [13].
• Opera, the, [357], [358].
• Oratorio, the, [358].
• Order of St. Francis, see Franciscan Order.
• Order of Jesus, see Jesus, Order of.
• Orlando Furioso, [283], [284].
• Orlando Innamorato, [283].
• Orsini, the, [76], [150].
  • marriage, [78];
  • crowned Emperor, [78];
  • his empire, [79], [80];
  • tries and deposes Pope John XII, [82-84].
• Ostrogoths, [12-22].
  • becomes Ghibelline, [120], [121];
  • excommunicated by Innocent III, [121];
  • deposition, [122].
• Otto I, Emperor, the Great, [77];
  • conquered by Venice, [224];
  • visited by Montaigne, [322].
• Otto IV, Emperor, [120];
• 
  
  • fountain in, [247];
  • occupied by Grand Duke, [294].
• Padua, [95];
• Paisiello, [358].
• Palazzo Vecchio, [188];
• Palermo, rising in, [402].
• Palestrina, [357].
• Palladio, [306], [307], [311].
• Palma Vecchio, [312].
• Palmerston, Lord, sends Gladstone's letter to European governments, [396].
  • relations with Empire, [38];
  • with Lombards, [39];
  • with Franks, [40];
  • split with Eastern Empire, [42];
  • Donation of Pippin, [45];
  • further relations with Franks, [49];
  • Donation of Charlemagne, [50];
  • attitude towards Charlemagne, [51];
  • towards Roman Empire, [52];
  • local weakness, [52];
  • supported by Empire, [58];
  • duel with Empire, [59];
  • right to crown Emperors, [59], [60];
  • anomalous nature of, [60];
  • subjection to Empire, [61];
  • struggle with Empire, [61], [62];
  • added prestige, [62];
  • cosmopolitan ambition, [64];
  • degradation, [67], [68];
  • revival of, [79];
  • character of, in 10th century, [81];
  • becomes suzerain to Southern Italy, [93];
  • struggle with Empire over investitures, [89-101];
  • its triumph, [114-124];
  • its death grapple with Empire, [133-144];
  • its decay and fall, [145-151];
  • Babylonish Captivity, [151];
  • an absentee, [161];
  • return to Rome, [217];
  • and Renaissance, [251];
  • as head of culture, [252];
  • its monarchy, [267-280];
  • in High Renaissance, [288-292];
  • its revival, [297-302];
  • a purely Italian institution, [302];
  • quarrel with Venice, [336], [337];
  • in 17th and 18th centuries, [343-345];
  • under Napoleon, [365];
  • loss of Temporal Power, [407], [408];
  • attitude towards Italian government, [410], [411];
  • under Leo XIII, [418].
• Panfili, see Innocent X, Pope.
• Paolo Veronese, [312].
  • really founded by Innocent III, [120];
  • confusion in, during Babylonish Captivity, [162];
  • about 1350, [202];
  • reduced to order, [218];
  • firmly established, [267], [268];
  • the Papal monarchy, [267-280];
  • prior to 1789, [363];
  • in Napoleon's time, [365];
  • after Napoleon's fall, [367];
  • in 1848, [390];
  • in 1849, [391-394];
  • invaded by Piedmontese army, [404];
  • votes to join Kingdom of Italy, [405].
• Papacy, strengthened by monasticism, [33], [34];
• Papal Curia, see Roman Curia.
• Papal States, [69];
  • taken by Farnesi, [295];
  • conveyed to Spanish Bourbons, [341], [342];
  • prior to 1789, [362], [363];
  • on Napoleon's overthrow, [367];
  • insurrection in, [379];
  • in 1848, [388], [389], [397], [401];
  • united with Piedmont in Kingdom of Italy, [402].
• Parentucelli, see Nicholas V, Pope.
• Paris, Congress of, [399].
• Parma, a duchy, [295];
• Parthenon, blown up, [338].
  • in Parma, [295];
  • a reformer, [300].
• Patarini, [95]; heretics, [125].
