The Mediaeval Mind (Volume 1 of 2) / A History of the Development of Thought and Emotion in the Middle Ages

by Henry Osborn Taylor

INDEX

Note.—Of several references to the same matter the more important are shown by heavy type.

Abaelard, Peter, career of, ii. 342-5;
at Paris, ii. 343, 344, 383;
popularity there, ii. 119;
love for Heloïse, ii. 4-5, 344;
love-songs, ii. 13, 207;
Heloïse’s love for, i. [585]; ii. 3, 5, 8, 9, 15-16;
early relations with Heloïse, ii. 4-5;
suggestion of marriage opposed by her, ii. 6-9;
marriage, ii. 9;
suffers vengeance of Fulbert, ii. 9;
becomes a monk at St. Denis, ii. 10;
at the Paraclete, ii. 10, 344;
at Breton monastery, ii. 10;
St. Bernard’s denunciations of, i. [229], [401]; ii. 344-5, 355;
letters to, from Heloïse quoted, ii. 11-15, 17-20, 23, 24;
letters from, to Heloïse quoted, ii. 16-17, 21-3, 24-5;
closing years at Cluny, ii. 25, 26, 345;
death of, ii. 27, 345;
estimate of, ii. 4, 342;
rationalizing temper, i. [229]; ii. 298-9;
skill in dialectic, ii. 303, 345-6, 353;
not an Aristotelian, ii. 369;
works on theology, ii. 352-5;
De Unitate et Trinitate divina, ii. 10, 298-9, 352 and n. 3;
Theologia, ii. 303-4, 395;
Scito te ipsum, ii. 350-1;
Sic et non, i. [17]; ii. 304-6, 352, 357;
Dialectica, ii. 346 and nn., 349-50;
Dialogue between Philosopher, Jew, and Christian, ii. 350, 351;
Historia calamitatum, ii. 4-11, 298-9, 343;
Carmen ad Astralabium filium, ii. 192;
hymns, ii. 207-9;
otherwise mentioned, ii. 134, 283 and n.
Abbo, Abbot, i. [294] and n., [324]
Abbots:
Armed forces, with, i. [473]
Cistercian, position of, i. [362-3] and n.
Investiture of, lay, i. [244]
Social class of, i. [473]
Accursius, Glossa ordinaria of, ii. 262, 263
Adalberon, Abp. of Rheims, i. [240], [282-3], [287]
Adam of Marsh, ii. 389, 400, 487
Adam of St. Victor, editions of hymns of, ii. 87 n. 1;
examples of the hymns, ii. 87 seqq.;
Latin originals, ii. 206, 209-15
Adamnan cited, i. [134] n. 2, [137]
Adelard of Bath, ii. 370
Aedh, i. [132]
Agobard, Abp. of Lyons, i. [215], [232-3];
cited, ii. 247
Aidan, St., i. [174]
Aimoin, Vita Abbonis by, i. [294] and n.
Aix, Synod of, i. [359]
Aix-la-Chapelle:
Chapel at, i. [212] n.
School at, see [Carolingian period—Palace school]
Alans, i. [113], [116], [119]
Alanus de Insulis, career of, ii. 92-4;
estimate of, ii. 375-6;
works of, ii. 48 n. 1, 94, 375 n. 5, 376;
Anticlaudianus, ii. 94-103, 192, 377, 539;
De planctu naturae, ii. 192-3 and n. 1, 376
Alaric, i. [112]
Alaric II., i. [117]; ii. 243
Alberic, Card., i. [252] n. 2
Alberic, Markgrave of Camerino, i. [242]
Alberic, son of Marozia, i. [242-3]
Albertus Magnus, career of, ii. 421;
estimate of, ii. 298, 301, 421;
estimate of work of, ii. 393, 395;
attitude toward Gilbert de la Porrée, ii. 372;
compared with Bacon, ii. 422;
with Aquinas, ii. 433, 438;
relations with Aquinas, ii. 434;
on logic, ii. 314-15;
method of, ii. 315 n.;
edition of works, ii. 424 n. 1;
De praedicabilibus, ii. 314 and n., 315, 424-5;
work on the rest of Aristotle, ii. 420-1;
analysis of this work, ii. 424 seqq.;
attitude toward the original, ii. 422;
Summa theologiae, ii. 430, 431;
Summa de creaturis, ii. 430-1;
De adhaerendo Deo, ii. 432;
otherwise mentioned, i. [17]; ii. 82 n. 2, 283, 312, 402, 541 n. 2
Albigenses, i. [49];
persecution of, i. [366-7], [461], [481], [572]; ii. 168
Alboin the Lombard, i. [115]
Alchemy, ii. 496-7
Alcuin of York, career of, i. [214];
works of, i. [216-21] and n. 2;
extracts from letters of, ii. 159;
stylelessness of, ii. 159, 174;
verses by, quoted, ii. 136-7;
on urbanitas, ii. 136;
otherwise mentioned, i. [212], [240], [343]; ii. 112, 312, 332
Aldhelm, i. [185]
Alemanni, i. [9], [121], [122], [145] n. 2, [174], [192]
Alemannia, Boniface’s work in, i. [199]
Alexander the Great, Pseudo-Callisthenes’ Life of, ii. 224, 225, 229-230;
Walter of Lille’s work on, ii. 230 n. 1
Alexander II., Pope, i. [262] n., [263] and n. 1
Alexander de Villa-Dei, Doctrinale of, ii. 125-7, 163
Alexander of Hales—at Paris, i. [476]; ii. 399;
Bacon’s attack on, ii. 494, 497;
estimate of work of, ii. 393, 395, 399;
Augustinianism of, ii. 403-4
Alfred, King of England, i. [144] and n. 2, [187-90]
Allegory (See also [Symbolism]):
Dictionaries of, ii. 47-8 and n. 1, 49
Greek examples of, ii. 42, 364
Metaphor distinguished from, ii. 41 n.
Politics, in, ii. 60-1, 275-6, 280
Roman de la rose as exemplifying, ii. 103
Scripture, see under [Scriptures]
Two uses of, ii. 365
Almsgiving, i. [268]
Alphanus, i. [253-4]
Amadas, i. [565]
Ambrose, St., Abp. of Milan, on miracles, i. [85-6];
attitude toward secular studies, i. [300]; ii. 288;
Hexaëmeron of, i. [72-4];
De officiis, i. [96];
hymns, i. [347-8];
otherwise mentioned, i. [70], [75], [76], [104], [186], [354]; ii. 45 n., 272
Anacletus II., Pope, i. [394]
Anchorites, see [Hermits]
Andrew the Chaplain, Flos amoris of, i. [575-6]
Angels:
Aquinas’ discussion of, ii. 324-5, 435, 457 seqq., 469, 473-5
Dante’s views on, ii. 551
Emotionalizing of conception of, i. [348] n. 4
Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. 68, 69
Symbols, regarded as, ii. 457
Vincent’s Speculum as concerning, ii. 319
Writings regarding, summary of, ii. 457
Angilbert, i. [234-5]
Angles, i. [140]
Anglo-Saxons:
Britain conquered by, i. [141]
Characteristics of, i. [142], [196]
Christian missions by, i. [196], [197]
Christian missions to, i. [172], [174], [180] seqq.
Customs of, i. [141]
Poetry of, i. [142-4]
Roman influence slight on, i. [32]
Aniane monastery, i. [358-9]
Annals, i. [234] and n. 1
Anselm (at Laon), ii. 343-4
Anselm, St., Abp. of Canterbury, dream of, i. [269-70];
early career, i. [270];
at Bec, i. [271-2];
relations with Rufus, i. [273], [275];
journey to Italy, i. [275];
estimate of, i. [274], [276-7]; ii. 303, 330, 338;
style of, i. [276]; ii. 166-7;
influence of, on Duns Scotus, ii. 511;
works of, i. [275] seqq.;
Cur Deus homo, i. [275], [277] n. 1, [279]; ii. 395;
Monologion, i. [275-7];
Proslogion, i. [276-8]; ii. 166, 395;
Meditationes, i. [276], [279];
De grammatico, i. [277] n. 2;
otherwise mentioned, i. [16], [19], [301-2]; ii. 139, 283, 297, 340
Anselm of Besate, i. [259]
Anthony, St., i. [365-6];
Life of, by Athanasius, i. [47], [52] and n.
Antique literature, see [Greek thought] and [Latin classics]
Antique stories, themes of, in vernacular poetry, ii. 223 seqq.
Apollinaris Sidonius, ii. 107
Apollonius of Tyana, i. [44]
Apollonius of Tyre, ii. 224 and n.
Aquinas, Thomas, family of, ii. 433-4;
career, ii. 434-5;
relations with Albertus Magnus, ii. 434;
translations of Aristotle obtained by, ii. 391;
Vita of, by Guilielmus de Thoco, ii. 435 n.;
works of, ii. 435;
estimate of, and of his work, i. [17], [18]; ii. 301, 436-8, 484;
completeness of his philosophy, ii. 393-5;
pivot of his attitude, ii. 440;
present position of, ii. 501;
style, ii. 180;
mastery of dialectic, ii. 352;
compared with Eriugena, i. [231] n. 1;
with Albertus Magnus, ii. 433, 438;
with Bonaventura, ii. 437;
with Duns, ii. 517;
Dante compared with and influenced by, ii. 541 n. 2, 547, 549, 551, 555;
on monarchy, ii. 277;
on faith, ii. 288;
on difference between philosophy and theology, ii. 290;
on logic, ii. 313;
Summa theologiae, i. [17], [18]; ii. 290 seqq.;
style of the work, ii. 180-1;
Bacon’s charge against it, ii. 300;
Peter Lombard’s work contrasted with it, ii. 307-10;
its method, ii. 307;
its classification scheme, ii. 324-9;
analysis of the work, ii. 438 seqq., 447 seqq.;
Summa philosophica contra Gentiles, ii. 290, 438, 445-6;
otherwise mentioned, i. [69] n. 2; ii. 283, 298, 300, 312, 402
Aquitaine, i. [29], [240], [573]
Arabian philosophy, ii. 389-90, 400-1
Arabs, Spanish conquest by, i. [9], [118]
Archimedes, i. [40]
Architecture, Gothic:
Evolution of, i. [305]; ii. 539
Great period of, i. [346]
Argenteuil convent, ii. 9, 10
Arianism:
Teutonic acceptance of, i. [120], [192], [194]
Visigothic abandonment of, i. [118] nn.
Aristotle, estimate of, i. [37-8];
works of, i. [37-8];
unliterary character of writings of, ii. 118, 119;
philosophy as classified by, ii. 312;
attitude of, to discussions of final cause, ii. 336;
the Organon, i. [37], [71];
progressive character of its treatises, ii. 333-4;
Boëthius’ translation of the work, i. [71], [91-2];
advanced treatises “lost” till 12th cent., ii. 248 n., 334;
Porphyry’s Introduction to the Categories, i. [45], [92], [102]; ii. 312, 314 n., 333, 339;
Arabian translations of works, ii. 389-90;
introduction of complete works, i. [17];
Latin translations made in 13th cent., ii. 391;
three stages in scholastic appropriation of the Natural Philosophy and Metaphysics, ii. 393;
Paris University study of, ii. 391-2 and n.;
Albertus Magnus’ work on, ii. 420-1, 424 seqq.;
Aquinas’ mastery of, i. [17], [18];
Dominican acceptance of system of, ii. 404;
Dante’s reverence for, ii. 542
Arithmetic:
Abacus, the, i. [299]
Boëthius’ work on, i. [72], [90]
Music in relation to, ii. 291
Patristic treatment of, i. [72]
Scholastic classification of, ii. 313
Arnold of Brescia, i. [401]; ii. 171
Arnulf, Abp. of Rheims, i. [283-4]
Art, Christian (For particular arts, see their names):
Demons as depicted in, ii. 540 n. 2
Early, i. [345] n.
Emotionalizing of, i. [345-7]
Evolution of, i. [19-20]
Germany, in (11th cent.), i. [312]
Symbolism the inspiration of, i. [21]; ii. 82-6
Arthur, King, story of youth of, i. [568-569];
relations with Lancelot and Guinevere, i. [584];
with Parzival, i. [592], [599-600], [612]
Arthurian romances:
Comparison of, with Chansons de geste, i. [564-5]
German culture influenced by, ii. 28
Origin and authorship of, question as to, i. [565-7]
Universal vogue of, i. [565], [573], [577]
otherwise mentioned, i. [531], [538]
Arts, the (See also [Latin classics]):
Classifications of, ii. 312 seqq.
