Henry N. Ogden

and

H. Burdett Cleveland

PUBLISHERS PRINTING CO., 419–421 LAFAYETTE ST, NEW YORK

CONTENTS

Chapter I. Introductory
PAGES
The problem of sewage disposal. Composition and character of sewage. Action of bacteria. Soils and their value for sewage treatment. Three essential conditions for effective sewage purification. Rates of operation. Preliminary and final treatment.[1]–[13]
Chapter II. The Settling Tank
Function and capacity of settling tanks. Their construction. Siphon chambers. Use of concrete. Pipe connections. Roof. Baffle boards. Imhoff or Emscher tanks.[14]–[36]
Chapter III. Valves, Siphons, and Siphon Chambers
Hand valves. Gate valves. Flap valves. Various types of siphons. Alternating and plural siphons. Air-lock siphons. Dosing apparatus.[37]–[54]
Chapter IV. Sub-surface Irrigation
Advantages of sub-surface irrigation for sewage disposal. Details of system. Tables for use in constructing. Siphon chambers. Sub-surface tile. Alternate use of separate portions of area. Underdrainage.[55]–[72]
Chapter V. Sewage Filters
Relative efficiency of various types. Sand Filters. Tables for use in constructing siphons. Dosing and distribution methods. Maintenance. Contact Beds. Methods of construction. Alternate and timed siphons for filling and discharging. Table for use in constructing. Sprinkling Filters. Their construction and operation. Complicated and undesirable for small installation.[73]–[97]
Chapter VI. Broad Irrigation
Fertilizing elements in sewage. Value of sewage for irrigation. Area required for sewage irrigation. Methods of applying the sewage. Maintenance of irrigated areas.[98]–[111]
Chapter VII. Estimates of Cost
Cost of material: of laying sewers and drains; of sand; of excavating and refilling; of rock excavation; of concrete work; of valves; of dosing devices; of filling material for beds; of finishing and cleaning up. Table to show items to be considered in estimate of cost.[112]–[128]

LIST OF FIGURES

A sub-surface irrigation sewage-disposal plant[Frontispiece]
FIGURE PAGE
1.Plan of settling tank[15]
2.Longitudinal section of settling tank[17]
3.Sketch of settling tank with longitudinal partition wall[19]
4.Forms used for building side walls for concrete tank[23]
5.View of settling tank, showing baffles, sludge pipe, drain pipe, and inlet and outlet pipes[26]
6.Section showing tank with concrete roof and form for constructing roof[28]
7.Form for manhole opening[30]
8.Plan and longitudinal section of modified Imhoff tank[33]
9.Vertical cross-section of modified Imhoff tank[34]
10.Sludge valve for floor of tank[38]
11.Sludge valve for side wall of tank[39]
12.Sluice gate valve made by Coffin Valve Co[40]
13.Ordinary gate valve[40]
14.English slide valve with wedge-lock handle[41]
15.Flap valve attached to length of sewer pipe[42]
16.Flap valve with metallic seat attached[43]
17.Flap valve with loose-link hinges[44]
18.Intermittent dosing apparatus made by Ansonia Manufacturing Co.[45]
19.Simplest form of automatic siphon[46]
20.Van Vranken automatic siphon[47]
21.Miller automatic siphon[48]
22.Double alternating siphons of the “Merritt” type[49]
23.Triple alternating siphons of the Miller type[50]
24.Single “Merritt” automatic siphon[51]
25.Air-lock siphon for admitting and releasing sewage from each one of four beds in regular order[52]
26.Plan and section of sub-surface irrigation system[61]
27.Plan and section of a portion of a sub-surface irrigation system[62]
28.Y-branch of vitrified tile pipe[64]
29.Eighth bend of vitrified tile pipe[64]
30.Sub-surface tiling[65]
31.Photograph of tile laid as if for sewage disposal[66]
32.Sub-surface tiling with broken stone or gravel surrounding pipe[67]
33.Sub-surface systems on irregular ground[68]
34.Special casting of double Y-branch with swinging gate[69]
35.Double Y-branch with valves on branches of main carrier[70]
36.Sub-surface tiling system with underdrains[71]
37.View of sand-filter beds for village in Massachusetts[75]
38.Layout for intermittent sand filtration[78]
39.Intermittent sand-filtration beds[79]
40.Portion of distributing troughs for sand filters[80]
41.General view of disposal plant at Bedford Reformatory[81]
42.View of sand filter with distribution trough. Settling tank is at the end of the bed[82]
43.View of diverting manhole[83]
44.Plan of diverting manhole[84]
45.Five-way diverting manhole[85]
46.General plans of contact-bed system near Albany, N. Y., opposite page[89]
47.View of sprinkling filter at Dansville, Pa., in winter[95]
48.Distribution of sewage and arrangement of check levees on a hillside[106]
49.Distribution of sewage on a hillside of moderate slope[107]
50.Square beds for orchards according to some Western practice[108]
51.Grain-field in spring in process of irrigation[109]

PRACTICAL METHODS OF