Territory in Bird Life

by Henry Eliot Howard

INDEX

• Acquired experience, [300]
• Adjustments, transitory, of distribution, [275]
• Alarm notes, [119]
• Arrival, advantages and disadvantages of late, [33]-44
• Assemblies in winter, [262], [263]
• Assembly grounds, [173]
• Attainment of reproduction, [171]
• Barrington, R. M., on the sex of migrants, [25]
• Battle between two male Cuckoos, [82]
• —— between two Moor-Hens, [86], [92], [93], [94]
• —— —— Pied Wagtails, [86]
• —— —— Raven and Buzzard, [217]
• —— —— Raven and Peregrine, [216] law of, [13],19
• Behaviour routine, [262]
• —— sexual, [3]
• Bickerings, [96]
• Birthplace, return to, [43], [50]
• Blackbird, [87], [182], [222], [244]
• Blackcap, [81], [156], [224], [230]
• Black Grouse, [63]
• Black-tailed Godwit, [53]
• Boundaries, [1], [5]
• —— conflicts for retention of, [7], [62]
• —— disputes as to, [1]
• Brambling, [124]
• Breeding ground, search for appropriate, [270], [271]
• —— range, extension of, [291]-92
• —— site, acquirement of, [3]
• —— stations, evolution of, [15]-19
• —— —— repeatedly visited long before nesting-time, [64]
• —— territory, [2], [3], [7]
• —— —— evolution of, [18]
• —— —— foundation of, [7]
• —— —— innate capacity to return to former, [279]-81
• Bridled Guillemot, [64]
• Brooding, [180]
• —— impulse, [191]
• Bunting, Cirl, [28], [140]
• —— Corn, [28]
• —— Reed, [28], [68], [69], [85], [104], [132], [158], [160], [244]
• —— Yellow, [28], [30], [47], [64], [140], [159], [162], [183], [187], [188], [189], [235], [236], [286]
• Buzzard, [217]
• Capacity, innate, to return to former breeding territory, [279]-81
• Carrion Crow, [226]
• Chaffinch, [28], [31], [32], [33], [45], [87], [103], [156], [159], [235], [236], [244]
• —— Donegal, [160] Change of breeding quarters owing to unsuitableness, [50]
• Chiffchaff, [49], [51], [80], [139], [140], [221], [224], [244]
• Cirl Bunting, [28], [140]
• Clarke, W. Eagle, Studies in Bird Migration, [24]
• Cleanliness of nest, [180]
• Cliff-breeding species, [63]
• Climatic changes, alteration of routine, due to, [284]
• —— changes, food dependent on, [283]
• —— conditions, influence of, [20]
• Communities, [202]
• —— birds after breeding-season remain in, [265]-67
• Competition, female, for males, [13]
• Complexity of strife, [84]-85
• Conflicts between males during the mating period, [74], [86]
• —— between males during the nesting period, [87]
• —— for areas, [10], [11], [13], [62]
• —— of Ruff, [54]
• —— sexual, [10]
• Congenital disposition, [135]
• Contests between males for possession of females, [80]
• Coot, [61]
• Corn-Bunting, [28]
• Corncrake, [39]
• Crow, Carrion, [226], [227]
• Crow, Hooded, [202]
• Cuckoo, [52], [82], [144], [296]
• —— restricted breeding area, [52]
• Curlew, [119], [138], [140], [250], [262], [263], [265], [273]
• Danger warnings, [269]
• Darwin, C., Descent of Man, [35]
• —— on the arrival of males before females, [35]
• Defence of territory, [6]
• Development, sexual, [6]
• Disposition, congenital, [135]
• —— functioning of, [74]
• —— inherited, [5]
• —— to defend the territory, [73]-118
• —— to mate, [27]
• —— to remain in a particular place in a particular environment, [6]
• —— to secure a territory, [6], [20]-72
• Distribution, adjustment of, [275]
• Dove, Turtle, [126], [232]
• Dunlin, [250]
• Emotional behaviour, [53], [82], [114]
• —— manifestation, [90], [283]
• —— response, [26]
• Enemies, [282]
• Energy, waste of, [219]
• Environment, [6]
• —— and food, [56]
• —— changes of, [283]
• —— external, conditions in, [279], [282]
• Equipment, hereditary, [6]
• Evolution of breeding stations or territory, [15], [19]
• —— of the territory, [176]
• —— of the voice, [163]
• Existence, struggle for, [294]