Course of, shortening of, ii. 132, 384
Dictamen, ii. 121, 129, 381
[Grammar], see that heading
Masters in, at Paris and Oxford, ii. 384-5;
course for, ii. 388
[Seven Liberal], see that heading
Asceticism:
Christian:
Carthusian, i. [384]
Early growth of, i. [333-5]
Manichean, i. [49]
Women’s practice of, i. [444], [462-3]
Neo-Platonic, i. [43], [44], [46], [50], [331], [334]
Astralabius, ii. 6, 9, 27;
Abaelard’s poem to, ii. 191-2 and n. 1
Astrology, i. [44] and n.; ii. 374:
Bacon’s views on, ii. 499-500
Astronomy:
Chartres study of, i. [299]
Gerbert’s teaching of, i. [288-9]
Patristic attitude toward, i. [72]
Ataulf, i. [112], [116]
Athanasius, St., estimate of work of, i. [54], [68];
Life of St. Anthony by, i. [47], [52] and n., [84];
Orationes, i. [68]
Atlantis, i. [36]
Attila the Hun, i. [112-13];
in legend, i. [145-7]
Augustine, Abp. of Canterbury, i. [6], [171], [180-2];
Gregory’s letters to, cited, i. [102]
Augustine, St., Bp. of Hippo, Platonism of, i. [55];
personal affinity of, with Plotinus, i. [55-7];
barbarization of, by Gregory the Great, i. [98], [102];
compared with Gregory the Great, i. [98-9];
with Anselm, i. [279];
with Guigo, i. [385], [390];
overwhelming influence of, in Middle Ages, ii. 403;
on numbers, i. [72] and n. 2, [105];
attitude toward physical science, i. [300];
on love of God, i. [342], [344];
allegorizing of Scripture by, ii. 44-5;
modification by, of classical Latin, ii. 152;
Confessions, i. [63]; ii. 531;
De Trinitate, i. [64], [68], [74], [96];
Civitas Dei, i. [64-65], [69] n. 2, [81-82];
De moribus Ecclesiae, i. [65], [67-8];
De doctrina Christiana, i. [66-7];
classification scheme based on the Doctrina, ii. 322;
De spiritu et littera, i. [69];
De cura pro mortuis, i. [86];
De genesi ad litteram, ii. 324;
Alcuin’s compends of works of, i. [220];
otherwise mentioned, i. [5], [53], [71], [75], [82], [87], [89], [104], [186], [225], [340], [354], [366], [370]; ii. 107, 269, 297, 312
Augustus, Emp., i. [26], [29]
Aurillac monastery, i. [281]
Ausonius, i. [126] n. 2; ii. 107
Austrasia:
Church organization in, i. [199]
Feudal disintegration of, i. [240]
Irish monasteries founded in, i. [174]
Rise of, under Pippin, i. [209]
Authority v. reason, see [Reason]
Auxerre, i. [506-7]
Averroes, ii. 390
Averroism, ii. 400-1
Averroists, ii. 284 n., 296 n. 1
Avicenna, ii. 390
Avitus, Bp. of Vienne, i. [126] n. 2
Azo, ii. 262-3
Bacon, Roger, career of, ii. 486-7
tragedy of career, ii. 486;
relations with Franciscan Order, ii. 299, 486, 488, 490-1;
encouragement to, from Clement IV., ii. 489-90 and n. 1;
estimate of, ii. 484-6;
estimate of work of, ii. 402;
style of, ii. 179-80;
attitude toward the classics, ii. 120;
predilection for physical science, ii. 289, 486-7;
Albertus Magnus compared with, ii. 422;
on four causes of ignorance, ii. 494-5;
on seven errors in theological study, ii. 495-8;
on experimental science, ii. 502-8;
on logic, ii. 505;
on faith, ii. 507;
editions of works of, ii. 484 n.;
Greek Grammar by, ii. 128 and n. 5, 484 n., 487, 498;
Multiplicatio specierum, ii. 484 n., 500;
Opus tertium, ii. 488, 490 and nn., 491, 492, 498, 499;
Opus majus, ii. 490-1, 492, 494-5, 498, 499-500, 506-8;
Optics, ii. 500;
Opus minus, ii. 490-1, 495-8;
Vatican fragment, ii. 490 and n. 2, 505 n. 1;
Compendium studii philosophiae, ii. 491, 493-4, 507-8;
Compendium theologiae, ii. 491;
otherwise mentioned, ii. 284 n., 335 n., 389, 531-2
Bartolomaeus, De proprietatibus rerum of, ii. 316 n. 2
Bartolus, ii. 264
Baudri, Abbot of Bourgueil, ii. 192 n. 1
Bavaria:
Irish monasteries founded in, i. [174]
Merovingian rule in, i. [121]
Otto’s relations with, i. [241]
Reorganization of Church in, [198-9]
Bavarians, i. [145] n. 2, [209], [210]
Beauty, love of, i. [340]
Bec monastery, i. [262] n., [270-2]
Bede, estimate of, i. [185-6];
allegorizing of Scripture by, ii. 47 n. 1;
Church History of the English People, i. [172], [186], [234] n. 2;
De arte metrica, i. [187], [298];
Liber de temporibus, [300];
otherwise mentioned, i. [184], [212]
Beghards of Liége, i. [365]
Belgae, i. [126]
Belgica, i. [29], [32]
Benedict, Prior, i. [258]
Benedict, St., of Nursia, i. [85] and n. 2, [94], [100] n. 4;
Regula of, see under [Monasticism]
Benedictus, Chronicon of, ii. 160-1
Benedictus Levita, Deacon, ii. 270
Benoit de St. More, Roman de Troie by, ii. 225, 227-9
Beowulf, i. [141], [143-4] and n. 1
Berengar, King, i. [256]
Berengar of Tours, i. [297], [299], [302-3]; ii. 137
Bernard, Bro., of Quintavalle, i. [502]
Bernard, disciple of St. Francis, i. [425-6]
Bernard of Chartres, ii. 130-2, 370
Bernard, St., Abbot of Clairvaux, at Citeaux, i. [360], [393];
inspires Templars’ regula, i. [531];
denounces and crushes Abaelard, i. [229], [401]; ii. 344-5, 355;
denounces Arnold of Brescia, i. [401]; ii. 171;
relations with Gilbert de la Porrée, ii. 372;
Lives of, i. [392] n., [393] n. 1;
appearance and characteristics of, i. [392-3];
estimate of, i. [394]; ii. 367-8;
love and tenderness of, i. [344], [345], [394] seqq.; ii. 365;
severity of, i. [400-1];
his love of Clairvaux, i. [401-2];
of his brother, i. [402-4];
Latin style of, ii. 169-71;
on church corruption, i. [474];
on faith, ii. 298;
unconcerned with physics, ii. 356;
St. Francis compared with, i. [415-16];
extracts from letters of, i. [395] seqq.; ii. 170-1;
Sermons on Canticles—cited, [337] n.;
quoted, i. [409-13]; ii. 169, 368-9;
De consideratione, ii. 368;
otherwise mentioned, i. [17], [20], [279], [302], [472], [501]; ii. 34, 168

Bernard Morlanensis, De contemptu mundi by, ii. 199 n. 3
Bernard Silvestris, Commentum ... of, ii. 116-17 and n. 2;
De mundi universitate, ii. 119, 371 and n.
Bernardone, Peter, i. [419], [423-4]
Bernward, Bp. of Hildesheim, i. [312] and n. 1
Bible, see [Scriptures]
Biscop, Benedict, i. [184]
Bishops:
Armed forces, with, i. [473]
Francis of Assisi’s attitude toward, i. [430]
Gallo-Roman and Frankish, position of, i. [191-2], [194] and nn., [198], [201] n.
Investiture of, lay, i. [244-5] and n. 4; ii. 140
Jurisdiction and privileges of, ii. 266
Papacy’s ascendancy over, i. [304]
Reluctance to be consecrated, i. [472]
Social class of, i. [473]
Vestments of, symbolism of, ii. 77 n. 2
Blancandrin, i. [565]
Bobbio monastery, i. [178], [282-3]
Boëthius, death of, i. [89], [93];
estimate of, i. [89], [92], [102];
Albertus Magnus compared with, ii. 420;
works of, i. [90-3];
Gerbert’s familiarity with works of, i. [289];
works of, studied at Chartres, i. [298-9];
their importance, i. [298];
De arithmetica, i. [72], [90];
De geometria, i. [90];
commentary on Porphyry’s Isagoge, i. [92]; ii. 312;
translation of the Organon, i. [71], [91-2];
“loss” of advanced works, ii. 248 n., 334;
De consolatione philosophiae, i. [89], [188], [189-90], [299];
mediaeval study of the work, i. [89]; ii. 135-6
Bologna:
Clubs and guilds in, ii. 382
Fight of, against Parma, i. [497]
Law school at, ii. 121, 251, 259-62, 378
Medical school at, ii. 121, 383 n.
University, Law, inception and character of, ii. 121, 381-3;
affiliated universities, ii. 383 n.
Bonaventura, St. (John of Fidanza), career of, ii. 403;
at Paris, ii. 399, 403;
estimate of, ii. 301;
style of, ii. 181-2;
contrasted with Albertus, ii. 405;
compared with Aquinas, ii. 405, 437;
with Dante, ii. 547;
on faith, ii. 298;
on Minorites and Preachers, ii. 396;
attitude toward Plato and Aristotle, ii. 404-5;
toward Scriptures, ii. 405 seqq.;
De reductione artium ad theologiam, ii. 406-8;
Breviloquium, ii. 408-13;
Itinerarium mentis in Deum, ii. 413-18;
otherwise mentioned, ii. 283, 288
Boniface, see [Winifried-Boniface]
Boniface VIII., Pope, Sextus of, ii. 272;
Unam sanctam bull of, ii. 509
Books of Sentences, method of, ii. 307
(See also under [Lombard])
Botany, ii. 427-8
Bretons, i. [113]
Breviarium, i. [117], [239], [243-4]
Britain:
Anglo-Saxon conquest of, i. [141]
Antique culture in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. [10-11]
Celts in, i. [127] n.
Christianity of, i. [171-2]
Romanization of, i. [32]
Brude (Bridius), King of Picts, i. [173]
Brunhilde, i. [176], [178]
Bruno, Abp. of Cologne, i. [309-10], [383-4];
Ruotger’s Life of, i. [310]; ii. 162 and n. 1
Burgundians:
Christianizing of, i. [193]
Church’s attitude toward, i. [120]
Roman law code promulgated by (Papianus), ii. 239, 242
Roman subjects of, i. [121]
otherwise mentioned, i. [9-10], [113], [145]
Burgundy, i. [175], [243] n. 1
Byzantine architecture, [212] n.
Byzantine Empire, see [Eastern Empire]
Cædmon, i. [183], [343]
Caesar, C. Julius, cited, i. [27-9], [138], [296]
Caesar of Heisterbach, Life of Engelbert by, i. [482-6] and n.;
Dialogi miraculorum, cited, i. [488] n., [491].
Canon law:
Authority of, ii. 274
Basis of, ii. 267-9
Bulk of, ii. 269
Conciliar decrees, collections of, ii. 269
Decretals:
Collections of, ii. 269, 271-2, 275 n.
False, ii. 270, 273
Gratian’s Decretum, ii. 268-9, 270-1, 306
Jus naturale in, ii. 268-9
Lex romana canonice compta, ii. 252
Scope of, ii. 267
Sources of, ii. 269
Supremacy of, ii. 277
Canossa, i. [244]
Cantafables, i. [157] n. 1
Canticles, i. [350];
Origen’s interpretation of, [333];
St. Bernard’s Sermons on, i. [337] n., [409-13]; ii. 169, 368-9
Capella, Martianus, De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii of, i. [71] and n. 3; ii. 553
Caritas, ii. 476-8;
in relation to faith, ii. 479-81;
to wisdom, ii. 481
Carloman, King of Austrasia, i. [199-200] and n., [209]
Carloman (son of Pippin), i. [209-10]
Carnuti, i. [296]
Carolingian period:
Breviarium epitomes current during, ii. 244, 249
Continuity of, with Merovingian, i. [210-12]
Criticism of records non-existent in, i. [234]
Definiteness of statement a characteristic of, i. [225], [227]
Educational revival in, [218-19], [222], [236]; ii. 122, 158;
palace school, i. [214], [218], [229], [235]
First stage of mediaeval learning represented by, ii. 330, 332
History as compiled in, i. [234-5]
King’s law in, ii. 247
Latin poetry of, ii. 188, 194, 197
Latin prose of, ii. 158
Originality in, circumstances evoking, i. [232-3]
Restatement of antique and patristic matter in, i. [237], [342-3]
Carthaginians, i. [25]
Carthusian Order, origin of, i. [383-4]
Cassian’s Institutes and Conlocations, i. [335]
Cassiodorus, life and works of, i. [93-7];
Chronicon, i. [94];
Variae epistolae, i. [94];
De anima, [94-5];
Institutiones divinarum et saecularium litterarum, i. [95-6]; ii. 357 n. 2;
otherwise mentioned, i. [6], [88-9], [115]; ii. 312
Cathari, i. [49]; ii. 283 n.