• Paul II, Pope, [288].
• Paul III, Pope (Alessandro Farnese), [275];
  • Ghibelline, [133].
• Paul IV, Pope (Caraffa), [299], [301].
• Paul V, Pope, [345].
• Pavia, [28], [50], [95], [107];
• Pavia, battle of, [257], [293].
• Peace of Westphalia, [346].
• Pecci, see Leo XIII, Pope.
• Pedro, of Aragon, King of Sicily, [162].
• Pellico Silvio, [370-372].
  • war with Assisi, [128];
  • its flagellants, [175];
  • Baglioni in, [198].
• Peretti, Felice, see Sixtus V, Pope.
• Pergolesi, [358].
• Perugia, [128];
• Perugino, [288].
• Peruzzi, Baldassare, [290].
  • leader of Classical Revival, [203], [204];
  • coronation of, [204];
  • great reputation, [205];
  • enthusiasm for Cola di Rienzo, [206], [207];
  • on the Black Death, [210];
  • on mercenary soldiers, [213], [214];
  • goes to Milan, [215];
  • invectives against Roman Curia, [274].
• Pesaro, [245].
• Pesaro, Marchesa di, and Pietro Aretino, [315], [316].
• Petrarch, [185];
  • heretics in, [125];
  • buildings in, [305];
  • visited by Montaigne, [333].
• Philip, Imperial claimant, [120].
• Philip, the Fair, King of France, quarrel with Boniface VIII, [148-150].
• Piacenza, [95];
• Piazza Navona, [351].
• Piccinni, [358].
  • visited by Montaigne, [334];
  • becomes chief part of duchy of Savoy, [343];
  • prior to 1789, [361];
  • takes action against France, [365];
  • on restoration of king, [367];
  • uprising in, [375], [376];
  • in 1848, [386];
  • war with Austria, [388];
  • defeated, [389];
  • also at Novara, [390];
  • left alone to maintain Italian cause, [394];
  • the hope of Italy, [397];
  • in Crimean War, [399];
  • war with Austria, [400].
• Piccolomini, Æneas Sylvius, see Pius II, Pope.
• Pico, della Mirandola, [245].
• Piedmont, becomes important part of duchy of Savoy, [296];
• Pier della Vigna, [141], [143].
• Pietro Aretino, [315], [316].
  • crowned by Pope Zacharias, [45];
  • and the Papacy, [49];
  • death, [50].
• Pilo, Rosalino, [402].
• Pinturicchio, [288].
  • prosperity of, [104];
  • Ghibelline, [133];
  • loyal to Henry VII, [159];
  • regulations concerning nobles, [168];
  • war with Genoa, [169];
  • crushing defeat by Genoa, [170];
  • baptistery, [186];
  • loss in Black Death, [210];
  • seized by Milan, [227];
  • by Florence, [228];
  • Campo Santo, [244].
• Pippin, King, deposes Merovingians, [44];
• Pippin, Donation of, [45], [50].
• Pisa, [70];
• Pisa, Council of, [219].
  • at Siena, [187].
• Pisani, Vettor (Venetian admiral), [224].
  • occupied by Cosimo I, [294];
  • picture gallery in, [295];
  • opera in, [357].
• Pisano, Giovanni, [187].
• Pisano, Niccolò, [186];
• Pitti Palace, designed by Brunelleschi, [236];
  • takes part in war against Austria, [388];
  • his scruples, [389];
  • army captured, [389];
  • flees from Rome, [390];
  • reactionary, [396];
  • bad government of, [397];
  • and Temporal Power, [405];
  • extreme conservatism, [409], [410];
  • prisoner in Vatican, [410];
  • refuses subsidy, [411].
• Pius II, Pope, Æneas Sylvius Piccolomini, [288].
• Pius IV, Pope (Giovanni Angelo Medici), founder of Modern Papacy, [301], [302].
• Pius IX, Pope, [383], [384];
• Plague of 1348 (Black Death), [209-211].
