Practical Methods of Sewage Disposal for Residences, Hotels and Institutions

by Henry N. Ogden; H. Burdett Cleveland

PLAN OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL WORKS
FOR
MR. CHARLES L. A. WHITNEY
ALBANY, N.Y.

In Fig. [46] is shown in plan and section a sewage-disposal plant for the residence of Mr. Charles L. A. Whitney, of Albany, N. Y., consisting of a settling tank, dosing chamber, and contact beds. This plant is designed to serve twenty-five persons, although the settling tanks have a capacity for double the amount of sewage on the usual basis of design.

The depth of filtering material in the beds should preferably be four or five feet, although, where operating head or fall is limited, this depth may be decreased to three feet. The floor of the bed should slope toward the outlet end at a rate of about one-eighth of an inch per foot.

Various materials are used to form the body of the filter, such as broken stone, coke, broken brick, and furnace slag, but the material used should not be such as will disintegrate readily, and for this reason broken limestone, from one-half inch to one and one-half inches in size, with perhaps two-inch stones for the bottom six inches of the bed surrounding the underdrains, is most suitable for small plants.

These underdrains should be constructed of horse-shoe tiling, and in the case of beds more than eight or ten feet wide should preferably be laid with short branches reaching from a main drain laid along the centre of the floor of the bed; or these drains may be laid in parallel lines, as shown in Fig. [46].

In order to alternate the discharge of effluent from the settling tank onto different beds in turn and to provide for more uniformly distributing the effluent over all portions of the bed, the settling-tank effluent should be collected as in the other methods of disposal described, in a siphon or dosing chamber, from which, by means of alternating siphons, it may be delivered to the proper bed.

In the case of a group of three beds or five beds, diverting chambers with stop-planks, similar to those described in connection with intermittent sand filters, may be provided to allow the throwing out of use of each of the beds in turn for a week or so at a time. In the smaller plants accommodating up to one hundred and fifty persons, it is hardly necessary to provide for more than three beds, thus allowing opportunity for each one to rest for one week in every three to six weeks, which will result in a temporary increase of fifty per cent in the rate of application of effluent to the remaining beds. In the case of the larger plants, especially if they are to be operated continuously, it is better to construct five beds so that two pairs of two beds each may be used alternately, leaving one bed, or twenty per cent of the total area, out of use. This will result in an increase of but twenty-five per cent in the rate of application of effluent to the four beds in use.

With the usual rates of operation for contact beds, one filling per day of the beds will result, and, if the dosing of the beds is carried on as above and as described in the portion of this chapter dealing with the dosing of intermittent sand filters, but two siphons in the dosing tank, constituting double alternating siphons, will be necessary. Such an arrangement will eliminate the necessity of installing plural alternating siphons consisting of three or more siphons, the cost of which is not warranted in connection with small plants, since the double alternating siphons will insure proper operation of the beds at much less cost. Of course, in the larger plants where two beds are dosed at each discharge of a siphon, a larger siphon chamber is necessary with the two siphons, but the extra cost of a larger siphon chamber would in most cases be more than offset by the increased cost of plural alternating siphons.

The main effluent carrier from the siphon chamber to each contact bed should discharge into a half-tile carrier, with branches, laid on the surface of the contact bed, as shown in Fig. [46].