Catullus, i. [25]
Cavallini, i. [347]
Celsus cited, ii. 235, 237
Celtic language, date of disuse of, i. [31] and n.
Celts:
Gaul, in, i. [125] and n., [126-7], [129] n. 1
Goidelic and Brythonic, i. [127] n.
Ireland, in, see [Irish]
Italy invaded by (3rd cent. B.C.), i. [24]
Latinized, i. [124]
Teutons compared with, i. [125]
Champagne, i. [240], [573]
Chandos, Sir John, i. [554-5]
Chanson de Roland, i. [12] n., [528] and n. 2, [559-62]
Chansons de geste, i. [558] seqq.; ii. 222
Charlemagne, age of, see [Carolingian period];
estimate of, i. [213];
relations of, with the Church, i. [201], [239]; ii. 273;
relations with Angilbert, i. [234-5];
educational revival by, i. [213-14]; ii. 110, 122, 158, 332;
book of Germanic poems compiled by order of, ii. 220;
Capitularies of, ii. 110, 248;
open letters of, i. [213] n.;
Einhard’s Life of, ii. 158-9;
poetic fame of, i. [210];
false Capitularies ascribed to, ii. 270;
empire of, non-enduring, i. [238];
otherwise mentioned, i. [9], [115], [153], [562]; ii. 8
Charles Martel, i. [197], [198], [209]; ii. 273
Charles II. (the Bald), King of France, i. [228], [235]
Charles III. (the Simple), King of France, i. [239-40]
Charles IV., King of France, i. [551]
Chartres Cathedral, sculpture of, i. [20], [297]; ii. 82-5
Chartres Schools:
Classics the study of, i. [298]; ii. 119
Fulbert’s work at, i. [296-7], [299]
Grammar as studied at, ii. 129-30
Medicine studied at, ii. 372
Orleans the rival of, ii. 119 n. 2
Trivium and quadrivium at, i. [298-9]; ii. 163
mentioned, i. [287], [293]
Chartreuse, La Grande, founding of, i. [384] (See also [Carthusian])
Chaucer, ii. 95
Childeric, King, i. [119], [122]
Chivalry:
Literature of:
[Arthurian romances], see that heading
Aube (alba) poetry, i. [571]; ii. 30
Chansons de geste, i. [558] seqq.
Nature of, i. [20]
Pastorelle, i. [571]
Pietistic ideal recognized in, ii. 288, 533
Poems of various nations cited, i. [570] n.
Religious phraseology in love poems, i. [350] n. 2
Romans d’aventure, i. [564-5], [571] n. 2
Three branches of, i. [558]
Nature of, i. [522], [570] n.
Order of, evolution of, i. [524] seqq.
(See also [Knighthood])
Chrétien de Troies, romances by, i. [566-7];
Tristan, i. [567];
Perceval, i. [567], [588-9];
Erec (Geraint), i. [567], [586]; ii. 29 n.;
Lancelot or Le Conte de la charrette, i. [567], [569-70], [582-5];
Cligés, i. [567], [586] n. 2;
Ivain, i. [571] n. 2, [586] n. 3; ii. 29 n.;
translation of Ovid’s Ars amatoria, i. [574]
Christianity:
Appropriation of, by mediaeval peoples, stages in, i. [17-18]
Aquinas’ Summa as concerning, ii. 324
Art, in, see [Art]
Atonement doctrine, Anselm’s views on, i. [279]
Basis of, ii. 268
Britain, in, i. [171-2]
Buddhism contrasted with, i. [390]
Catholic Church, see [Church]
Completeness of scheme of, ii. 394-5
Dualistic element in, i. [59]
Eleventh century, position in, i. [16]
Emotional elements in:
Fear, i. [103], [339], [342], [383]
Hate, i. [332], [339]
Love, i. [331], [345]
Synthetic treatment of, i. [333]
Emotionalizing of, angels as regarded in, i. [348] n. 4
Eternal punishment doctrine of, i. [65], [339], [486]
Faith of, see [Faith]
Feudalism in relation to, i. [524], [527-9] and n. 2, [530]
Fifth century, position in, i. [15]
Gallo-Roman, i. [191-2]
German language affected by, i. [202]
Greek Fathers’ contribution to, i. [5]
Greek philosophic admixture in, i. [33-4]
Hell-fear in, i. [103], [339], [342], [383]
[Hymns], see that heading
Ideal v. actual, i. [354-5]
Incarnation doctrine of, ii. 369
Irish missionaries of, see under [Irish]
Latin as modified for expression of, ii. 152, 154, 156, 164, 171
Marriage as regarded by, ii. 8, 529
Martyrs for, see [Martyrs]
Mediaeval development in relation to, i. [11], [170]
Mediation doctrine of, i. [54], [59-60]
Militant character of, in early centuries, i. [69-70], [75]
Miracles, attitude toward, i. [50-1]
[Monasticism], see that heading
Neo-Platonism compared with, i. [51]
Pagan ethics inconsistent with, i. [66]
Pessimism of, toward mortal life, i. [64]
[Saints], see that heading
Salvation:
Master motive, as, i. [59], [61], [79], [89]
Scholasticism’s main interest, as, ii. 296-7, 300, 311
Standard of discrimination, as, ii. 530, 533, 559
[Scriptures], see that heading
Teutonic acceptance of, see under [Teutons]
Trinity doctrine of:
Abaelard’s works on, ii. 10, 298-9, 352-3, 355
Aquinas on, ii. 449-50, 456
Bonaventura on, ii. 416-17
Dante’s vision, ii. 551
Peter Lombard’s Book on, ii. 323
Roscellin on, ii. 340
Vernacular presentation of, ii. 221
[Visions], see that heading
Chronicles, mediaeval, ii. 175
Chrysostom, i. [53]
Church, Roman Catholic:
Authority of, Duns’ views on, ii. 516
[Bishops], see that heading
British Church’s divergencies from, [171-2]
[Canon Law], see that heading
Charlemagne’s relations with, i. [201], [239]; ii. 273
Classical study as regarded by, i. [260]; ii. 110 seqq., 396-7
[Clergy], see that heading
Confession doctrine of, i. [489]
Constantine’s relations with, ii. 266
Creation of, i. [11], [68], [86-7]
Decretals, etc., see under [Canon Law]
Denunciations of, i. [474-5]; ii. 34-5
Diocesan organization of, among Germans, i. [196]
Doctrinal literature of, i. [68-70]
Duns’ attitude towards, ii. 513
East and West, solidarity of development of, i. [55]
Empire’s relations with, see under [Papacy]
Eternal punishment doctrine of, i. [65], [339], [486]; ii. 550
[Eucharistic controversy], see that heading
Fathers of the, see [Greek thought, patristic]; [Latin Fathers]; and chiefly [Patristic thought]
Feudalism as affected by, i. [524], [527-9] and n. 2, [530]
Feudalism as affecting, i. [244], [473]
Frankish, see under [Franks]
Gallo-Roman, i. [191-2], [194]
Hildegard’s visions regarding, i. [457]
Intolerance of, see subheading Persecutions
Investiture controversy, see under [Bishops]
Irish Church’s relations with, i. [172-4] and n. 1
Isidore’s treatise on liturgical practices of, i. [106]
Knights’ vow of obedience to, i. [530]
Mass, the:
Alleluia chant and Sequence-hymn, ii. 196, 201 seqq.
Symbolism of, ii. 77-8
Nicene Creed, i. [69]
[Papacy], [Popes], see those headings
Paschal controversy, see [Eucharistic]
Penance doctrine of, i. [101], [195]
Persecutions by, i. [339];
of Albigenses, i. [366-7], [461], [481], [572]; ii. 168;
of Jews, i. [118], [332];
of Montanists, i. [332]
[Popes], see that heading
Predestination, attitude toward, i. [228]
Property of, enactments regarding, ii. 266
Rationalists in, i. [305]
Reforms in (11th cent.), i. [304]
Roman law for, ii. 265 and n. 2
Sacraments:
Definition of the word, ii. 72 and n. 1
Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. 64, 66, 68-9, 71, 72-4, 90 n. 2
Origin of, Bonaventura on, ii. 411-13
Pagan analogy with, i. [53], [59-60]
Secularization of dignities of, i. [472]
Simony in, i. [244], [475]
Spain, in, see under [Spain]
Standards set by, ii. 528-9
Suspects to, estimate of, ii. 532
Synod of Aix (817), i. [359]
Theodosian Code as concerning, ii. [266-7] and n. 1
Transubstantiation doctrine of, i. [226-227]
“Truce of God” promulgated by, i. [529] n. 2
Churches:
Building of, symbolism in, ii. 78-82
Dedication of, sequence designed for, ii. 210-11
Cicero, i. [26] n. 3, [39], [78], [219]
Cino, ii. 264
Cistercian Order:
Charta charitatis, i. [361-3]
Clairvaux founded, i. [393]
Cluniac controversies with, i. [360]
Citeaux monastery:
Bernard at, i. [360], [393]
Foundation and rise of, i. [360-3]
Cities and towns:
Growth of, in 12th cent., i. [305]; ii. 379-80
Italian, see under [Italy]
Cities (civitates) of Roman provinces, i. [29-30]
Clairvaux (Clara Vallis):
Founding of, i. [360], [393]
Position of, i. [362]
St. Bernard’s love of, i. [401-2]
Classics, see [Latin classics]
Claudius, Bp. of Turin, i. [215], [231-2] and n. 1
Claudius, Emp., i. [30]
Clement II., Pope, i. [243]
Clement IV., Pope, ii. 489-91
Clement V., Pope, Decretales Clementinae of, ii. 272
Clement of Alexandria, ii. 64
Clergy:
Accusations against, false, penalty for, ii. 266
Legal status of, ii. 382
Regular, see [Monasticism]
Secular:
Concubinage of, i. [244]
Francis of Assisi’s attitude toward, i. [430], [440]
Marriage of, i. [472] n. 1
Reforms of, i. [359]
Standard of conduct for, i. [471]; ii. 529
Term, scope of, i. [356]
Clerval, Abbé, cited, i. [300] n. 1
Clopinel, Jean, see [De Meun]
Clovis (Chlodoweg), i. [114], [117], [119-21], [122], [138], [193-4]; ii. 245
Cluny monastery:
Abaelard at, ii. 25, 26, 345
Characteristics of, i. [359-60]
Monastic reforms accomplished by, i. [293], [304]
Cologne, i. [29], [31]
Columba, St., of Iona, i. [133-7], [173]
Columbanus, St., of Luxeuil and Bobbio, i. [6], [133], [174-9], [196];
Life and works of, [174] n. 2
Combat, trial by, i. [232]
Commentaries, mediaeval:

Boëthius’, i. [93]
Excerpts as characteristic of, i. [104]
General addiction to, ii. 390, 553 n. 4
Originals supplanted by, ii. 390
Raban’s, i. [222-3]
Compends:
Fourteenth century use of, ii. 523
Mediaeval preference for, i. [94]
Medical, in Italy, i. [251]
Saints’ lives, of (Legenda aurea), ii. 184
Conrad, Duke of Franconia, i. [241]
Conrad II., Emp., i. [243]
Constantine, Emp., ii. 266;
“Donation” of, ii. 35, 265, 270
Constantinus Africanus, i. [251] and n.; ii. 372
Cordova, i. [25]
Cornelius Nepos, i. [25]
Cornificiani, ii. 132, 373
Cosmogony:
Aquinas’ theory of, ii. 456
Mediaeval allegorizing of, ii. 65 seqq.
