SUCCESSION OF HUMAN INDUSTRIES AND CULTURES[L]

V.LATER IRON AGE
 Europe 500 B. C. to Roman Times.
(La Tène Culture)
IV.EARLIER IRON AGE Europe 1000-500 B. C.
(Hallstatt Culture) Orient 1800-1000
III.BRONZE AGE Europeabout2000-1000
Orient"4000-1800
II.NEW STONE AGE, NEOLITHIC
3. LATE NEOLITHIC and COPPER AGE
(Transition Period) Europe"3000-2000.
2. TYPICAL NEOLITHIC AGE
(Robenhausian, Swiss Lake-Dwellers) Europe"7000.
1. EARLY NEOLITHIC STAGES
(Campignian Culture) Europe
I.OLD STONE AGE, PALÆOLITHIC
UPPER PALÆOLITHIC EUROPE
8. Azilian-Tardenoisian.}
}
}
}
}		Reindeer,
Shelter,
and
Cave
Period.		"12,000.
7. Magdalenian. (Close of Postglacial time.)"16,000.
6. Solutrean.
5. Aurignacian. (Beginning of Post-Glacial Time.)
LOWER PALÆOLITHIC
4. Mousterian. (Fourth Glacial time.)"40,000.
3. Acheulean. (Transition to shelters.)}
}
}		River-Drift
and
Terrace
Period.
2. Chellean."100,000.
1. Pre-Chellean (Mesvinian.)
EOLITHIC.

Geologic History of Man

Man emerges from the vast geologic history of the earth in the period known as the Pleistocene, or Glacial, and Postglacial, the 'Diluvium' of the older geologists. The men of the Old Stone Age in western Europe are now known through the latter half of Glacial times to the very end of Postglacial times, when the Old Stone Age, with its wonderful environment of mammalian and human life, comes to a gradual close, and the New Stone Age begins with the climate and natural beauties of the forests, meadows, and Alps of Europe as they were before the destroying hand of economic civilization fell upon them.

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Pl. II. "Throughout this long epoch western Europe is to be viewed as a peninsula, surrounded on all sides by the sea and stretching westward from the great land mass of eastern Europe and of Asia, which was the chief theatre of evolution both of animal and human life." 1-8. Discovery sites of the type specimens of human and prehuman races.

It is our difficult but fascinating task to project in our imagination the extraordinary series of prehistoric natural events which were witnessed by the successive races of Palæolithic men in Europe; such a combination and sequence never occurred before in the world's history and will never occur again. They centred around three distinct and yet closely related groups of causes. First, the formation of the two great ice-fields centring over the Scandinavian peninsula and over the Alps; second, the arrival or assemblage in western Europe of mammals from five entirely different life-zones or natural habitats; third, the arrival in Europe of seven or eight successive races of men by migration, chiefly from the great Eurasiatic continent of the East.

Throughout this long epoch western Europe is to be viewed as a peninsula, surrounded on all sides by the sea and stretching westward from the great land mass of eastern Europe and of Asia, which was the chief theatre of evolution both of animal and human life. It was the 'far west' of all migrations of animals and men. Nor may we disregard the vast African land mass, the northern coasts of which afforded a great southern migration route from Asia, and may have supplied Europe with certain of its human races such as the 'Grimaldi.'

These three principal phenomena of the ice-fields, the mammals, and the human life and industry, together establish the chronology of the Age of Man. In other words, there are four ways of keeping prehistoric time: that of geology, that of palæontology, that of anatomy, and that of human industry. Geologic events mark the grander divisions of time; palæontologic and anatomic events mark the lesser divisions; while the successive phases of human industry mark the least divisions. The geologic chronology deals with such immense periods of time that its ratio to the animal and to the human chronology is like that of years to hours and to minutes of our own solar time.