ILLUSTRATIONS

Plate I.Neanderthal man at the grotto of Le Moustier (in tint)[Frontispiece]
PAGE
Plate II.Discovery sites of the type specimens of human and prehuman races (in color)facing [19]
Plate III.Pithecanthropus, the ape-man of Java[87]
Plate IV.The Piltdown man[145]
Plate V.The Neanderthal man of La Chapelle-aux-Saints[203]
Plate VI.The 'Old Man of Crô-Magnon'[273]
Plate VII.Crô-Magnon artists in the cavern of Font-de-Gaume (in tint)[358]
Plate VIII.Bison painted by Palæolithic artists in the cavern of Altamira (in color)[414]
FIG.
1.Modern, Palæolithic, and chimpanzee skulls compared[8]
2.Skull and brain of Pithecanthropus, the ape-man of Java[9]
3.Three great types of flint implements[11]
4.Evolution of the lance-point[15]
5.Map—Type stations of Palæolithic cultures[16]
6.Section—Terraces of the River Inn near Scharding[25]
7.Section—Terraces of the River Rhine above Basle[26]
8.Section—Terraces of the River Thames near London[28]
9.Magdalenian loess station of Aggsbach in Lower Austria[29]
10.Section of the site of the Neanderthal cave[31]
11.Sections showing the formation of the typical limestone cavern[32]
12.Map—Europe in the period of maximum continental elevation[35]
13.Section showing snow-lines and sea-levels of the Glacial Epoch[37]
14.Chronological chart—Great events of the Glacial Epoch[41]
15.Zoogeographic map[45]
16.The gibbon[50]
17.The orang[51]
18.The chimpanzee, walking[52]
19.The chimpanzee, sitting[53]
20.The gorilla[55]
21.Median sections of the heads of a young gorilla and of a man[56]
22.Side view of a human brain of high type[57]
23.Outlines of typical human and prehuman brains (side view)[58]
24.Outlines of typical human and prehuman brains (top view)[59]
25.Map—Europe during the Second Glacial Stage[65]
26.The musk-ox[66]
27.The giant deer (Megaceros)[68]
28.The sabre-tooth tiger (Machærodus)[70]
29.Restoration of Pithecanthropus, the Java ape-man[73]
30.Discovery site of Pithecanthropus[74]
31.Section of the volcano of Lawoe and the valley of the Solo River[75]
32.Map—Solo River and discovery site of Pithecanthropus[75]
33.Section of the Pithecanthropus discovery site[76]
34.Skull-top of Pithecanthropus, top and side views[77]
35.Head of chimpanzee, front and side views[78]
36.Restoration of Pithecanthropus skull, side view[79]
37.Restoration of Pithecanthropus skull, three views[80]
38.Pithecanthropus, the Java ape-man, side view[81]
39.Pithecanthropus, the Java ape-man, front view[82]
40.Side view of a human brain of high type[83]
41.Outlines of human and prehuman brains, side and top views[84]
42.The hippopotamus and the southern mammoth[92]
43.Merck's rhinoceros and the straight-tusked elephant[93]
44.Map—Geographic distribution of Merck's rhinoceros, the hippopotamus, and the straight-tusked elephant[94]
45.Section of the Heidelberg discovery site[96]
46.The sand-pit at Mauer, discovery site of the Heidelberg man[97]
47.The Heidelberg jaw[98]
48.Jaws of an Eskimo, of an orang, and of Heidelberg (side view)[99]
49.Jaws of an Eskimo, of an orang, and of Heidelberg (top view)[100]
50.Restoration of Heidelberg man[101]
51.Map—Europe during the Third Glacial Stage[105]
52.Chronological chart of the last third of the Glacial Epoch[108]
53.Map—Pre-Chellean and Chellean stations[109]
54.Map—Europe during the Third Glacial Stage[110]
55.Excavation at Chelles-sur-Marne[111]
56.Map—Western Europe during the Third Interglacial Stage[116]
57.Three terraces on the Connecticut River[120]
58.Four forms of the Chellean coup de poing[121]
59.Section—Terraces on the Somme at St. Acheul[122]
60.Very primitive palæoliths from Piltdown[127]
61.Pre-Chellean coups de poing from St. Acheul[128]
62.Pre-Chellean grattoir or planing tool from St. Acheul[129]
63.Discovery site of the Piltdown skull[131]
64.Section of the Piltdown discovery site[133]