• Plato, [242], [243], [248].
• Platonic Academy, [243].
• Platonic ideas, [282], [283], [285].
• Plutarch, [255].
  • in Bologna and Tuscany, [184].
• Podestà, [165].
• Poerio, Carlo, [395], [396].
• Poetry, in Sicily, [141];
• Poggio a Caiano, [244], [309].
• Polenta, da, the, in Ravenna, [198].
• Poliziano, [245].
• Pollaiuolo, Antonio, [244].
• Pontormo, [308], [309].
• Pontremoli, [333].
• Popes, see Papacy, Papal States, and individual Popes.
• Pordenone, Giov. Ant. da, [312].
• Portiuncula, [129-131], [306].
• Pratolino, [326].
• Prigioni, Le Mie (of Silvio Pellico), [370-372], [382].
• Prince, The, by Machiavelli, [314], [315].
  • with France, [407].
• Promessi, Sposi, I, by Manzoni, [377].
• Provence, Albigensian crusade, [123].
• Prussia, war with Austria, [407];
• Pulci, [245].
  
  • character, [290], [291];
  • portrait of Julius II, [289];
  • of Leo X, [292].
• Quadrilateral, the, [388].
  
• Radetzky, Field Marshal, [387-390], [394].
  • Byzantine architecture in, [187];
  • Malatesta in, [198];
  • Lord Byron in, [372-375].
• Raphael, [283], [285], [289];
  • coming of, [297].
• Rattazzi, [406].
• Ravenna, [14], [21], [45], [71];
• Reformation, the, premonitions of, [219-222];
• Reformation within the Church, see Catholic Revival.
• Renaissance, [231-251], [281-292].
• Renaissance, Early, [231-241].
• Renaissance, High, [281-292]; its close, [304].
• Revolution, French (of 1789), [361], [364].
• Revolution, French (of 1830), [379].
• Ribera, [352].
• Ricasoli, Bettino, [401], [406].
• Riccardi palace, [233], [244].
• Rienzi, see Cola di Rienzo.
• Robbia, della, Andrea, [244].
  • its venality, [219];
  • policy, [221];
  • difficulties and cleverness, [269-270];
  • object of satire and invective, [274], [275];
  • and art, [288].
• Robbia, della, Luca, [241].
  • character, [2];
  • luxurious life, [4];
  • unity, [7];
  • its condition while at Constantinople, [25];
  • in popular imagination, [51], [52];
  • relations with Papacy, [59];
  • its revival by Pope Leo and Charlemagne, [56];
  • end of Carlovingian revival, [58];
  • revival by Otto the Great as the Holy Roman Empire, [77], [78].
• Romagna, the, [379].
• Roman Curia (papal Curia), denounced by Frederick II, [138], [139];
  • local politics of, [67];
  • savageness, [68].
• Roman Empire (see also Holy Roman Empire, and Eastern Empire), its extent, [1];
  • fall, [5];
  • Christian, [9];
  • Theodoric's visit, [14];
  • relation to the Empire, [53];
  • parties in, [133], [134];
  • no despotism in, [194];
  • reduced to papal obedience, [268];
  • sack by Bourbon's army, [279], [280];
  • in High Renaissance, [288];
  • visited by Montaigne, [328-331];
  • compared with Venice as to freedom, [328], [329];
  • riots in, [390];
  • Republic declared, [390];
  • defends itself against French, [391-394];
  • Roman question, [405];
  • occupied by Italian troops, [407];
  • becomes seat of national government, [408].
• Roman gentleman, life of, [4].
• Roman people, antagonism to Papacy, [60];
• Rome, its splendour, [2];
• Romulus Augustulus, [1].
• Roncaglia, diet of, [110], [111].
• Rospigliosi, see Clement IX, Pope.
• Rosselli, [288].
• Rossellino, Antonio, [244].
• Rossetti, [377].
• Rossi, Pellegrino, murdered, [390].
• Rossini, [358].
• Rovere, della, Francesco, see Sixtus IV, Pope.