Patristic attitude toward, i. [72-4]
Cosmology, Alan’s, in Anticlaudianus, ii. 377
Cremona, i. [24]
Cross, Christian:
Magic safeguard, as, i. [294-5]
Mediaeval feeling for, ii. 197
Crusades:
Constantinople, capture of, as affecting Western learning, ii. 391
First:
Chansons concerning, i. [537-8]
Character of, i. [535-7]
Guibert’s account of, ii. 175
Hymn concerning, quoted, i. [349] and n.
Italians little concerned in, ii. 189
Joinville’s account of, quoted, i. [546-9]
Language of, i. [531]
Results of, i. [305]
Second, i. [394]
Spirit of, i. [535-7]
Cuchulain, i. [129] and nn. 2, 3
Cynewulf’s Christ, i. [183]
Cyprian quoted, i. [337] n.
Cyril of Alexandria, i. [227]
Cyril of Jerusalem, i. [53]
Da Romano, Alberic, i. [515-16]
Da Romano, Eccelino, i. [505-6], [516]
Dacia, Visigoths in, i. [112]
Damiani, St. Peter, Card. Bp. of Ostia, career of, i. [262-4];
attitude of, to the classics, i. [260]; ii. 112, 165;
on the hermit life, i. [369-70];
on tears, i. [371] and n.;
extract illustrating Latin style of, ii. 165 and n. 3;
works of, i. [263] n. 1;
writings quoted, i. [263-7];
Liber Gomorrhianus, i. [265], [474];
Vita Romualdi, i. [372] seqq.;
biography of Dominicus Loricatus, i. [381-2];
De parentelae gradibus, ii. 252;
otherwise mentioned, i. [17], [19], [20], [260], [343], [345], [391]; ii. 34
Damianus, i. [262], [265]
Danes, i. [142], [153]
Dante, estimate of, ii. 534-5;
scholarship of, ii. 541 n. 2;
possessed by spirit of allegory, ii. 552-5;
compared with Aquinas and influenced by him, ii. 541 n. 2, 547, 549, 551, 555;
compared with Bonaventura, ii. 547;
attitude to Beatrice, ii. 555-8;
on love, ii. 555-6;
on monarchy, ii. 278;
De monarchia, ii. 535;
De vulgari eloquentia, ii. 219, 536;
Vita nuova, ii. 556, 559;
Convito, ii. 537-8, 553;
Divina Commedia, i. [12] n.; ii. 86, 99 n. 1, 103, 219;
commentaries on this work, ii. 553-4;
estimate of it, ii. 538, 540-1, 544, 553-4;
Inferno cited, ii. 42, 541-3, 545-7;
Purgatorio cited, ii. 535, 542-3, 548-9, 554, 558;
Paradiso cited, i. [395]; ii. 542-3, 549-51, 558
Dares the Phrygian, ii. 116 and n. 3, 224-5 and nn., 226-7
De bello et excidio urbis Comensis, ii. 189-90
De Boron, Robert, i. [567]
De casu Diaboli, i. [279]
De consolatione philosophiae, see under [Boëthius]
De Lorris, Guillaume, Roman de la rose by, i. [586-7]; ii. 103 and n. 1, 104
De Meun, Jean (Clopinel), Roman de la rose by, ii. 103 and n. 1, 104, 223
Denis, St., i. [230]
Dermot (Diarmaid, Diarmuid), High-King of Ireland, i. [132-3], [135], [136]
Desiderius, Bp. of Vienne, i. [99]
Desiderius, Pope, i. [253], [263]
Devil, the:
Mediaeval beliefs and stories as to, i. [487] seqq.
Romuald’s conflicts with, i. [374], [379-80]
Dialectic (See also [Logic]):
Abaelard’s skill in, ii. 118, 119, 345-6, 353;
his subjection of dogma to, ii. 304;
his Dialectica, ii. 346 and nn., 349-50
Chartres study of, i. [298]
Duns Scotus’ mastery of, ii. 510, 514
Grammar penetrated by, ii. 127 seqq.
Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. 67
Raban’s view of, i. [222]
Thirteenth century study of, ii. 118-20
Diarmaid (Diarmuid), see [Dermot]
Dictamen, ii. 121, 129, 381
Dictys the Cretan, ii. 224, 225 and n. 1
Dies irae, i. [348]
Dionysius the Areopagite, ii. 10, 102, 344
Divina Commedia, see under [Dante]
Divination, ii. 374
Dominic, St., i. [366-7], [497]; ii. 396
Dominican Order:
Aristotelianism of, ii. 404
Founding of, i. [366]; ii. 396
Growth of, i. [498]; ii. 398
Object of, ii. 396
Oxford University, at, ii. 387
Papacy, relations with, ii. 398, 509
Paris University, position in, ii. 386, 399
Dominicus Loricatus, i. [263], [381-3]
Donatus, i. [71], [297];
Ars minor and Barbarismus of, ii. 123-4
Donizo of Canossa, ii. 189 and n. 2
Druids:
Gallic, i. [28], [296]
Irish, i. [133]
Du Guesclin, Bertrand, Constable of France, i. [554-6], [557] n.
Duns Scotus, education of, ii. 511;
career of, ii. 513;
estimate of, ii. 513;
intricacy of style of, ii. 510, 514, 516 n. 2;
on logic, ii. 504 n. 2;
Occam’s attitude toward, ii. 518 seqq.;
editions of works of, ii. 511 n. 1;
estimate of his work, ii. 509-10, 514
Dunstan, St., Abp. of Canterbury, i. [323-4]
Durandus, Guilelmus, Rationale divinorum officiorum of, ii. 76 seqq.
Eadmer, i. [269], [273], [277]
Eastern Empire:
Frankish relations with, i. [123]
Huns’ relations with, i. [112-13]
Norse mercenaries of, i. [153]
Ostrogoths’ relations with, i. [114]
Roman restoration by, i. [115]
Ebroin, i. [209]
Eckbert, Abbot of Schönau, i. [444]
Ecstasy:
Bernard’s views on, ii. 368
Examples of, i. [444], [446]
Eddas, ii. 220
Education:
Carolingian period, in, i. [213-14], [218-19], [222], [236]; ii. 110, 122, 158, 332
Chartres method of, ii. 130-1
Grammar a chief study in, ii. 122 seqq., 331-2
Italy, in, see under [Italy]
Latin culture the means and method of, i. [12]; ii. 109
Schools, clerical and monastic, i. [250] n. 2, [293]
Schools, lay, i. [249-51]
[Seven Liberal Arts], see that heading
Shortening of academic course, advocates of, ii. 132, 373
Edward II., King of England, i. [551]
Edward III., King of England, i. [550-1]
Edward the Black Prince, i. [554-6]
Einhard the Frank, i. [234] n. 1;
Life of Charlemagne by, i. [215]; ii. 158-9
Ekkehart family, i. [309]
Ekkehart of St. Gall, Waltarius (Waltharilied) by, ii. 188
El-Farabi, ii. 390
Eleventh century:
Characteristics of, i. [301];
in France, i. [301], [304], [328];
in Germany, i. [307-9];
in England, i. [324];
in Italy, i. [327]
Christianity in, position of, i. [16]
Elias, Minister-General of the Minorites, i. [499]
Elizabeth, St., of Hungary, i. [391], [465] n. 1
Elizabeth, St., of Schönau, visions of, i. [444-6]
Emotional development, secular, i. [349-50] and n. 2
Empire, the, see [Holy Roman Empire]
Encyclopaedias, mediaeval, ii. 316 n. 2;
Vincent’s Speculum majus, ii. 315-22
Eneas, ii. 225, 226
Engelbert, Abp. of Cologne, i. [481-6];
estimate of, i. [482]
England (See also [Britain]):
Danish Viking invasion of, i. [153]
Eleventh century conditions in, i. [324]
Law in, principles of, i. [141-2];
Roman law almost non-existent in Middle Ages, ii. 248
Norman conquest of, linguistic result of, i. [324]
English language, character of, i. [324]
Epicureanism, i. [41], [70]; ii. 296, 312
Eriugena, John Scotus, estimate of, i. [215], [228-9], [231]; ii. 330;
on reason v. authority, ii. 298, 302;
works of, studied at Chartres, i. [299];
De divisione naturae, i. [230-1]; ii. 302;
otherwise mentioned, i. [16]; ii. 282 n., 312
Essenes, i. [334]
Ethelbert, King of Kent, i. [180-1]
Etymologies of Isidore, i. [33], [105] and n. 1, [107-9]; ii. 318;
law codes glossed from, ii. 250
Eucharistic (Paschal) controversy:
Berengar’s contribution to, i. [302-3]
Paschasius’ contribution to, i. [225-7]
Eucherius, Bp. of Lyons, ii. 48 n. 1
Euclid, i. [40]
Eudemus of Rhodes, i. [38]
Eunapius, i. [47], [52]
Euric, King of the Visigoths, i. [117] and n. 1
Eusebius, i. [81] n. 2
Evil or sin:
Abaelard’s views concerning, ii. 350
Eriugena’s views concerning, i. [228]
Original sin, realism in relation to, ii. 340 n.
Peter Lombard and Aquinas contrasted as to, ii. 308-10
Experimental science, Bacon on, ii. 502-8
Fabliaux, i. [521] n. 2; ii. 222
Facts, unlimited actuality of, i. [79-80]
Faith:
Abaelard’s definition of, ii. 354
Bacon’s views on, ii. 507
Bernard of Clairvaux’s attitude toward, ii. 355
Caritas in relation to, ii. 479-81
Cognition through, Aquinas’ views on, ii. 446
Occam’s views on, ii. 519
Proof of matters of, Aquinas on, ii. 450
Will as functioning in, ii. 479
False Decretals, i. [104] n., [118] n. 1
Fathers of the Church (See also [Patristic thought]):
Greek, see [Greek thought, patristic]
Latin, see [Latin Fathers]
Faustus, ii. 44
Felix, St., i. [86]
Feudalism (See also [Knighthood]):
Anarchy of, modification of, i. [304]
Austrasian disintegration by, i. [240]
Chansons regarding, i. [559] seqq., [569]
Christianity in relation to, i. [524], [527-9] and n. 2, [530]
Church affected by, i. [244], [473]
Italy not greatly under, i. [241]
Marriage as affected by, i. [571], [586]
Obligations of, i. [533-4]
Origin of, [522-3]
Principle and practice of, at variance, i. [522]
Fibonacci, Leonardo, ii. 501
Finnian, i. [136]
Flamenca, i. [565]
Flore et Blanchefleur, i. [565]
Florus, Deacon, of Lyons, i. [229] and n.
Fonte Avellana hermitage, i. [262-3], [381]
Forms, new, creation of, see [Mediaeval thought—Restatement]
Fortunatus, Hymns by, ii. 196-7
Fourteenth century:
Academic decadence in, ii. 523
Papal position in, ii. 509-10
France (For particular districts, towns, etc., see their names):
Antique, the, in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. [9-10]
Arthurian romances developed in, i. [566]
Cathedrals of, ii. 539, 554-5
Church in, secularization of, i. [472-3]
Eleventh century conditions in, i. [301], [304], [328]
History of, in 11th century, i. [300]
Hundred Years’ War, i. [550] seqq.
Jacquerie in (1358), i. [556]
Language modifications in, ii. 155
Literary celebrities in (12th cent.), ii. 168
Monarchy of, advance of, i. [305]
North and South, characteristics of, i. [328]
Rise of, in 14th century, ii. 509
Town-dwellers of, i. [495], [508]
Francis, St., of Assisi, birth of, i. [415];
parentage, i. [419];
youth, i. [420-3];
breach with his father, i. [423-4];
monastic career, i. [427] seqq.;
French songs sung by, i. [419] and n. 2, [427], [432];
Lives of, i. [415] n.;
style of Thomas of Celano’s Life, ii. 182-3;
Speculum perfectionis, i. [415] n., [416] n., [438] n. 3; ii. 183;
literal acceptance of Scripture by, i. [365], [406-7];
on Scripture interpretation, i. [427] n. 1; ii. 183;
universality of outlook, i. [417];
mediaevalism, i. [417];
Christ-influence, i. [417], [418], [432-3];
inspiration, i. [419] n. 1, [441];
gaiety of spirit, i. [421], [427-8], [431-2];
poetic temperament, i. [422], [435];
love of God, man, and nature, i. [366], [428], [432-3], [435-7];
simplicity, i. [429];
obedience and humility, i. [365] n., [429-30];
humanism, i. [495];
St. Bernard compared with, i. [415-16];
St. Dominic contrasted with, ii. 396;
Fioretti, ii. 184;
Canticle of Brother Sun, i. [433-4], [439-40];
last testament of, i. [440-1];
otherwise mentioned, i. [20], [21], [279], [344], [345], [355-6]; ii. 302
Franciscan Order:
Attractiveness of, i. [498]
Augustinianism of, ii. 404
Bacon’s relations with, ii. 486, 488, 490-1
Characteristics of, i. [366]
Founding of, i. [427]; ii. 396
Grosseteste’s relations, ii. 487, 511
Object of, ii. 396
Oxford University, at, ii. 387, 400
Papacy, relations with, ii. 398, 509
Paris University, in, ii. 386, 399
Rise of, ii. 398
Franconia, i. [241]
Franks (See also [Germans]):
Christianity as accepted by, i. [193]
Church among:
Bishops, position of, i. [194] and nn., [198], [201] n.