• Experience, acquired, [300]
• Experiments, removal of nests for, [181], [185], [190], [213], [214]
• Exposure, its effect on nestlings, [180]
• External environment, conditions in, [279], [282]
• Falcon, [48], [71]
• Feeding grounds, neutral, 125 in communities, [70] Females, fighting amongst, [109]-118
• —— sexual impulse of, [13]
• Fieldfare, [124]
• Fighting instinct, [79], [82]
• Flight, emotional behaviour of Godwit during, [53]
• Flocks, in winter, birds collect together in, [262]
• Flycatcher, [244]
• Food, procuring of, [5]
• —— abundance, or scarcity of, its relation to prosperity of young, [15], [16]
• —— its bearing, on the movement of flocks, [262]
• —— rearing of young dependent on rapid and regular, [179], [195]
• —— supply, proximity to, necessary for rearing young, [179], [195]
• Fortuitous mating, [174]
• Fowler, Ward, on the value of communities, Rooks, [202]
• Fulmar, [121], [247]
• Functional activity, [259]
• —— instinct of Reeve, [173]
• Functioning of the disposition, [275]
• —— of the primary dispositions, [100]
• Garden Warbler, [223], [225], [230]
• Gätke, H., Birds of Heligoland, [24]
• —— on the absence of song in birds on Heligoland, [124]
• —— on the early arrival of Guillemots on Heligoland, [64]
• Godwit, emotional behaviour of, during flight, [53]
• —— Black-tailed, [53]
• Grasshopper Warbler, [39], [131], [139], [153], [155], [187], [244]
• Greenfinch, [28], [33], [140], [235], [236]
• Gregarious instinct, [20], [61], [141], [265]-66, [269], [276], [289], [290], [291], [296], [300]
• Grouse, Black, [63]
• Guillemot, Bridled, [64]
• —— Common, [63], [64], [121], [192], [195], [206], [211], [247]
• —— Ringed, [64]
• Gull, Common, [119]
• —— Herring, [210], [278]
• Habit formation, law of, [8], [62], [65], [66], [67], [205]
• Hawfinch, [28]
• Headquarters, [176], [206], [207], [274]
• —— restricted, [8], [9], [30], [50], [58], [64], [127]
• Hedge-Sparrow, [213], [221], [244]
• Hereditary equipment, [6]
• Herring-Gull, [210], [278]
• Hooded-Crow, [202]
• Hostility and territory, relationship between, [242]
• House-Sparrow, [218]
• Imitation, vocal, powers of, [156], [157], [161]
• Impulse, internal, [279]
• —— to brood, [191]
• Inherited disposition, [5]
• Instinct, fighting, [79]-82
• —— gregarious, [20], [61], [141], [265], [266], [269], [276], [289], [290], [291], [296], [300]
• —— migratory, [37]
• —— of song related to establishment of territory, [125]
• —— sexual, reawakening of, [4], [18]
• Instinctive response, [180]
• Instincts susceptible to stimulation, [259]
• Internal impulse, [279] Internal stimulation, [62], [123]
• Interpretation of battles, [75]
• Intolerance of other birds, [218], [219]
• Intrusion resented, [274]
• Isolation, impulse to seek, [288]
• —— of male, [12], [62], [65], [73], [81]
• —— of male during breeding season, [267], [272], [273], [275], [281]
• Jay, [87], [156], [283]
• Kestrel, [228]
• Kittiwake, [116], [200], [247]
• Lapwing, [58], [59], [61], [62], [64], [84], [103], [104], [126], [189], [190], [220], [251], [284]
• Lapwing, life-history of, [58]-61
• Late arrival, advantages and disadvantages of, [33]-44
• Law of battle, [74], [75], [86]
• Lesser Whitethroat, [230], [244]
• Linnet, [156]
• M'Dougall, Dr, Social Psychology, [77]
• Magpie, [219], [283]
• Males arrive before advent of females, [24]
• Marsh-Warbler, [39], [40], [52], [81], [132], [140], [153], [155], [156], [165], [225]
• Martin, [201], [218]
• Mating, difficulties of, [172]
• —— fortuitous, [174]
• Maximum number supportable in a given locality, [49]
• Meadow-Pipit, [188]
• Meeting places for antics, [54], [63]
• Mental Image, [77]
• Merlin, [227]
• Migration, [3]-4
• —— distance no criterion, [279]
• —— its relation to territory, [259]