• Rovere, della, Giuliano, see Julius II, Pope.
• Rovere, della, family, dukes of Urbino, [303].
• Rovigo, visited by Montaigne, [323].
• Rule of St. Benedict, [34].
• Rule of St. Francis, [132].
• Ruskin on Bronzino, [309].
  
• St. Benedict, [33], [34].
• St. Clare, [130].
• St. Columbanus, [36], [37].
• Sta. Croce, church of, [188].
• St. Francis, [125-132].
• St. Francis de Sales, [345].
  • Henry VII crowned in, [159].
• St. Francis Xavier, [345].
• St. Jerome on destruction of Rome, [5].
• St. John Lateran, church of, in Innocent's dream, [126];
  • in Jubilee of 1300, [147], [148].
• Sta. Maria degli Angeli, [129], [306].
  • sacked by Saracens, [73];
  • enclosed in walls, [74];
  • in Jubilee, [147];
  • held by the Guelfs, [159];
  • plan to rebuild, [252];
  • rebuilt, [289], [290];
  • dome completed, [344];
  • colonnade, [351].
• Sta. Maria del Carmine, [240], [248].
• St. Paul, basilica of, sacked by Saracens, [73];
• St. Peter, basilica of, described, [55], [56];
• St. Peter Damian on lay investiture, [87].
• St. Sophia, church of, [38].
• St. Theresa, [345].
• St. Thomas Aquinas, [178], [179].
• St. Zeno, church of, in Verona, [194].
• Salerno, [70], [92], [104].
• San Gallo, da, Antonio, the younger, [290].
• San Gallo, da, Francesco, account of discovery of Laocoön, [291].
  • conquests of, [41];
  • in Sicily, [73];
  • in Italy, [73].
• San Gallo, da, Giuliano, [244], [289], [290], [291].
  • dukes of Savoy become kings of Sardinia, Kingdom of, see Piedmont.
• Sansovino, Jacopo Tatti, [306], [311].
• Saracens, [40];
• Sardinia, conveyed to Savoy, [341];
• Sarpi, Paolo, Fra, [337], [338].
  • its situation and princes, [173];
  • becomes duchy, [229];
  • during wars between Francis I and Charles V, [296];
  • becomes an Italian state, [296];
  • in [17]th and [18]th centuries, [343].
• Sassoferrato, [352].
• Savonarola, [248], [258-262].
  • burial place of, [196].
• Savoy, [172] (see also Piedmont);
  • aided by Henry VII, [198].
• Savoy, House of, [173].
  • his defeat, [197], [198].
• Scala, della, House of (the Scaligers), [194-198];
• Scala, della, Can Grande, [195], [196];
• Scala, della, Mastino, [196], [197];
• Scaligers, see Scala della, House of.
• Scarlatti, Alessandro, [358].
• Scarlatti, Domenico, [358].
• Schism, the Great, [218-220].
• Sebastiano del Piombo, [312].
• Segnatura, Stanza della, [290].
• Sella, Quintino, [413].
• Sforza, House of, becomes extinct, [257], [258].
  • becomes Duke of Milan, [250];
  • dealings with humanists, [250];
  • death, [253].
• Sforza, Alessandro, lord of Pesaro, [250].
• Sforza, Attendolo (Muzio Attendolo), [222].
• Sforza, Francesco, [222];
• Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, [254], [255].
  • Norman conquest, [93];
  • under Henry VI, [114];
  • under Frederick II, [141], [142];
  • under Charles of Anjou, [161], [162];
  • Sicilian Vespers, [162];
  • under House of Aragon, [162];
  • about 1350, [201];
  • appanage of Aragon, [223];
  • no share in Renaissance, [249];
  • under legitimate branch of House of Aragon, [263];
  • under Spanish viceroys, [294];
  • conveyed to Savoy, to Austria, to Spanish Bourbons, [341];
  • prior to 1789, [364];
  • loses its autonomy, [368];
  • in 1848, [386], [390];
  • revolution put down, [391];
  • expedition of Garibaldi and Mille, [403].