Charlemagne’s relations with, i. [201], [239]; ii. 273
Clovis, under, i. [194]
Lands held by, i. [194], [199-200];
immunities of, i. [201] and n.
Organization of, i. [199]
Reform of, by Boniface, i. [196]; ii. 273
Roman character of, i. [201]
Division of the kingdom a custom of, i. [238-9]
Gallo-Roman relations with, i. [123]
Language of, i. [145] n. 2
Law of, ii. 245-6
Missi dominici, i. [211]
Ripuarian, i. [119], [121]; ii. 246
Romanizing of, partial, i. [9-10]
Salian, i. [113], [119]; Code, ii. 245-6
Saracens defeated by, i. [209-10] n. 1
Trojan origin of, belief as to, ii. 225 and n. 1
Frederic, Count of Isenburg, i. [483-6]
Frederick I. (Barbarossa), Emp., i. [448]
Frederick II., Emp., under Innocent’s guardianship, ii. 32-3;
crowned, ii. 33;
estimate of, i. [497];
otherwise mentioned, i. [250] n. 4, [417], [481], [505], [510], [517]
Free, meaning of term, i. [526] n. 3
Free Companies, i. [556]
Free will:
Angelic, ii. 473
Duns Scotus on, ii. 515
Human, ii. 475
Richard of Middleton on, ii. 512
Freidank, i. [475]; ii. 35
Frescoes, i. [346-7]
Friendship, chivalric, i. [561-2], [569-70], [583]
Frisians, i. [169], [174];
missionary work among, i. [197], [200], [209]
Froissart, Sir John, Chronicles of, i. [549] seqq.;
estimate of the work, i. [557]
Froumund of Tegernsee, i. [312-13]; ii. 110
Fulbert, Bp. of Chartres, i. [287], [296-7], [299]
Fulbert, Canon, ii. 4-6, 9
Fulco, Bp. of Toulouse, i. [461]
Fulda monastery, i. [198], [221] n. 2
Fulk of Anjou, ii. 138
Gaius, Institutes of, ii. 241, 243
Galahad, i. [569-70], [583], [584] and n. 2
Galen of Pergamos, i. [40], [251]
Gall, St., i. [6], [178], [196]
Gallo-Romans:
Feudal system among, i. [523]
Frankish rule over, i. [120], [123]
Literature of, i. [126] n. 2
Gandersheim cloister, i. [311]
Gaul (For particular districts, towns, etc., see their names):
Celtic inhabitants of, i. [125] and n., [126-7], [129] n. 1
Druidism in, i. [28], [296]
Ethnology of, i. [126]
Heathenism in, late survival of, i. [191] n. 1
Latinization of, i. [9-10], [29-32]
Visigothic kingdom in south of, i. [112], [116], [117], [121]
Gauls, characteristics and customs of, i. [27-8]
Geoffrey of Beaulieu, Life of St. Louis by, i. [539-42]
Gepidae, i. [113], [115]
Geraldus, St., i. [281]
Gerard, brother of St. Bernard, i. [402-4]
Gerbert of Aurillac, see [Sylvester II.]
German language:
Christianity as affecting, i. [202]
High and Low, separation of, i. [145] n. 2
Middle High German literature, ii. 168, 221

Old High German poetry, ii. 194, 220
Germans (Saxons) (See also [Franks]):
Characteristics of, i. [138-40], [147], [151-2]
Language of, see [German language]
Latin as studied by, i. [307-9]; ii. 123, 155
Literature of, ii. 220-1 (See also subheading Poetry)
Marriage as regarded by, ii. 30
Nationalism of, in 13th cent., ii. 28
Poetry of:
Hildebrandslied, i. [145-7]
Kudrun (Gudrun), i. [148], [149-52]; ii. 220
Nibelungenlied, i. [145-6], [148-9], [152], [193], [203] n. 2; ii. 220
Waltarius, i. [147] and n., [148]
otherwise mentioned, i. [113], [115], [119], [174], [209], [210]
Germany:
Antique, the, in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. [10-11]
Art in (11th cent.), i. [312]
Church in, secularization of, i. [472]
Italy contrasted with, as to culture, i. [249-50]
Merovingian supremacy in, i. [121]
Papacy as regarded by, ii. [28], [33], [34-5]
Sequence-composition in, ii. 215
Gertrude of Hackeborn, Abbess, i. [466]
Gilbert de la Porrée, Bp. of Poictiers, ii. 132, 372
Gilduin, Abbot of St. Victor, ii. 62 and n. 2
Giraldus Cambrensis, ii. 135 and n.
Girard, Bro., of Modena, i. [498]
Glaber, Radulphus, Histories of, i. [488] n.
Glass-painting, ii. 82-6
Gnosticism, i. [51] n. 1
Gnostics, Eriugena compared with, i. [231] and n. 1
Godehard, Bp. of Hildesheim, i. [312]
Godfrey of Bouillon, i. [535-8]
Godfrey of Viterbo, ii. 190 and n. 4
Gondebaud, King of the Burgundians, ii. 242
Good and the true compared, ii. 441, 512
Goths (See also [Visigoths]):
Christianity of, i. [192], [194]
Roman Empire invaded by, i. [111] seqq.
Gottfried von Strassburg, i. [567]; ii. 223;
Tristan of, i. [577-82]
Gottschalk, i. [215], [221] n. 2, [224-5], [227-8];
verses by, ii. 197-9
Government:
Church v. State controversy, ii. 276-7
(See also [Papacy—Empire])
Ecclesiastical, see [Canon Law]
Monarchical, ii. 277-8
Natural law in relation to, ii. 278-9
Representative assemblies, ii. 278
Grace, Aquinas’ definition of, ii. 478-9
Grail, the, i. [589], [596-7], [607], [608], [613]
Grammar:
Chartres studies in, i. [298]; ii. 129-30
Current usage followed by, ii. 163 and n. 1
Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. 67
Importance and predominance of, in Middle Ages, i. [109] and n., [292]; ii. 331-2
Italian study of, ii. 129, 381
Language continuity preserved by, ii. 122-3, 151, 155
Law studies in relation to, ii. 121
Logic in relation to, ii. 127 seqq., 333-4;
in Abaelard’s work, ii. 346
Raban’s view of, i. [222]
Scholastic classification of, ii. 313
Syntax, connotation of term, ii. 125
Works on—Donatus, Priscian, Alexander, ii. 123 seqq.
Grammarian, meaning of term, i. [250]
Gratianus, Decretum of, ii. 268-9, 270-1, 306, 380-2;
dicta, ii. 271
Greek classics, see [Greek thought, pagan]
Greek language:
Oxford studies in, ii. 120, 391, 487
Translations from, direct, in 13th cent., ii. 391
Greek legends, mediaeval allegorizing of, ii. 52, 56-9
Greek novels, ii. 224 and n.
Greek thought, pagan:
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. 492-3
Breadth of interest of, ii. 109
Christian standpoint contrasted with, i. [390]; ii. 295-6
Church Fathers permeated by, i. [33-4]
Completeness of schemes presented by, ii. 394
Limitless, the, abhorrent to, i. [353-4]
Love as regarded by, i. [575]
Metaphysics in, ii. 335-7
Scholasticism contrasted with, ii. 296
Summa moralium philosophorum, ii. 373
Symbolism in, ii. 42, 56
Transmutation of, through Latin medium, i. [4]
Greek thought, patristic (See also [Patristic thought]):
Comparison of, with Latin, i. [68]
Pagan philosophic thought contrasted with, ii. 295-6
Symbolism in, ii. 43
Transmutation of, through Latin medium, i. [5], [34] and n.
Gregorianus, ii. 240, 243
Gregory, Bp. of Tours, i. [121];
Historia Francorum by, i. [234] n. 2; ii. 155
Gregory I. (the Great), Pope, family and education of, i. [97];
Augustine of Hippo compared with, i. [98-9];
Augustinianism barbarized by, i. [98], [102];
sends mission to England, i. [6], [33], [180-1] and n. 1;
estimate of, i. [56], [89], [102-3], [342];
estimate of his writings, i. [354];
on miracles, i. [100], [182];
on secular studies, ii. 288;
letter to Theoctista cited, i. [102] n. 1;
editions of works of, i. [97] n.;
works of, translated by King Alfred, i. [187];
Dialogues on the Lives and Miracles of the Italian Saints, i. [85] and n. 2, [100];
Moralia, i. [97], [100]; ii. 57;
Odo’s epitome of this work, ii. 161;
Commentary on Kings, i. [100] n. 1;
Pastoral Rule, i. [102], [187-8];
otherwise mentioned, i. [16] and n. 4, [65], [87], [104], [116]
Gregory II., Pope, i. [197-8]; ii. 273
Gregory III., Pope, i. [198]; ii. 273
Gregory VII., Pope (Hildebrand), claims of, i. [244-5]; ii. 274;
relations with Damiani, i. [263];
exile of, i. [244], [253];
estimate of, i. [261];
otherwise mentioned, i. [17], [174] n. 1, [243], [304]
Gregory IX., Pope, codification by, of Canon law, ii. 272;
efforts of, to improve education of the Church, ii. 398;
mentioned, i. [476]; ii. 33
Gregory of Nyssa, i. [53], [80], [87], [340]
Grosseteste, Robert, Chancellor of Oxford University and Bp. of Lincoln, Greek studies promoted by, ii. 120, 391, 487;
estimate of, ii. 511-12;
Augustinianism of, ii. 403-4;
attitude toward the classics, ii. 120, 389;
relations with Franciscan Order, ii. 487, 511;
Bacon’s relations with, ii. 487
Gudrun (Kudrun), i. [148], [149-52]; ii. 220
Guigo, Prior, estimate of, i. [390-1];
relations with St. Bernard, i. [405];
Consuetudines Carthusiae by, i. [384];
Meditationes of, i. [385-90]
Guinevere, i. [569], [584] and n. 1, [585]
Guiot de Provens, “Bible” of, i. [475-6] and n. 1
Guiscard, Robert, ii. 189 n. 2
Gumpoldus, Bp. of Mantua, Life of Wenceslaus by, ii. 162 n. 1
Gundissalinus, Archdeacon of Segovia, ii. 312 and n. 4, 313
Gunther, Ligurinus of, ii. 192 and n. 4
Gunzo of Novara, i. [257-8]
Harding, Stephen, Abbot of Citeaux, i. [360], [361], [393]
Harold Fairhair, i. [153]
Hartmann von Aue, i. [348-9] and n., [567]; ii. 29 n.
Harun al Raschid, Caliph, i. [210]
Heinrich von Veldeke, i. [567]; ii. 29 n.
Heliand, i. [203] and nn., [308]
Helias, Count of Maine, ii. 138
Hell:
Dante’s descriptions of, ii. 546-7
Fear of, i. [103], [339], [342], [383]
Visions of, i. [454-5], [456] n.