65.Primitive worked flint found near the Piltdown skull[134]
66.Eoliths found in or near the Piltdown site[135]
67.Piltdown skull and skull of South African Bushman[136]
68.Restoration of the Piltdown skull, three views[137]
69.Section of the Piltdown skull, showing the brain[140]
70.Brain outlines of the Piltdown man, of a chimpanzee, and of modern man, compared[140]
71.The Piltdown man, side view[142]
72.The Piltdown man, front view[143]
73.Map—Pre-Chellean and Chellean stations[149]
74.Section—Middle and high terraces on the Somme at St. Acheul[150]
75.Excavation on the high terrace at St. Acheul[151]
76.Small Chellean implements[153]
77.Map—Palæolithic stations of Germany[160]
78.Entrance to the grotto of Castillo[163]
79.Section—archæologic layers of the grotto of Castillo[164]
80.Map—Acheulean stations[167]
81.Late Acheulean station of La Micoque in Dordogne[168]
82.Method of 'flaking' flint[169]
83.Method of 'chipping' flint[170]
84.The fracture of flint[171]
85.Large Acheulean implements[173]
86.Map—Valleys of the Dordogne and the Garonne[175]
87.The valley of the Vézère[176]
88.Acheulean implements, large and small[178]
89.A Levallois flake[179]
90.The grotto of Krapina[181]
91.Section Valley of the Krapinica River and grotto of Krapina[182]
92.Section—The grotto of Krapina[183]
93.Skull from Krapina, side view[184]
94.Map—Europe during the Fourth Glacial Stage[189]
95.The woolly rhinoceros and the woolly mammoth[190]
96.Typical tundra fauna[193]
97.Map—Palæolithic stations of Germany[195]
98.The type station of Le Moustier[197]
99.Excavations at Le Moustier[198]
100.The Mousterian cavern of Wildkirchli[200]
101.Entrance to the grotto of Sirgenstein[201]
102.The woolly mammoth and his hunters[208]
103.The woolly rhinoceros[210]
104.Map—Distribution of Pre-Neanderthaloids and Neanderthaloids[214]
105.The Gibraltar skull, front view[215]
106.Section of the Neanderthal discovery site[216]
107.The Neanderthal skull, side view[217]
108.The skull known as Spy I, side view[220]
109.Discovery site of La Chapelle-aux-Saints[222]
110.Entrance to the grotto of La Chapelle-aux-Saints[223]
111.The skull from La Chapelle-aux-Saints, three views[224]
112.Human teeth of Neanderthaloid type from La Cotte de St. Brelade[225]
113.Skulls of a chimpanzee, of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, and of a modern Frenchman, side view[227]
114.Outlines of the Gibraltar skull and of a modern Australian skull[228]
115.Skull of La Chapelle-aux-Saints compared with one of high modern type, side view[230]
116.Skulls of a chimpanzee, of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, and of a modern Frenchman, top view[231]
117.Diagram comparing eleven races of fossil and living men[233]
118.Section of the skull of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, showing the brain[235]
119.Brain outlines of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, of a chimpanzee, and of modern man, compared[235]
120.Brains of Lower and Upper Palæolithic races, top and side views[236]
121.Skeleton of La Chapelle-aux-Saints[238]
122.Thigh-bones of the Trinil, Neanderthal, Crô-Magnon, and modern races[240]
123.The Neanderthal man of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, side view[242]
124.The Neanderthal man of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, front view[243]
125.Map—Mousterian stations[245]
126.The Mousterian cave of Hornos de la Peña[246]
127.Outlook from the cave of Hornos de la Peña[247]
128.Typical Mousterian 'points' from Le Moustier[250]
129.Mousterian 'points' and scrapers[251]
130.Late Mousterian implements[255]
131.Entrance to the Grotte du Prince near Mentone[262]
132.Section of the Grotte des Enfants[265]
133.The Grimaldi skeletons[267]
134.Skull of the Grimaldi youth, front and side views[268]
135.Map—Distribution of Upper Palæolithic human fossils[279]
