Tithes, establishment of, ii. 144;
Charlemagne's capitulary relative thereto, 145 and notes;
origin of lay impropriators, 148;
note relative to the subject, 263.
Toledo taken from the Moors, ii. 5.
Torriani. See [Visconti].
Toulouse, non-submission of the counts of, to the kings of France, i. 27 and note r;
their fall, 29.
See [Raymond VI].
Towns and cities, earliest charters granted to, i. 256;
considerations on the causes of such grants, ib. 257;
privileges of incorporated towns, 258;
their relationship towards the crown, 259-261;
independence of maritime towns, 261;
chartered towns of Spain, ii. 6;
their privileges and duties, 7, 8;
cause of their importance, 20;
cities of Germany [see [Germany]];
cities of Italy [see [Florence], [Genoa], [Milan], [Pisa], [Venice]].
Towns of England, progress of the, iii. [19];
Canterbury, Lincoln, and Stamford, [20] [note] r;
conversion of individual tributes into borough rents, [21];
incorporation of towns by charter, [22] and [notes];
curious bond relative to Cambridgeshire, [23] [note] b;
prosperity of the towns, [24];
early importance and populousness of London, [24], [25] and [notes];
participation of its citizens in constitutional struggles, [26];
first summoning of towns to parliament, [27].
See [Municipal Institutions].
Trade and commerce, mediæval non-existence of, iii. [313];
barriers to their progress, ib. [314];
extent of foreign commerce, [315];
home traffic in slaves [316] and [note] d;
woollen manufactures and vacillating policy of the English kings relative thereto, [318-323] and [notes];
opening of the Baltic trade, [324];
growth of English commerce, [325];
opulence of English merchants, ib. [326];
increase of maritime traffic, [326-328];
commercial eminence of the Italian states, [328-330] and [notes];
invention of the mariners' compass, [332], [333];
compilation of maritime laws, [333];
frequency and irrepressibility of piracy, [334];
practice of reprisals, [335], [336] and [notes];
liability of aliens for each other's debts, [336];
trade profits and rates of interest, [337];
price of corn and cattle, [368].
Trial by combat, ceremonials attending, i. 242, 243 and notes;
abolished by St. Louis, 244.
Trial by jury and its antecedents, ii. 285-288;
early modes of trial, 386-388;
abolition of trial by ordeal, 390;
difference between ancient and modern trial by jury, 392;
original functions of juries, ib.;
origin of the modern system, 402-404;
character of the early system, 405.
Troubadours (the), and their productions, iii. [434-436].