• Sforza, Lodovico, il Moro, [255-257], [281].
  • visited by Montaigne, [327].
• Sicilian Vespers, [162].
• Sicily (see also Two Sicilies), practically Greek, [42];
• Siena, conquered by Florence, [294];
• Sigismund, Emperor, [220].
• Signorelli, [288].
  • Michelangelo's frescoes, [290].
• Silvester, Pope, legend of, [45-47].
• Simony, movement against, [86].
• Sistine Chapel, [288];
• Sixtus IV, Pope, [270], [271], [286].
• Sixtus V, Pope, [344].
  • invasions by, [253], [254];
  • acquires Milan, [257];
  • Naples, [263], [264];
  • predominant in Italy, [276];
  • secure hold, [293];
  • government in Milan, [294];
  • in Naples and Sicily, [294].
• Sodoma, [309].
• Solferino, [400].
• Spain, [37];
  • visited by Montaigne, [331].
• Spanish Steps, the, in Rome, [351], [360].
• Spielberg prison, [371].
• Spoleto, a Lombard duchy, [28], [69];
• Stradivarius, [359].
  • life, [309], [310];
  • seen by Montaigne, [324].
• Strozzi palace, in Florence, [244], [245].
• Summa Theologiæ, of Thomas Aquinas, [178].
  
  • victory over Odoacer, [13];
  • difficulties, [13];
  • policy, [14];
  • visit to Rome, [14];
  • dealings with Empire, [15];
  • with Church, [17];
  • breach with Church, [20];
  • death, [20].
• Tasso, Torquato, on the Book of the Courtier, [284];
• Theodora, [75], [76].
• Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, [12];
• Thomas Aquinas, see St. Thomas Aquinas.
• Tiepolo, [352].
• Tintoretto, [312].
  • with North and East, [166], [167];
  • impediments to, [167], [168].
• Titian, [312].
• Totila, [21], [22].
• Trade, spirit of, [103];
• Trent, Council of, [300-302].
  • conquer parts of Venetian Empire, [297];
  • wars with Venice, [338], [339].
• Trevi, fountain of, [351], [360].
  • a marquisate, [94];
  • a Grand Duchy, [303];
  • visited by Montaigne, [325-327];
  • passes to Austrian dukes on failure of Medicean line, [342];
  • prior to 1739, [363];
  • restoration in, after Napoleon's fall, [367];
  • takes part in war against Austria, [388];
  • defeated, [389];
  • Grand Duke runs away, [390];
  • returns, [391];
  • subservient to Austria, [397];
  • runs away again, [401];
  • united with Piedmont in Kingdom of Italy, [401], [402].
• Turin, [334], [375].
  • under Manfred, [143];
  • conquered by Charles of Anjou, [144];
  • absolute monarchy, [193], [194];
  • united under Alfonso of Aragon, [223];
  • fall apart on his death, [263];
  • pass to Charles V, [264];
  • 1494-1516, [263], [264];
  • unites with Kingdom of Italy, [405].
• Turks, capture Constantinople, [264];
  • picture gallery, [295].
• Tuscany, [69];
• Two Sicilies, Kingdom of (see also Sicily and Naples), [93];
  • of Bologna, [177], [178].
• 
  
• Uffizi palace, in Florence, [294];
• Ugolino, see Gregory IX, Pope.
  • library at, [251];
  • society in, [282], [283];
  • absorbed by Papacy, [295];
  • visited by Montaigne, [332].
• Universities, [177];
• Urban VI, Pope, [218].
• Urban VIII, Pope, [346].
• Urbino, [249];
  • on Donatello, [238], [239];
  • on Masaccio, [240];
  • on Leonardo, [285], [286];
  • on Raphael, [290], [291];
  • himself, [306].
• Utrecht, treaty of, [341].
• Uzzano, Niccolò da, [230].
  
• Vandals, [5], [21].