• Migration, origin of, [260], [277]
• —— phenomenon of, [277]
• Migratory instinct, [37]
• —— species more highly specialised than resident species, [56]
• Missel-Thrush, [21]
• Mobility of the land and stability of the water, [260]
• Moor-hen, [61], [85], [103], [218], [250], [251]
• Morgan, Professor Lloyd, on instinctive behaviour, [74]
• —— on emotional behaviour, [114]
• Nest, cleaning of, [180]
• —— construction of, [3]
• Nests, removal of, for experiments, [181], [185], [190], [213], [214]
• Neutral feeding grounds, [62], [125]
• —— ground, [98]
• Newton, E., on the arrival at breeding stations of males before female, [24], [35]
• Nightingale, [39], [156]
• Notes of alarm, [119]
• —— of anger, [119]
• —— of recognition, [139]
• —— of warning, [119], [139], [141], [145], [151], [153]
• Offspring, rearing of, [3], [4]
• Organic change, sexual, [92], [123]
• —— changes, [65]
• —— condition of Reeve, [173]
• Owl, Wood, [156]
• Paired for life, [55]-56
• Parental instinctive response, failure of, [185]
• Partridge, [87], [218]
• Persecution, Carrion Crow and Magpie, [226] Persecution, Carrion Crow and Rook, [227]
• —— House Sparrow and Martin, [218]
• —— Lapwing and Snipe, [220]
• —— Raven and Buzzard, [217]
• —— —— and Peregrine, [216]
• —— Starling and Woodpecker, [218], [237]
• Persistency to remain in territory, [68]
• Pied-Wagtail, [86], [155]
• Pigeon, Wood, [219]
• Pipit, Meadow, [188]
• —— Tree, [51], [188], [189], [222], [244], [278]
• Polyandrous females, [144]
• Predatory species, [268]
• Promiscuous pairing of Ruffs, [172]
• Proximity to food-supply necessary for rearing young, [179], [195]
• Psychology, Manual of, [1]
• Puffin, [63], [116], [200]
• Pugnacious instinct, [87]-109
• Pugnacity, [11], [62]
• —— of females to obtain mates, [109]-118
• —— of males, prior to mating-season, [77]-81
• —— of Moor-Hen, [218]
• Racial preparation, [41], [43], [46], [67], [205], [206], [266]
• Rail, Water, [218]
• Raven, [48], [202], [216]
• Razor-bill, [63], [64], [200], [247]
• Readjustment of territory, [146]
• Rearing of offspring, [3], [4]
• Red-backed Shrike, [39], [50], [51], [156]
• Redbreast, [47]
• Redshank, [139]
• Redwing, [124]
• Redstart, [230], [244]
• Reed-Bunting, [28], [68], [69], [85], [104], [132], [156], [158], [160], [244], [246], [273]
• Reed-Warbler, [49], [51], [68], [81], [132], [140], [152], [153], [211], [225]
• Reeve, [171]
• Relation of song to the territory, [119]-68
• —— of territory to migration, [259]
• —— of territory to the system of reproduction, [169]-214
• Relationship to a territory, [169]
• Reproduction, [14], [15]
• —— and territory, [169]-214
• —— attainment of, [2], [6], [37]
• —— goal of, [6]
• Ringed Guillemot, [64]
• Robbery of territory, [104]-107
• Rock-formation, suitability for Guillemots nesting on, [196]
• Rook, [202], [227]
• Routine behaviour, [262]
• Ruff, [54], [63], [172]
• —— meeting places for conflicts, [54]
• Ruffs, promiscuous pairing of, [172]
• Savi's Warbler, [139]
• Sedge-Warbler, [25], [44], [152], [226], [244]
• Selous, E., on the life-history of Ruffs and Reeves, [172]
• —— on meeting places for conflicts and antics, [54]
• —— on the meeting places of Black Grouse, [63]
• Service, Robert, on flocks of unmated Sedge-Warblers, [44], [45]
• Sexual behaviour, [3]
• —— conflicts, [10]
• —— development, [6]
• —— function, discharge of, [2], [3], [26]
• —— impulse of females, [13] Sexual instinct in the migratory male, [26]
• —— of Reeve, [173]
• —— —— reawakening of, [4], [18]
• —— life of birds, [1]
• —— maturity, males arrive at, before females, [36]
• —— organic change, [92], [123]
• —— selection, [166]
• Shag, [121]
• Shrike, Red-backed, [39], [50], [51], [156]
• Skylark, [188], [236], [244]