136.Chronological chart of the last third of the Glacial Epoch[280]
137.'Tectiforms' from Font-de-Gaume[283]
138.Map—Distribution of the reindeer, mammoth, and woolly rhinoceros[285]
139.Section of the grotto of Aurignac[290]
140.Section of the grotto of Crô-Magnon[291]
141.Skull of Crô-Magnon type from the Grotte des Enfants[292]
142.Head showing the method of restoration used by J. H. McGregor[293]
143.The rock shelter of Laugerie Haute, Dordogne[296]
144.Skeleton of La Chapelle-aux-Saints and skeleton of Crô-Magnon type from the Grotte des Enfants, compared[297]
145.Sections of normal and platycnæmic tibias[298]
146.The 'Old Man of Crô-Magnon,' side view[300]
147.The 'Old Man of Crô-Magnon,' front view[301]
148.Brain outlines of Combe-Capelle, of a chimpanzee, and of modern man, compared[303]
149.Evolution of the burin, early Aurignacian to late Solutrean[307]
150.Typical Aurignacian grattoirs, or scrapers[309]
151.Evolution of the Aurignacian 'point'[311]
152.Prototypes of the Solutrean 'laurel-leaf point'[312]
153.Map—Aurignacian stations[314]
154.Outlook from the cavern of Pindal[315]
155.Mammoth painted in the cavern of Pindal[316]
156.Primitive paintings of animals from Font-de-Gaume[318]
157.Woolly rhinoceros painted in the cavern of Font-de-Gaume[319]
158.Carved female figurine from the Grottes de Grimaldi[321]
159.Female figurine in limestone from Willendorf[322]
160.Female figurine in soapstone from the Grottes de Grimaldi[323]
161.Superposed engravings of rhinoceros and mammoth from Le Trilobite[324]
162.Silhouettes of hands from Gargas[325]
163.The rock shelter of Laussel on the Beune[326]
164.Section of the industrial layers at Laussel[327]
165.Bas-relief of a woman from Laussel[328]
166.Bas-relief of a man from Laussel[329]
167.Map—Solutrean stations[331]
168.The skull known as Brünn I, discovered at Brünn, Moravia[335]
169.Solutrean 'laurel-leaf points'[339]
170.The type station of Solutré[342]
171.Excavations at Solutré[343]
172.Typical Solutrean implements[346]
173.Mammoth sculptured on ivory, from Předmost, Moravia[349]
174.Engraved and painted bison from Niaux[353]
175.Decorated sagaies or javelin points of bone[354]
176.Horse's head engraved on a fragment of bone, from Brassempouy[355]
177.Painting of a wolf, from Font-de-Gaume[356]
178.Crude sculpture of the ibex, from Mas d'Azil[357]
179.Decorated bâtons de commandement[359]
180.Chronological chart of the last third of the Glacial epoch[362]
181.Engraved and painted reindeer from Font-de-Gaume[365]
182.Four types of horse frequent in Upper Palæolithic times[367]
183.Horse of Celtic type, painted on the ceiling of Altamira[368]
184.Four chamois heads engraved on reindeer horn, from Gourdan[369]
185.Typical alpine fauna[371]
186.Typical steppe fauna[374]
187.Ptarmigan or grouse carved in bone, from Mas d'Azil[375]
188.The rock shelter of Laugerie Basse, Dordogne[377]
189.Human skull-tops cut into bowls, from Placard[379]
190.Male and female skulls of Crô-Magnon type, from Obercassel[381]
191.The type station of La Madeleine[383]
192.Magdalenian flint implements[386]
193.Magdalenian bone harpoons[387]
194.Magdalenian flint blades with denticulated edge[390]
195.Bone needles from Lacave[391]
196.Map—Palæolithic art stations of Dordogne, the Pyrenees, and the Cantabrian Mountains[394]
197.Primitive engravings of the mammoth from Combarelles[397]
198.Preliminary engraving of painted mammoth from Font-de-Gaume[397]
199.Charging mammoth engraved on ivory, from La Madeleine[398]
200.Human grotesques from Marsoulas, Altamira, and Combarelles[399]
201.Entrance to the cavern of Combarelles, Dordogne[400]
202.Engraved cave-bear, from Combarelles[401]
203.Magdalenian stone lamp, from La Mouthe[401]
204.Entrance to the cavern of La Pasiega[402]
205.Engraved bison from Marsoulas[403]