• Vasari, on Brunelleschi, [235], [236];
  • origin, [105];
  • character, [105], [106];
  • trade, [106], [107];
  • Barbarossa and Alexander III at, [112];
  • Fourth Crusade, [118], [119];
  • isolation, [170];
  • government, [171];
  • patricians, [171];
  • wars with Genoa, [172];
  • Great Council, [172];
  • oligarchy, [172];
  • about 1350, [202];
  • growth, [223];
  • wars with Genoa, [224];
  • four stages, [224];
  • oligarchy in control, [225];
  • tranquillity, [226];
  • 1453-1508, [264-266];
  • League of Cambrai, [265], [266];
  • wars with Turks, [297];
  • Lepanto, [297];
  • the Carità, [307];
  • fine arts, [310-313];
  • visited by Montaigne, [322], [323];
  • freedom compared with that in Rome, [328], [329];
  • 1580-1789, [335-339];
  • quarrel with Papacy, [336], [337];
  • wars with Turks, [338], [339];
  • conquers the Morea, [338];
  • opera in, [357];
  • music in, [359];
  • prior to 1789, [362];
  • extinction of Republic, [365];
  • given to Austria, [367];
  • in 1848, a Republic again, [387], [388];
  • jealous of Piedmont, [389];
  • surrenders to Austria, [394];
  • united to Italy, [407].
• Vatican Council, [410].
  • description of, [194];
  • under Scaligers, [195-198];
  • seized by Venice, [224];
  • temporarily under Milan, [227];
  • taken by Venice, [228];
  • claimed by empire, [265];
  • visited by Montaigne, [320].
• Vatican library, [252].
• Vatican palace, [252], [287], [288], [290].
  • Leonardo's master, [286].
• Venice, [70];
  • buildings in, [306], [307];
  • visited by Goethe, [307];
  • by Montaigne, [321].
• Verona, emotional peace of, [176], [177];
• Veronese, Paolo, [312].
• Verrocchio, [244], [247];
• Vicenza, conquered by Can Grande, [195], [196];
• Vico, [349], [350].
• Victor Emmanuel, see Vittorio Emanuele II.
• Vienna, Congress of, [366], [367].
• Vienna, Peace of, [341].
• Vignola, Giacomo Barozzi da, [305], [306].
  • on Dante, [152], [153];
  • on Florence, [182], [183];
  • death, [211].
• Villa Borghese, [351].
• Villa di Papa Giulio, [306].
  • aided by Henry VII, [198];
  • their ambitions, [199];
  • about 1350, [202];
  • their despotism, [215], [216];
  • end of, [250].
• Villa Medici, [351].
• Villani, Giovanni, on Boniface VIII, [146];
• Vinci, Leonardo da, [256], [285-287].
  • death, [250].
• Visconti, House of, despots of Milan, [198], [199];
• Visconti, Bernabò, [215], [216].
  • career, [226];
  • buildings, [226];
  • death, [227].
• Visconti, Bianca Maria, [229].
• Visconti, Filippo Maria, [228];
• Visconti, Galeazzo II, [216].
• Visconti, Gian Galeazzo, [216];
  • character, [397], [398];
  • French alliance and Austrian War, [400], [401];
  • hailed King of Italy by Garibaldi, [404];
  • alliance with Prussia, [407];
  • war with Austria, [407];
  • enters Venice, [407];
  • takes possession of Rome, [407], [408];
  • death, [413].
• Visconti, Giovanni (Archbishop), [215].
• Visigoths, [5].
• Vittorio Emanuele I, [375].
• Vittorio Emanuele II, [390];
• Vittorio Emanuele III, [416].
• Volta, [362].
  
• War of Polish Succession, [340], [341].
• War of Spanish Succession, [340], [341].
• Werner, duke, [213].
• Worms, diet of, [278].
• Wyclif, [220].
  
• Young Italy, [381].
  
• Zacharias, Pope, [44].
• Zara, captured by Crusaders, [118].
• Zeno, Carlo, [224].