• Snipe, [153], [156], [219], [220]
• Sociability when not paired, [125], [126]
• Song, as an aid in searching for a mate, [12]
• —— its influence on mating, [167]
• —— origin of, [138]
• —— relation to reproduction, [123]
• —— relation to territory, [119]-168
• —— volume of, influenced by age, seasonal sexual development, or isolation, [166]
• Song-Thrush, [222], [244]
• Sparrow, House, [218]
• Sparrow-Hawk, [269]
• Spring, at approach of, birds lose their shyness, [138]
• Stability of the water and mobility of the land, [260]
• Starling, [217], [218], [237], [251]
• Stimulation, internal, [62], [123]
• —— question of, [284]
• Stonechat, 87 [187], [188], [189], [222], [233], [234]
• Stout, Dr, Manual of Psychology, [1], [77]
• Struggle for existence, [294]
• Susceptibility to position, [96]
• Swallow, [21], [156], [278]
• Territory, [1], [5]
• —— adjustment of, [10]
• Territory and reproduction, [169]-214
• —— breeding, [2], [3], [7]
• —— dates of acquisition of, [33]
• —— defence of, [6]
• —— desertion of, after rearing young, [276]
• —— disposition to defend, [73]-118
• —— disposition to secure, [6], [20]-72
• —— establishment of, [74], [285]
• —— evolution of, [176]
• —— failure to secure, [286]
• —— fights for, [10], [11], [13], [62]
• —— ownership of, [189]
• —— possession of, a stimulus to song, [136]
• —— its relation to migration, [259]
• —— its relation to reproduction, [169]-214
• —— readjustment of, [147]
• —— restriction of, advantageous for mating, [172]
• —— restricted, [8], [9], [30], [50], [58], [64]
• —— separate for male and female Cuckoo, [144]
• —— song, its relation to the, [119]-68
• —— temporary desertion of, [28], [35], [58], [59]
• —— and hostility, relationship between, [242]
• Thrush, Song, [222], [244]
• Tit, Blue, [221], [226]
• —— Great, [221]
• —— Long-tailed, [226]
• Tradition, [300]
• Tree-Pipit, [51], [188], [189], [222], [232], [244], [278]
• Turtle-Dove, [126], [232]
• Union of sexes, [12]
• Ussher, H. B., on the hostility between Choughs and Hooded Crows and Choughs and Ravens, [227]
• Vocal Imitation, [156], [157], [161]
• Voice calls of Curlew, [263]
• Wagtail, Pied, [86], [155]
• —— Yellow, [278]
• Wanderings from land, Guillemots, [193]
• Warbler, Garden, [223], [225], [230]
• —— Grasshopper, [39], [131], [139], [155], [187], [244]
• —— Marsh, [39], [40], [52], [81], [132], [140], [155], [156], [225]
• —— Reed, [49], [51], [68], [81], [132], [140], [152], [153], [211], [225]
• —— Savi's, [139]
• —— Sedge, [25], [44], [152], [226], [244]
• —— Willow, [25], [47], [50], [51], [80], [91], [140], [187], [211], [232], [244], [273]
• —— Wood, [50], [51], [132], [221]
• Warfare between different species and its relation to the territory, [215]-58
• Warning notes, [119]
• —— of danger, [269]
• Water Rail, [218]
• Wheatear, [25], [51]
• Whimbrel, [140]
• Whinchat, [39], [50], [51], [81], [222], [232], [233], [234], [244]
• Whitethroat, [25], [50], [68], [69], [124], [140], [182], [187], [189], [190], [213], [230], [244]
• —— Lesser, [230], [244]
• Wild Duck, [250]
• Will, the, to fight, [102]
• Willow-Warbler, [25], [47], [50], [51], [80], [91], [140], [187], [211], [232], [244], [273]
• Winter assemblies, [262]-63
• Witherby, H. F., in British Birds, on the return to former breeding-ground, [281]
• Wood-Owl, [156]
• Wood-Pigeon, [219]
• Wood-Warbler, [50], [51], [132], [221]
• Woodpecker, Lesser Spotted, [237]
• —— Great Spotted, [237], [238]
• —— Green, [20], [71], [156], [208], [218], [237]
• Wren, [244]
• Yellow Bunting, [28], [30], [47], [64], [140], [159], [162], [183], [187], [188], [189], [235], [236], [286]
• Young die in nest from exposure, [184], [185]

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