Heloïse, Abaelard’s love for, ii. 4-5, 344;
his love-songs to, ii. 13, 207;
love of, for Abaelard, i. [585]; ii. 3, 5, 8, 9, 15-16;
birth of Astralabius, ii. 6;
opposes marriage with Abaelard, ii. 6-9;
marriage, ii. 9;
at Argenteuil, ii. 9, 10;
takes the veil, ii. 10;
at the Paraclete, ii. 10 seqq.;
letters of, to Abaelard quoted, ii. 11-15, 17-20, 23, 24;
Abaelard’s letters to, quoted, ii. 16-17, 21-3, 24-5;
Peter the Venerable’s letter, ii. 25-7;
letter of, to Peter the Venerable, ii. 27;
death of, ii. 27;
intellectual capacity of, ii. 3
Henry the Fowler, i. [241]
Henry II., Emp., i. [243];
dirge on death of, ii. 216
Henry IV., Emp., i. [244]; ii. 167
Henry VI., Emp., ii. 32, 190
Henry I., King of England, ii. 139, 146, 176-8
Henry II., King of England, ii. 133, 135, 372
Henry of Brabant, ii. 391
Henry of Ghent, ii. 512
Henry of Huntington cited, i. [525]
Henry of Septimella, ii. 190 and n. 3
Heretics (For particular sects, see their names):
Abaelard’s views on coercion of, ii. 350, 354
Insignificance of, in relation to mediaeval thought, ii. 283 and n.
Theodosian enactments against, ii. 266
Twelfth century, in, i. [305]
Herluin, Abbot of Bec, i. [271]
Hermann, Landgraf of Thüringen, i. [589]; ii. 29
Hermann Contractus, i. [314-15] and n. 1
Hermits:
Irish, i. [133]
Motives of, i. [335], [363]
Temper of, i. [368] seqq.
Hermogenianus, ii. 240, 243
Herodotus, i. [77]
Hesse, Boniface’s work in, i. [197-8]
Hilarion, St., i. [86]
Hilary, Bp. of Poictiers, i. [63], [68], [70]
Hildebert of Lavardin, Bp. of Le Mans and Abp. of Tours, career of, ii. 137-40;
love of the classics, ii. 141-2, 146, 531;
letters of, quoted, ii. 140, 143, 144-5, 146-7;
Latin text of letter, ii. 172;
Latin elegy by, ii. 191;
otherwise mentioned, ii. 61, 134, 373 n. 2
Hildebrand, see [Gregory VII.]
Hildebrandslied, ii. 220
Hildegard, St., Abbess of Bingen, dedication of, i. [447];
visions of, i. [267], [449-59];
affinity of, with Dante, ii. 539;
correspondence of, i. [448];
works of, i. [446] n.;
Book of the Rewards of Life, i. [452-6];
Scivias, i. [457-9];
otherwise mentioned, i. [20], [345], [443]; ii. 302, 365
Hildesheim, bishops of (11th cent.), i. [312]
Hilduin, Abbot, i. [230]
Hincmar, i. [215], [230], [233] n. 1
Hipparchus, i. [40]
Hippocrates, i. [40]
History:
Carolingian treatment of, i. [234-5]
Classical attitude toward, i. [77-8]
Eleventh century treatment of, i. [300]
Historia tripartita of Cassiodorus, i. [96-7]
Patristic attitude toward, i. [80-4]
Seven Books of Histories adversum paganos by Orosius, i. [82-3]
Holy Roman Empire:
Burgundy added to, i. [243] n. 1
German character of, ii. 32
Papacy, relations with, see under [Papacy]
Refounding of, by Otto, i. [243]
Rise of, under Charlemagne, i. [212]
Honorius II., Pope, i. [531]
Honorius III., Pope, i. [366], [482], [497]; ii. 33, 385 n., 398
Honorius of Autun—on classical study, ii. 110, 112-13;
Speculum ecclesiae of, ii. 50 seqq.;
Gemma animae, ii. 77 n. 1
Hosius, Bp. of Cordova, i. [118] n. 1
Hospitallers, i. [531]
Hrotsvitha, i. [311] and n. 2, ii. 215 n. 2
Huesca (Osca), i. [25]
Hugh, Abbot of Cluny, ii. 137
Hugh Capet, i. [239-40] and n.
Hugh the Great, Count of Paris, i. [241]
Hugh of Payns, i. [531]
Hugo, Archdeacon of Halberstadt, ii. 62
Hugo, Bro., of Montpellier, i. [510-14]
Hugo, King, i. [242]
Hugo of St. Victor, estimate of, ii. 63, 111, 118, 301, 356;
allegorizing by, ii. 367;
on classical study, ii. 110-11;
on logic, ii. 333;
pupils of, ii. 87;
works of, ii. 61 n. 2;
Didascalicon, ii. 48 n. 2, 63, 111, 312, 357 and nn. 2-5;
De sacramentis Christianae fidei, ii. 48 n. 2, 64 seqq., 365, 395, 540;
Expositio in regulam beati Augustini, ii. 62 n. 2;
De arca Noë morali, ii. 75 n., 365-7;
De arca Noë mystica, ii. 367;
De vanitate mundi, ii. 75 n., 111-12;
Summa sententiarum, ii. 356;
Sermons on Ecclesiastes, ii. 358-9;
otherwise mentioned, i. [17], [20], [457]; ii. 404
Humanists, ii. 126
Humiliati of Lombardy, i. [365]
Hungarians, i. [241-2]
Huns, i. [112], [119], [193]
Huon de Bordeaux, i. [564]
Hy (Iona) Island, i. [136], [173]
Hymns, Christian:
Abaelard, by, ii. 25, 207-9
Estimate of, i. [21]
Evolution of, i. [347-9] and n.; ii. 196, 200 seqq.
Hildegard’s visions regarding, i. [459]
Hugo of St. Victor, by, ii. 86 seqq.
Sequences, development of, ii. 196, 201-6;
Adam of St. Victor’s, ii. 209-15
Iamblicus, i. [42], [47], [51], [56-7]; ii. 295
Iceland, Norse settlement in, i. [153]
Icelanders, characteristics and customs of, i. [154]
Icelandic Sagas, see [Sagas]
Ideal v. actual, i. [353] seqq.
Innocent II., Pope, i. [394]; ii. 10
Innocent III., Pope, i. [417], [481], [497]; ii. 32, 274, 384, 398
Innocent IV., Pope, i. [506]
Intellectus agens, ii. 464, 507 n. 2
Iona (Hy) Island, i. [136], [173]
Ireland:
Celts in, see [Irish]
Church of, missionary zeal of, i. [133], [136], [172] seqq.
Danish settlements in, i. [153]
Monasteries in, i. [153] n. 1, [173]
Norse invasion of, i. [134]
Scholarship in, i. [180] n., [184-5]
Irenaeus, Bp. of Lyons, i. [225]
Irish:
Art of, i. [128] n. 1
Characteristics of, i. [128], [130], [133], [179]
History of, i. [127] and n.
Influence of, on mediaeval feeling, i. [179] and n.
Literature of, i. [128] and n. 2, [129] seqq., [134];
poetry, ii. 194
Missionary labours of, i. [133], [136], [172] seqq.;
defect of, i. [179], [196]
Norse harryings of, i. [133-4];
intercourse with, i. [152] n. 3
Oxford University, at, ii. 387
Irnerius, ii. 121, 260, 380-1;
Summa codicis of, ii. 255-9
Irrationality (See also [Miracles]):
Neo-Platonic teaching as to, i. [42-4], [48], [52]
Patristic doctrine as to, i. [51-3]
Isabella, Queen, wife of Edward II., i. [550-1]
Isidore, Abp. of Seville, estimate of, i. [89], [103], [118] n. 1;
Bede compared with, i. [185-7];
False Decretals attributed to, i. [118] n. 1; ii. 270, 273;
works of, i. [104-9];
Etymologiae, see [Etymologies of Isidore];
Origines, i. [236], [300];
otherwise mentioned, i. [6], [88]; ii. 46, 312
Italian people in relation to the antique, i. [7-8]
Italy (For particular districts, towns, etc., see their names):
Celtic inroads into (3rd cent. B.C.), i. [24]
Church in, secularization of, i. [472]
Cities in:
Continuity of, through dark ages, i. [248], [494-5]; ii. 381
Fighting amongst, i. [497-8]
Importance of, i. [241], [326], [494-5]
Continuity of culture and character in, i. [326], [495]; ii. 120-2
Dante as influenced by, ii. 534-5
Education in—lay, persistence of, i. [249-51];
clerical and monastic, i. [250] n. 2
Eleventh-century conditions in, i. [327]
Feudalism not widely fixed in, i. [241]
Feuds in, i. [515-16]
Grammar as studied in, i. [250] and n. 2; ii. 129
Irish monasteries founded in, i. [174]
Literature of, mediaeval, lack of originality in, ii. 189;
eleventh-century verse, i. [251] seqq.; ii. 165 n. 1, 186
Lombard kingdom of (6th cent.), i. [115-16]
Medicine studied in, i. [250] and n. 4, [251]; ii. 121
Unification of, under Rome, i. [23]
Jacobus à Voragine, Legenda aurea by, ii. 184
Jacques de Vitry, Bp. and Card. of Tusculum, i. [461] and n.;
Exempla of, i. [488] n., [490]
Jerome, St., estimate of, i. [344], [354];
letter of, on asceticism, i. [335] and n. 1;
love of the classics, ii. 107, 112, 531;
modification by, of classical Latin, ii. 152, 171;
two styles of, ii. 171 and n. 4;
Life of Paulus by, i. [84], [86];
Life of Hilarion, i. [86];
Contra Vigilantium, i. [86];
otherwise mentioned, i. [56], [75], [76], [104]
Jerome of Ascoli (Pope Nicholas IV.), ii. 491
Jews:
Agobard’s tracts against, i. [232-3]
Gregory the Great’s attitude toward, i. [102]
Louis IX.’s attitude toward, i. [545]
Persecution of, i. [118], [332]
Joachim, Abbot of Flora, Evangelicum eternum of, [502] n., [510], [512-13], [517]
John, Bro., of Vicenza, i. [503-4]
John X., Pope, i. [242]
John XI., Pope, i. [242]
John XII., Pope, i. [243]; ii. 160-1
John XIII., Pope, i. [282]
John XXII., Pope, Decretales extravaganes of, ii. 272
John of Damascus, ii. 439 n. 1
John of Fidanza, see [Bonaventura]
John of Parma, Minister-General of Franciscans, i. [507], [508], [510-11]
John of Salisbury, estimate of, ii. 118, 373-4;
Chartres studies described by, ii. 130-2;
attitude of, to the classics, ii. 114, 164, 173, 531;
Latin style of, ii. 173-4;
Polycraticus, ii. 114-15, 174-5;
Metalogicus, ii. 173-4;
Entheticus, ii. 192;
De septem septenis, ii. 375
John the Deacon, Chronicon Venetum by, i. [325-6]
Joinville, Sire de, Histories of St. Louis by, i. [539], [542-9]
Jordanes, compend of Gothic history by, i. [94]
Jordanes of Osnabrück cited, ii. 276 n. 2
Joseph of Exeter, ii. 225 n. 2

Jotsaldus, Life of Odilo by, i. [295-6]
Judaism, emotional elements in, i. [331-2]
Julianus, Epitome of, ii. 242, 249, 254
Jumièges cloister, ii. 201
Jurisprudence (See also [Roman law]):
Irnerius an exponent of, ii. 256, 259
Mediaeval renaissance of, ii. 265
Roman law, in, beginnings of, ii. 232
Justinian, Codex, Institutes, Novellae of, see under [Roman law];
Digest of, see [Roman law—Pandects]
Jutes, i. [140]
Jutta, i. [447]
Keating quoted, i. [136]
Kilwardby, Richard, Abp. of Canterbury, De ortu et divisione philosophiae of, ii. 313
Kilwardby, Robert, ii. 128
Knighthood, order of:
Admission to, persons eligible for, i. [527]
Code of, i. [524]
Hospitallers, i. [531]
Investiture ceremony, i. [525-8]
Love the service of, i. [568], [573]
Templars, i. [531-5]
Virtues and ideals of, i. [529-31], [567-8]
Knowledge:
Cogitation, meditation, contemplation (Hugo’s scheme), ii. 358 seqq.
Forms and modes of, Aquinas on—divine, ii. 451-5;
angelic, ii. 459-62;
human, ii. 463 seqq.
Grades of, Aquinas on, ii. 461, 467
Primacy of, over will maintained by Aquinas, ii. 440-1
La Ferté Monastery, i. [362]
Lambert of Hersfeld, Annals of, i. [313]; ii. 167
Lambertus Audomarensis, Liber Floridus of, ii. 316 n. 2
Lancelot of the Lake, i. [567], [569-70], [582-5];
Old French prose version of, i. [583] seqq.
