Anglo-Saxons, divisions of England under the, ii. 270;
their Danish assailants, 271;
Alfred and his successors, 272, 273;
descent of the crown, 273;
influence of provincial governors, 274;
thanes and ceorls, 275;
condition of the ceorls, ib.;
privileges annexed to their possession of land, 276;
position of the socage tenants, 277;
condition of the British natives, ib.;
absence of British roots in the English language, 278 and note g;
constitution of the Witenagemot, 279, 374-379;
administration of justice, and divisions of the land for the purpose, 280;
hundreds and their probable origin, 280, 281, 379-381;
the tything-man and alderman, 282, and 283 note u;
the county court and its jurisdiction, 282;
contemporary report of a suit adjudicated in the reign of Canute, 283, 284 and note y;
trial by jury and its antecedents, 285-288;
introduction of the law of frank-pledge, 289, 290;
turbulence of the Anglo-Saxons, 290;
progress of the system of frank-pledges, 291;
responsibilities and uses of the tythings, 292, 293 and notes;
probable existence of feudal tenures before the Conquest, 293-301, 408-410;
observations on the change of the heptarchy into a monarchy, 352-356;
consolidation of the monarchy, 356-358;
condition, of the eorls and ceorls further elucidated, 358-371;
proportion of British natives under the Anglo-Saxon rule, 371-374;
judicial functions of the Anglo-Saxon kings, 381;
analogy between the French and Anglo-Saxon monarchies, 383;
peculiar jurisdiction of the king's court, 384-386.
Anjou (Louis, duke of), seizure of Charles V.'s treasures by, i. 65, 66;
his claim as regent, 68 and note;
his attempt on the crown of Naples, and death, 69.
See Charles of Anjou.
Anselm (archbishop), cause of his quarrel with William II. and Henry I., ii. 194;
Descartes's argument on the Deity anticipated by him, iii. [428].
Appanages, effect of the system of, i. 88.
Aquinas (Thomas), metaphysical eminence of, iii. [427];
comparative obsoleteness of his writings, [428] [note] i.
Aquitaine, extent of the dominions so called, i. 116;
character of its people 116, 117;
effect of the wars of the Merovingian kings, 282.
Arabia and the Arabs. See [Mohammed].
Aragon, bequest of to the Templars by Alfonso I., and reversal thereof, ii. 8;
rise of the kingdom in political importance, 39;
struggle for the succession to its crown, 39-41;
points of interest in its form of government, 43;
privileges of its nobles and people, 43, 44;
its natural defects and political advantages, 45;
statistics of its wealth, population, &c., ib. note r;
grant of the "privilege of union," 46;
supersession thereof, 48;
the office of justiciary, ib.;
instances of that officer's integrity and courage, 49;
and of the submission of kings to his decrees, 53, 54;
duration and responsibilities of the office, 54;
the Cortes of Aragon, 56;
social condition of the kingdom, 58;
its union with Castile, ib.;
its burgesses, iii. [331] [note] u.
Archers (English), invincibility of the, at Crecy and Poitiers, i. 54.
See [Military Systems].
Architecture, as illustrative of domestic progress, iii. [346];
early castles in England, ib.;
improvements thereon, [347];
early houses, [348];
revival of the use of bricks, [349];
arrangement of ordinary mansion-houses, [350];
dwellings in France and Italy, [350], [351];
introduction of chimneys and glass windows, [351-353] and [notes];
house furniture and domestic conveniences, [353], [354] and [notes];
farm-houses and cottages, [355];
ecclesiastical architecture, its grandeur and varieties, [355-359] and [notes];
domestic architecture of the 12th and 14th centuries, [479-482].