FOOTNOTES:

[15:1] Golding evidently adopted the reading "qui perflant omnia," instead of the reading now generally received, "qui præstant nomina."

[15:2] Gerard thought that Ovid's Anemone was the Venice Mallow—Hibiscus trionum—a handsome annual from the South of Europe.

[16:1] In the "Nineteenth Century" for October, 1877, is an interesting article by Mr. Gladstone on the "colour-sense" in Homer, proving that Homer, and all nations in the earlier stages of their existence, have a very limited perception of colour, and a very limited and loosely applied nomenclature of colours. The same remark would certainly apply to the early English writers, not excluding Shakespeare.

[17:1] Mr. Leo Grindon also identifies the classical Anemone with the Cistus. See a good account of it in "Gardener's Chronicle," June 3, 1876.

[17:2] The small yellow A. ranunculoides has been sometimes included among the British Anemones, but is now excluded. It is a rare plant, and an alien.

APPLE.

(1)Sebastian.I think he will carry this island home and giveit his son for an Apple.
Tempest, act ii, sc. 1 (91).
(2)Malvolio.Not yet old enough for a man, nor young enoughfor a boy; as a Squash is before 'tis a Peascod,or a Codling when 'tis almost an Apple.
Twelfth Night, act i, sc. 5 (165).
(3)Antonio.An Apple, cleft in two, is not more twin
Than these two creatures.
Ibid., act 5, sc. 1 (230).
(4)Antonio.An evil soul producing holy witness
Is like a villain with a smiling cheek,
A goodly Apple rotten at the heart.
Merchant of Venice, act i, sc. 3 (100).
(5)Tranio.He in countenance somewhat doth resemble you.
Biondello.As much as an Apple doth an oyster, and all one.
Taming of the Shrew, act iv, sc. 2 (100).
(6)Orleans.Foolish curs, that run winking into the mouthof a Russian bear, and have their headscrushed like rotten Apples.
Henry V, act iii, sc. 7 (153).
(7)Hortensio.Faith, as you say, there's small choice in rottenApples.
Taming of the Shrew, act i, sc. 1 (138).
(8)Porter.These are the youths that thunder at a playhouse,and fight for bitten Apples.
Henry VIII, act v, sc. 4 (63).
(9)Song of Winter.When roasted Crabs hiss in the bowl,
Then nightly sings the staring owl.
Love's Labour's Lost, act v, sc. 2 (935).
(10)Puck.And sometime lurk I in a gossip's bowl
In very likeness of a roasted Crab;
And when she drinks, against her lips I bob,
And on her wither'd dewlap pour the ale.
Midsummer Night's Dream, act ii, sc. 1 (47).
(11)Fool.Shal't see thy other daughter will use theekindly; for though she's as like this as a Crab'slike an Apple, yet I can tell what I can tell.
Lear.Why, what can'st thou tell, my boy?
Fool.She will taste as like this as a Crab does to a Crab.
King Lear, act i, sc. 5 (14).
(12)Caliban.I prithee, let me bring thee where Crabs grow.
Tempest, act ii, sc. 2 (171).
(13)Petruchio.Nay, come, Kate, come, you must not look so sour.
Katherine.It is my fashion, when I see a Crab.
Petruchio.Why, here's no Crab, and therefore look notsour.
Taming of the Shrew, act ii, sc. 1 (229).
(14)Menonius.We have some old Crab-trees here at home that will not
Be grafted to your relish.
Coriolanus, act ii, sc. 1 (205).
(15)Suffolk.Noble stock
Was graft with Crab-tree slip.
2nd Henry VI, act iii, sc. 2 (213).
(16)Porter.Fetch me a dozen Crab-tree staves, and strongones.
Henry VIII, act v, sc. 4 (7).
(17)Falstaff.My skin hangs about me like an old lady's loosegown; I am withered like an old Apple-john.
1st Henry IV, act iii, sc. 3 (3).
(18)1st Drawer.What the devil hast thou brought there?Apple-johns? Thou knowest Sir John cannotendure an Apple-john.
2nd Drawer.Mass! thou sayest true; the prince once set adish of Apple-johns before him, and told himthere were five more Sir Johns; and puttingoff his hat, said, I will now take my leave ofthese six dry, round, old, withered knights.
2nd Henry IV, act ii, sc. 4 (1).
(19)Shallow.Nay, you shall see my orchard, where, in anarbour, we will eat a last year's Pippin of myown graffing, with a dish of Caraways, andso forth.
* * * * *
Davey.There's a dish of Leather-coats for you.
Ibid., act v, sc. 3 (1, 44).
(20)Evans.I pray you be gone; I will make an end of mydinner. There's Pippins and cheese to come.
Merry Wives of Windsor, act i, sc. 2 (11).
(21)Holofernes.The deer was, as you know, sanguis, in blood;ripe as the Pomewater, who now hangethlike a jewel in the ear of cœlo—the sky, thewelkin, the heaven; and anon falleth like aCrab on the face of terra—the soil, the land,the earth.
Love's Labour's Lost, act iv, sc. 2 (3).
(22)Mercutio.Thy wit is a very Bitter Sweeting; it is a mostsharp sauce.
Romeo.And is it not well served in to a sweet goose?
Romeo and Juliet, act ii, sc. 4 (83).
(23)Petruchio.What's this? A sleeve? 'Tis like a demi-cannon.
What! up and down, carved like an Apple-tart?
Taming of the Shrew, act iv, sc. 3 (88).
(24) How like Eve's Apple doth thy beauty grow,
If thy sweet virtue answer not thy show!
Sonnet xciii.

Here Shakespeare names the Apple, the Crab, the Pippin, the Pomewater, the Apple-john, the Codling, the Caraway, the Leathercoat, and the Bitter-Sweeting. Of the Apple generally I need say nothing, except to notice that the name was not originally confined to the fruit now so called, but was a generic name applied to any fruit, as we still speak of the Love-apple, the Pine-apple,[20:1] &c. The Anglo-Saxon name for the Blackberry was the Bramble-apple; and Sir John Mandeville, in describing the Cedars of Lebanon, says: "And upon the hills growen Trees of Cedre, that ben fulle hye, and they beren longe Apples, and als grete as a man's heved"[20:2] (cap. ix.). In the English Bible it is the same. The Apple is mentioned in a few places, but it is almost certain that it never means the Pyrus malus, but is either the Orange, Citron, or Quince, or is a general name for a tree fruit. So that when Shakespeare ([24]) and the other old writers speak of Eve's Apple, they do not necessarily assert that the fruit of the temptation was our Apple, but simply that it was some fruit that grew in Eden. The Apple (pomum) has left its mark in the language in the word "pomatum," which, originally an ointment made of Apples, is now an ointment in which Apples have no part.