206.Herd of horses engraved on a slab of stone, from Chaffaud[404]
207.Herd of reindeer engraved on an eagle radius, from La Mairie[405]
208.Reindeer and salmon engraved on an antler, from Lorthet[406]
209.Engraved lioness and horses, from Font-de-Gaume[407]
210.Painted horse of Celtic type, from Castillo[408]
211.Galloping horse of steppe type, from Font-de-Gaume[408]
212.Entrance to the cavern of Niaux[409]
213.Engraved horse with heavy winter coat, from Niaux[410]
214.Professor Emile Cartailhac at the entrance of Le Portel[411]
215.Engraved horse and reindeer, from La Mairie[412]
216.Engraved reindeer, cave-bear, and two horses, from La Mairie[413]
217.Engraved wild cattle, from La Mairie[413]
218.Preliminary etched outline of bison from Font-de-Gaume[414]
219.Entrance to the cavern of Font-de-Gaume[415]
220.Map of the cavern of Font-de-Gaume[416]
221.Narrow passage known as the 'Rubicon,' Font-de-Gaume[417]
222.Plan showing reindeer and procession of bison, Font-de-Gaume[419]
223.Plan showing preliminary engraving and painting of the procession of mammoths, superposed on drawings of bison, reindeer, and horses[420]
224.Example of superposition of paintings, from Font-de-Gaume[421]
225.Entrance to the cavern of Altamira[422]
226.Plan of paintings on the ceiling of Altamira[423]
227.The ceiling of Altamira[424]
228.Painting of female bison lying down, from Altamira[425]
229.Royal stag engraved on the ceiling of Altamira[426]
230.Statuette of a mammoth carved in reindeer horn, from Bruniquel[427]
231.Entrance to the cavern of Tuc d'Audoubert[428]
232.Engraved head of a reindeer from Tuc d'Audoubert[429]
233.Two bison, male and female, modelled in clay, from Tuc d'Audoubert[430]
234.Horse carved in high relief, from Cap Blanc[431]
235.Horse head carved on a reindeer antler, from Mas d'Azil[432]
236.Statuette of horse carved in ivory, from Les Espelugues[432]
237.Woman's head carved in ivory, from Brassempouy[433]
238.Map—Magdalenian stations[435]
239.Necklace of marine shells, from Crô-Magnon[437]
240.Map—Palæolithic stations of Germany[439]
241.Reindeer engraved around a piece of reindeer antler, from Kesslerloch[441]
242.Entrance to the grotto of Kesslerloch[444]
243.The rock shelter of Schweizersbild[445]
244.The open loess station of Aggsbach[448]
245.Saiga antelope carved on a bone dart-thrower, from Mas d'Azil[449]
246.Western entrance to the cavern of Mas d'Azil[460]
247.Azilian harpoons of stag horn[462]
248.Azilian galets coloriés, or painted pebbles[464]
249.Tardenoisian flints[467]
250.Map—Azilian-Tardenoisian stations[471]
251.Azilian stone implements[473]
252.Double-rowed Azilian harpoons of stag horn, from Oban[474]
253.Section—Archæologic layers in the grotto of Ofnet[476]
254.Burial nest of six skulls, from the grotto of Ofnet[477]
255.Brachycephalic and dolichocephalic skulls from Ofnet[478]
256.Broad-headed skull of Grenelle[482]
257.Entrance to the grotto of Furfooz on the Lesse[482]
258.Section of the grotto of Furfooz[483]
259.One of the type skulls of the Furfooz race[483]
260.Restoration of the man of Grenelle[484]
261.Implements and decorations from Maglemose[487]
262.Ancestry of the Pre-Neolithic races[491]
263.Stages in the manufacture of the Neolithic stone ax[493]
264.Stone hatchet from Campigny[494]
265.Stone pick from Campigny[494]
266.Restoration of the Neolithic man of Spiennes[495]
267.Stag hunt, painting from the rock shelter of Alpera[497]
268.Map—Distribution of the types of recent man in western Europe[499]

Map of Palæolithic Tour [folded at the end of the volume]

MEN OF THE OLD STONE AGE

INTRODUCTION

GREEK CONCEPTIONS OF MAN'S ORIGIN—RISE OF ANTHROPOLOGY, OF ARCHÆOLOGY, OF THE GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF MAN—TIME DIVISIONS OF THE GLACIAL EPOCH—GEOGRAPHIC, CLIMATIC, AND LIFE PERIODS OF THE OLD STONE AGE