Land tenure, feudal, i. [523-4]
Lanfranc, Primate of England, i. [174] n. 1, [261] n., [273]
Langue d’oc, ii. 222, 248
Langue d’oil, ii. 222, 248
Languedoc, chivalric society of (11th and 12th centuries), i. [572]
Latin classics:
Abaelard’s reference to, ii. 353
Alexandrian antecedents of the verse, ii. 152 n. 1
Artificial character of the prose, ii. 151 n.
Breadth of interest of, ii. 109
Characteristics of, ii. 153
Chartres a home of, i. [298]; ii. 119
Common elements in, ii. 149, 157
Dante’s attitude toward, ii. 541, 544;
his quotations from, ii. 543 n. 1
Ecclesiastical attitude toward, i. [260]; ii. 110 seqq., 396-7
Familiarity with, of Damiani, i. [260]; ii. 165;
Gerbert, i. [287-8]; ii. 110;
John of Salisbury, ii. 114, 164, 173, 531;
Bernard of Chartres, ii. 132-3;
Peter of Blois, ii. 133-4;
Hildebert, ii. 141-2, 146, 531
Knowledge-storehouses for the Middle Ages, as, ii. 108
Mastery of, complete, as affecting mediaeval writings, ii. 164
Reverential attitude of mediaevals toward, ii. 107-9
Scripture study as aided by study of, ii. 110, 112, 120
Suggestions of new ideas from, for Northern peoples, ii. 136
Themes of, in vernacular poetry, ii. 223 seqq.
Twelfth-century study of, ii. 117-18
Latin Fathers (See also their names and [Patristic thought]):
Comparison of, with Greek, i. [68]
Style and diction of, ii. 150, 152 seqq.
Symbolism in, ii. 43-6
Transmutation by, of Greek thought, i. [5], [34] and n.
Latin language:
Britain, position in, i. [10], [32]
Children’s letters in, ii. 123 n.
Christianity as modifying, ii. 152, 154, 156, 164, 171
Continuity of, preserved by universal study of grammar, ii. 122-3, 151, 155
“Cornificiani” in regard to, ii. 132, 373
Educational medium as, ii. 109
Genius of, susceptible of change, ii. 149
German acquisition of, i. [10], [32], [307-8], [313]; ii. 123, 155
Grammar of, see [Grammar]
Mediaeval modifications in, ii. 125, 164
Patristic modifications of, ii. 150, 152 seqq.;
Jerome’s, ii. 152, 171
Spelling of, mediaeval, i. [219]
Sphere of, ii. 219-20
Supremacy of (during Roman conquest period), i. [4], [23-4] and n. 1, [25], [30-1]
Translations from, scanty nature of, ii. 331 n. 2
Translations into, difficulties of, ii. 498
Universality of, as language of scholars, ii. 219, 331 n. 2
Vernacular, developments of, ii. 151
Vitality of, in relation to vernacular tongues, ii. 219
Latin prose, mediaeval:
Antecedents of, ii. 151 seqq.
Best period of, ii. 167-8
Bulk of, ii. 157 n.
Carolingian, ii. 158-60
Characteristics of, ii. 156
Estimation of, difficulties of, ii. 157 and n.
Influences upon, summary of, ii. 156
Prolixity and inconsequence of, ii. 154
Range of, ii. 154
Simplicity of word-order in, ii. 163 n. 1
Stages of development of, ii. 157 seqq.
Style in, beginnings of, ii. 164
Stylelessness of, in Carolingian period, ii. 158-60
Thirteenth-century styles, ii. 179
Value of, as expressing the mediaeval mind, ii. 156, 164
Latin verse, mediaeval:
Accentual and rhyming compositions, ii. 194;
two kinds of, ii. 196
Antecedents of, ii. 187 n. 1
Carmina Burana (Goliardic poetry), ii. 203, 217-19 and n.
Development of, stages in, ii. 187
Leonine hexameters, ii. 199 and n. 3
Metrical composition, ii. 187 seqq.;
elegiac verse, ii. 190-2 and n. 1;
hexameters, ii. 192;
Sapphics, ii. 192-3 and n. 1
Modi, ii. 215-16
Rhyme, development of, ii. 195, 206
Law:
Barbarian, Latin codes of, ii. 244 seqq.
Barbaric conception of, ii. 245, 248-9
Breviarium, see under [Roman law]
Canon, see [Canon law]
English, principles of, i. [141-2]
Grammar in relation to, ii. 121
Lombard codes, i. [115]; ii. 242, 246, 248, 253;
Concordia, ii. 259
Natural:
Gratian on, ii. 268-9
Jus gentium in relation to, ii. 234 and n., 268
Occam on, ii. 519
Sacraments of, ii. 74 and n. 1
Supremacy of, ii. 269, 279
Roman, see [Roman law]
Salic, ii. 245-6
Territorial basis of, i. [123]; ii. 247
Tribal basis of, i. [123]; ii. 245-7
Visigothic codification of, in Spain, i. [118]
Leander, Bp. of Seville, i. [118] n. 1
Légonais, Chrétien, ii. 230 and n. 2
Leo, Brother, Speculum perfectionis by, ii. 183-4
Leo I. (the Great), Pope, i. [113], [116]
Leo IX., Pope, i. [243]
Leon, Sir Guy de, i. [552-3]
Leon, Sir Hervé de, i. [552-3]
Leowigild, i. [117] n. 2, [118] n. 1
Lerins monastery, i. [195]
Lewis, Lord, of Spain, i. [552-3]
Liberal arts, see [Seven Liberal Arts]
Liutgard of Tongern, i. [463-5]
Liutprand, Bp. of Cremona i. [256-7]; ii. 161 n. 1
Liutprand, King of Lombards, i. [115-16]
Logic (See also [Dialectic]):
Albertus Magnus on, ii. 313-15, 504, 506
Aristotelian, mediaeval apprehension of, ii. 329 (See also [Aristotle—Organon])
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. 505
Gerbert’s preoccupation with, i. [282], [289], [292]
Grammar in relation to, ii. 127 seqq., 333-4;
in Abaelard’s work, ii. 346
Importance of, in Middle Ages, i. [236]; ii. 297
Nature of, ii. 333;
schoolmen’s views on, ii. 313-15, 333
Occam’s views on, ii. 522
Patristic attitude toward, i. [71]
Raban’s view of, i. [222]
Scholastic classification of, ii. 313 seqq.
Scholastic decay in relation to, ii. 523
Second stage of mediaeval development represented by, ii. 332-4
Specialisation of, in 12th cent., ii. 119
Theology in relation to, ii. 340 n., 346
Twofold interpretation of, ii. 333
Universals, problem of, ii. 339 seqq.;
Abaelard’s treatment of, ii. 342, 348
Lombard, Peter, estimate of, ii. 370;
Gratian compared with, ii. 270;
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. 497;
Books of Sentences by, i. [17], [18]; ii. 134, 370;
method of the work, ii. 306;
Aquinas’ Summa contrasted with it, ii. 307-10;
its classification scheme, ii. 322-4;
Bonaventura’s commentary on it, ii. 408
Lombards:
Italian kingdom of (6th cent.), i. [115-16]
Italian influence on, i. [7], [249]
Law codes of, see under [Law]
Louis of Bavaria, Emp., ii. 518
Louis I. (the Pious), King of France, i. [233], [239], [359];
false capitularies ascribed to, ii. 270
Louis VI. (the Fat), King of France, i. [304-5], [394], [400]; ii. 62;
Hildebert’s letter on encroachments of, ii. 140, 172
Louis IX. (the Saint), King of France, Geoffrey’s Vita of, i. [539-42];
Joinville’s Histoire of, i. [542-9];
Testament of, i. [540] n. 1;
otherwise mentioned, i. [476], [507-9], [515]
Love, Aquinas on distinguishing definitions of, ii. 475-6
Love, chivalric:
Antique conception of love contrasted with, i. [575]
Chansons de geste as concerned with, i. [564]
Code of, by Andrew the Chaplain, i. [575-6]
Dante’s exposition of, ii. 555-6
Estimate of, mediaeval, i. [568], [570]
Literature of, see [Chivalry—Literature]
Marriage in relation to, i. [571] and n. 2
Minnelieder as depicting, ii. 30
Nature of, i. [572-5], [582-7]
Stories exemplifying—Tristan, i. [577] seqq.;
Lancelot, [582] seqq.
Love, spiritual:
Aquinas’ discussion of, ii. 472-3, 476
Bernard of Clairvaux as exemplifying, i. [394] seqq.
Lupus, Servatus, Abbot of Ferrières, i. [215];
ii. 113
Luxeuil, i. [175-7]
Lyons:
Diet of the “Three Gauls” at, i. [30]
Law studies at, ii. 250
Macrobius, Saturnalia of, ii. 116 and n. 4
Magic, i. [46-8]; ii. 500 and n. 1
Majolus, Abbot of Cluny, i. [359]
Manichaeism, i. [49]; ii. 44, 283
Manny, Sir Walter, i. [552-4]
Mapes (Map), Walter, i. [475], [567]; ii. 219 n.
Marie, Countess, de Champagne, i. [566], [573], [576]
Marie de France, i. [566], [567], [573];
Eliduc by, i. [571] n. 2
Marinus (hermit), i. [373]
Marozia, i. [242]
Marriage:
Christian attitude toward, ii. 8;
ecclesiastical view, ii. 529
Feudalism as affecting, i. [571], [586]
German view of, ii. 30
Marsilius of Padua, ii. 277 n. 2
Martin, St., of Tours, i. [334];
Life of, i. [52] and n., [84], [85] n. 2, [86]
Martyrs:
Mediaeval view of, i. [483]
Patristic attitude toward, i. [86]
Mary, St., of Ognies, i. [462-3];
nature of visions of, i. [459]
Massilia, i. [26]
Mathematics:
Bacon’s views on, ii. 499-500
Gerbert’s proficiency in, i. [282], [288]
Mathew Paris cited, ii. 487
Matthew of Vendome, Ars versificatoria by, ii. 190 and n. 5
Maurus, Rabanus, see [Rabanus]
Mayors of the palace, i. [240]
Mechthild of Magdeburg, i. [20], [345]; ii. 365;
Book of, i. [465 and n. 2-70]
Mediaeval thought:
Abstractions, genius for, ii. 280
Characteristics of, i. [13]
Commentaries characteristic of, ii. 390, 553 n. 4
Conflict inherent in, i. [22]; ii. 293-4
Deference of, toward the past, i. [13]; ii. 534
Emotionalizing by, of patristic Christianity, i. [345]
Metalogics rather than metaphysics the final stage of, ii. 337
Moulding forces of, i. [3], [5], [12]; ii. 293-4
Orthodox character of, ii. 283 and n.
Political theorizing, ii. 275 seqq.
Problems of, origins of, ii. 294-5
Restatement and rearrangement of antique matter the work of, i. [13-15], [224], [237], [292], [342]; ii. 297, 329, 341:
Culmination of third stage in, ii. 394
Emotional transformations of the antique, i. [18] seqq.
Intellectual transformations of the antique, i. [14] seqq.
Salvation the main interest of, i. [58-9], 334; ii. 296-7, 300
[Scholasticism], see that heading
Superstitions accepted by, i. [487]
Symbolism the great influence in, ii. 43, 102, 365
Three stages of, ii. 329 seqq.
Ultimate intellectual interests of, ii. 287 seqq.
Medicine:
Relics used in, i. [299]
Smattering of, included in Arts course, ii. 250
Study of—in Italy, i. [250] and n. 4, [251]; ii. 383 n.
at Chartres, i. [299]; ii. 372
Mendicant Orders, see [Dominican] and [Franciscan]
Merovingian Kingdom:
Character of, i. [208]
Church under, i. [194]
Extent of, i. [210] n. 3
German conquests of, i. [121], [138]
Merovingian period:
Barbarism of, i. [9]
Continuity of, with Carolingian, i. [210-12]
King’s law in, ii. 247
Merovingians, estimate of, i. [195]
Metaphor distinguished from allegory, ii. 41 n. (See also [Symbolism])
Metaphysics:
Final stage of mediaeval development represented by, ii. 335-7
Logic, mediaeval, in relation to, ii. 334
Theology dissociated from, by Duns, ii. 510, 516, 517
Michelangelo quoted, ii. 113
Middle Ages (See also [Mediaeval thought]):
Beginning of, i. [6]
Extremes characteristic of, i. [355]
Milan, lawyers in, ii. 251 n. 2
Miles, signification of word, i. [525-6] and n. 2
Minnelieder, ii. 28-31
Minorites, i. [430] (See also [Franciscan Order])
Miracles (See also [Irrationality]):
Devil, concerned with, i. [488] seqq.
