MAIN FEATURES OF THE ENTIRE UPPER PALÆOLITHIC HISTORY

Having now considered the opening of the Upper Palæolithic, also the single appearance of the Grimaldi race of which no further trace is known, it is desirable to briefly review the entire Upper Palæolithic history before we attempt to follow in detail its successive phases beginning with the appearance of the Aurignacian industry.

There is evidence of various kinds that the Crô-Magnons arrived in western Europe, bringing in their Aurignacian industry, while the Neanderthals were still in possession of the country and practising their Mousterian industry. Thus in the valley of the Somme, Commont believes he has recognized a level of flints, exhibiting the primitive Aurignacian 'retouch' of Dordogne, but occurring beneath a late Mousterian level. Additional evidence of a contact between the industries of these two races is found at the stations of La Ferrassie, of Les Bouffia, and especially of the Abri Audit, where there is a distinct transition period, in which the characteristic types of the late Mousterian are found intermixed with a number of flints suggesting the early Aurignacian;[(5)] here it would appear that the development of the Aurignacian is partly a local evolution, and not an invasion of wholly new types of implements. Breuil[(6)] suggests that these mixed layers may perhaps be explained by the supposition that we have here degenerate or modified Mousterian tools, more or less influenced by contact with the Aurignacian industry of the Crô-Magnon race.

THE STONE IMPLEMENTS CHARACTERISTIC OF LOWER AND UPPER PALÆOLITHIC TIMES

The Typical Stone ImplementsLower PalæolithicUpper Palæolithic
Pre-ChelleanChelleanAcheuleanMousterianAurignacianSolutreanMagdalenianAzilianTardenoisian
A.—WAR AND CHASE
*1.Microlithique? Arrow Point?
ETC.		............==+
2.Pointe Point....=++===..
3.Pointe à Soie Lance or
Knife		........=+=....
4.Pointe à Cran Lance-Head........=++?....
5.Pointe de Laurier ""........?++?....
*6.Coup de Poing Hand-Axe,
Poniard, etc.		..+++=..........
7.Pierre de Jet Throwing
Stone		??==??=....
*8.Couteau Knife=========
B.—INDUSTRIAL AND DOMESTIC
9.Lampe Lamp............=....
10.Lissoir Polisher..........==....
11.Mortier Mortar............=....
12.Hachette
(Tranchette)		 Chopper..?==..........
*13.Coup de Poing Hand-Axe, etc...+++=..........
14.Grattoir Planing Tool=========
15.Racloir Scraper===+++===..
16.Perçoir Drill, Borer========..
*17.Couteau Knife=========
18.Enclume Anvil Stone........=?=....
19.Percuteur Hammer-Stone==??=====
C.—ART, SCULPTURE, ENGRAVING
*20.Microlithique Drill, Graver,
and Etcher		........===++=
21.Ciseau Chisel........===....
22.Gravette Etching Tool........++==..
23.Burin Graver........++==?..
(also Mortar, Hammer-Stone,
and Polisher)

* = twice mentioned (in different classifications).

+ or ++ denotes an unusual or culminating development.

Again, the burial customs of the Neanderthals were in many respects followed by the Crô-Magnons; they chose, in fact, the same kind of burial sites, namely, at the entrances of grottos or in proximity to the shelters. Some degree of ceremony must have marked these burials, for with the remains were interred implements of industry and warfare together with offerings of food. The Neanderthal burials were with the body fully extended; the two burials of the Grimaldi race were with the limbs in a flexed position and tightly bound to the body, probably with skin garments or thongs. The Crô-Magnon burials are either with the body extended, as in the Grottes de Grimaldi, or with the limbs flexed, as in the Aurignacian burial of Laugerie Haute.

THE BONE IMPLEMENTS APPEARING AT THE CLOSE OF THE LOWER PALÆOLITHIC AND HIGHLY CHARACTERISTIC OF THE UPPER PALÆOLITHIC

The Typical Bone ImplementsLower PalæolithicUpper Palæolithic
Pre-ChelleanChelleanAcheuleanMousterianAurignacianSolutreanMagdalenianAzilianTardenoisian
A.—WAR, CHASE, FISHING
*1.Lames? Blades........=?=....
2.Poignard Dagger..........==....
3.Hameçon? Fish-Hook?........???....
4.Propulseur Spear
Thrower		............=....
5.Harpon Harpoon..........=++=..
6.Pointe de
Sagaie		 Javelin Point........===....
7.Pointe de
Lance		 Spear Point........====..
B.—INDUSTRIAL AND DOMESTIC
8.Spatule Spatula..........==....
9.Navette Shuttle............=....
10.Epingle Pin............=....
11.Aiguille Needle........=+++....
*12.Lames Blades........=..++....
13.Compresseur Anvil......=..........
14.Lissoir Smoother........====..
15.Coin Wedge........=..=....
16.Ciseau Chisel........=..==..
17.Poinçon Awl......=====..
C.—CEREMONIAL, SOCIAL
18.Bâton de
Commandement		 Ceremonial Staff........=+++....
19.Baguette Wand............=....