Nostre Dame, Miracles de, i. [491-2]
Patristic attitude toward, i. [85-6], [100], [182]
Roman Empire aided by, belief as to, ii. 536
Salimbene’s instance of, i. [516]
Universal acceptance of, i. [74], [182]
Vitae sanctorum in regard to, i. [85] and n. 2
Mithraism, i. [49]
Modena (Mutina), i. [24]
Modi, ii. 215-16
Monasteries:
Immunities granted to, i. [523] and n.
Regula of, meaning of, ii. 62
Monasticism (For particular Monasteries, Orders, etc., see their names):
Abuses of, i. [357-8]; Rigaud’s Register quoted, i. [477-481]
Benedictine rule:
Adoption of—in England, i. [184];
among the Franks, i. [199], [201];
generally, i. [358]
Papal approval of, i. [335]
Cassiodorus a pioneer in literary functions of, i. [94]
General mediaeval view regarding, i. [472]; ii. 529
Ideal v. actual, i. [355]
Ireland, in, i. [135] n. 1
Lament over deprivations of, ii. 218-19
Modifications of, by St. Francis, i. [366]
Motives of, i. [357]
Nature of, i. [336-7]
Nuns, see [Women—monastic life]
Origin of, i. [335]
Pagan literature condemned by, i. [260]
Popularity of, in 5th and 6th centuries, i. [195-6]
Poverty—of monks, i. [365];
of Orders, i. [366], [425], [430]
Reforms of, i. [358] seqq.
Schools, monastic, in Italy, i. [250] n. 2
Sex-relations as regarded by, i. [338]
Studies of, in 6th cent., i. [94], [95]
Subordinate monasteries, supervision of, i. [361]
Uncloistered, see [Dominican] and [Franciscan]
Vita activa accepted by, i. [363-6]
[Vita contemplativa], see that title
Women vilified by devotees of, i. [354] n., [521] n. 2, [532], [533]; ii. 58
Montanists, [332]
Monte Cassino, i. [250] n. 2, [252-3]
Montfort, Countess of, i. [552-4]
Moorish conquest of Spain, i. [9], [118]
Morimond monastery, i. [362]
Mosaics, i. [345-7]
Music:
Arithmetic in relation to, ii. 291
Chartres studies in, i. [299]
Poetry and, interaction of, ii. 195-6, 201-2
Scholastic classification of, ii. 313
Mysticism:
Hugo’s strain of, ii. 361-3
Nature of, i. [443] n. 1; ii. 363 and n. 4
Symbolism as expressing, see [Symbolism]
Narbo, i. [26]
Narbonensis, see [Provincia]
Narbonne, law studies at, ii. 250
Natural history and science, see [Physical science]
Nemorarius, Jordanus, ii. 501
Neo-Platonism:
Arabian versions of Aristotle touched with, ii. 389
Augustinian, i. [55]; ii. 403
Christianity compared with, i. [51];
Patristic habit of mind compared, ii. 295
Ecstasy as regarded by, i. [331]
Metaphysics so named by, ii. 336
Pseudo-Dionysian, i. [54] and n. 1
Tenets and nature of, i. [41-9];
a mediatorial system, i. [50], [54], [57-8], [70]
Trinity of, ii. 355
Neustria, i. [200], [209], [239]
Nibelungenlied, i. [145-6], [148-9], [152], [193], [203] n. 2; ii. 220
Nicholas II., Pope, i. [243] n. 2
Nicholas III., Pope, i. [504]
Nicholas IV., Pope (Jerome of Ascoli), ii. 491
Nicholas, St., sequence for festival of, ii. 213-15
Nicolas of Damascus, ii. 427
Nilus, St., Abbot of Crypta-Ferrata, i. [374] n.
Nithard, Count, i. [234-5]
Nominalism, i. [303]
Norbert, ii. 344
Normandy, Norse occupation of, i. [153]
Norsemen (Scandinavians, Vikings):
Characteristics of, i. [138], [154-5]
Continental and insular holdings of, i. [153]
Eddic poems of, i. [154-5] and n. 3
Irish harassed by, i. [133-4];
later relations, i. [152] n. 3
Jumièges cloister sacked by, ii. 201
Metal-working among, i. [152] n. 3
Ravages by, in 8th and 9th centuries, i. [152-3]
Sagas of, i. [155] seqq.
Settling down of, i. [240]
Notker, i. [308-9] and n. 1; sequences of, ii. 201-2
Numbers, symbolic phantasies regarding, i. [72] and nn. 1, 2; ii. 49 n. 3
Oberon, fairy king, i. [564] and n.
Occam, William of, career of, ii. 518;
estimate of his work, ii. 522-3;
attitude toward Duns, ii. 518 seqq.;
on faith and reason, ii. 519;
on Universals, ii. 520-1
Odilo, Abbot of Cluny, i. [294-5], [359];
Jotsaldus’ biography of, quoted, i. [295-6]
Odo, Abbot of Cluny, i. [343] and n. 3, [359];
Epitome by, of Gregory’s Moralia, i. [16] n. 4; ii. 161 and n. 2;
Latin style of Collationes, ii. 161-2
Odo of Tournai, ii. 340 n.
Odoacer, i. [114], [145]
Olaf, St., i. [156], [160-1]
Olaf Tryggvason, King, i. [156], [161-2]
Old French:

Formation of, ii. 155
Latin as studied by speakers of, ii. 123
Poetry, ii. 222, 225 seqq.
Ontology, see [Metaphysics]
Ordeal, trial by, i. [232-3] and n. 1
Ordericus Vitalis, i. [525];
Historia ecclesiastica by, ii. 176-8
Organon, see under [Aristotle]
Origen, estimate of, i. [51], [62-3];
on Canticles, i. [333]; ii. 369;
De principiis, i. [68];
otherwise mentioned, i. [53], [76], [80], [87], [104], [411]; ii. 64
Orleans School:
Classical studies at, ii. 119 n. 2, 127
Law studies at, ii. 250
Rivalry of, with Chartres, ii. 119 n. 2
Orosius, i. [82] and n. 1, [188]
Ostrogoths, i. [7], [113], [114-15], [120]
Otfrid the Frank, i. [203-4], [308]
Other world:
Irish beliefs as to, i. [131] and n. 2
Voyages to, mediaeval narratives of, i. [444] n. 1
Othloh, i. [315];
visions of, i. [443];
Book concerning the Temptations of a certain Monk, i. [316-23]
Otric, i. [289-91]
Otto I. (the Great), Emp., i. [241-3], [256-7], [309]
Otto II., Emp., i. [243], [282-3], [289]
Otto III., Emp., i. [243], [283], [284];
Modus Ottinc in honour of, ii. 215-216
Otto IV. (of Brunswick), Emp., i. [417]; ii. 32-3
Otwin, Bp. of Hildesheim, i. [312]
Ovid, Ars amatoria of, i. [574-5];
mediaeval allegorizing of, and of Metamorphoses, ii. 230
Oxford University:
Characteristics of, ii. 388-9
Curriculum at, ii. 387-8
Foundation of, ii. 380, 386-7
Franciscan fame at, ii. 400
Greek studies at, ii. 120, 391, 487
Palladius, Bp., i. [172]
Pandects, see under [Roman law]
Papacy (See also [Church] and [Popes]):
Ascendancy of, over prelacy, i. [304]
Character of, ii. 32
Denunciations against, i. [475]; ii. 34-5, 218
Empire’s relations with:
Concordat of Worms, i. [245] n. 4
Conflict (11th cent.), i. [244];
(12th cent.), i. [245] n. 4; ii. 273;
(13th cent.), ii. 33, 34-5;
(14th cent.), ii. 518;
allegory as a weapon in, ii. 60
Recognition of ecclesiastical authority, ii. 265-7, 272-3
Reforms by Otto I., i. [243]
Gregory VII.’s claims for, i. [245]; ii. 274
Mendicant Orders’ relations with, ii. 398, 509
Nepotism of, i. [504-5], [511]
Schisms of popes and anti-popes, i. [264]
Temporal power of, rise of, i. [116];
claims advanced, i. [245];
realized, ii. 274, 276-7
Papinian cited, ii. 235
Paraclete oratory:
Abaelard at, ii. 10, 344
Heloïse at, ii. 10 seqq.
Paradise:
Dante’s Paradiso, see under [Dante]
Hildegard’s visions of, i. [455-6]
Paris:
Schools:
Growth of, ii. 380
Notre Dame and St. Geneviève, ii. 383
St. Victor, ii. 61-3, 143, 383
University:
Aristotle prohibited at, ii. 391-2
Authorities on, ii. 381 n.
Bacon at, ii. 488
Bonaventura at, ii. 403
Curriculum at, ii. 387-8
Dominicans and Franciscans at, ii. 399
Prominence of, in philosophy and theology, ii. 283, 378-9
Rise, constitution, and struggles of, ii. 119-20, 383-6
Viking sieges of, i. [153]
Parma, i. [497], [505-6]
Parsival:
Chrétien’s version of, i. [567], [588-9]
Wolfram’s version of, i. [12] n., [571] n. 2, [589-613]; ii. 29
Paschal controversy, see [Eucharistic]
Paschasius, Radbertus, Abbot of Corbie i. [215], [225-7]
Patrick, St., i. [172-3]
Patristic thought and doctrine (See also [Greek thought, patristic], and [Latin Fathers]):
Abaelard’s attitude toward, ii. 305
Achievement of exponents of, i. [86-7]
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. 492
Completeness of schemes presented by, ii. 394
Emotion as synthesized by, i. [340-2]
Intellectual rather than emotional, i. [343-4];
emotionalizing of, by mediaeval thinkers, i. [345]
Latin medium of, i. [5]
Logic as regarded by, i. [71]
Mediaeval attitude toward, i. [16]
Miracle accepted by, i. [51-3], [85-6]
Natural knowledge as treated by, i. [61] seqq., [72-3], [76-7], [99]; ii. 393
Pagan philosophy permeating exponents of, i. [33-4], [58], [61]
Philosophy as classified by, ii. 312
Rearrangement of, undertaken in Carolingian period, i. [224], [237]
Symbolism of, see under [Symbolism]
Paulinus of Aquileia, i. [215]
Paulinus, St., of Nola, i. [86], [126] n. 2
Paulus—on jus, ii. 237:
Sententiae of, ii. 243
Paulus, St., i. [84], [86]
Paulus Diaconus, i. [214-15], [252]
Pavia, law school at, ii. 251, 259
Pedro, Don, of Castille, i. [554-5]
Pelagians, i. [225]
Pelagius, i. [172] n.
Peripatetic School, i. [38-9]
(See also [Aristotle])
Peter, Bro., of Apulia, i. [512-14]
Peter, disciple of St. Francis, i. [426]
Peter Damiani, see [Damiani]
Peter of Blois, ii. 133-4
Peter of Ebulo, ii. 190
Peter of Maharncuria, ii. 502-4
Peter of Pisa, i. [214]
Peter the Venerable, Abbot of Cluny, i. [360];
letter of, to Heloïse, ii. 25-7
Petrarch, ii. 188, 219
Petrus Riga, Aurora of, ii. 127
Philip VI., King of France, i. [551]
Philip Augustus, King of France, ii. 33
Philip Hohenstauffen, Duke of Suabia, i. [481]; ii. 32, 33
Philo, i. [37], [231];
allegorizing of, ii. 42, 364
Philosophy:
Division of, schemes of, ii. 312 seqq.
End of:
Abaelard’s and Hugo’s views on, ii. 352, 361
John of Salisbury on, ii. 375
Philosophy, antique:
Divine source of, Bacon’s view as to, ii. 507 n. 2
“First” (Aristotelian), ii. 335
Position of, in Roman Empire (3rd-6th cent.), i. [34] (See also [Greek thought])
Philosophy, Arabian, ii. 389-90, 400-1
Philosophy, scholastic:
Completeness of, in Aquinas, ii. 395
Divisions of, ii. 312 seqq.
Importance of, as intellectual interest, ii. 287-8
Physical sciences included in, see [Physical science]
Theology as the end of (Abaelard’s and Hugo’s view), ii. 352, 361
Theology distinguished from, ii. 284, 288;
by Aquinas, ii. 290, 311;
by Bonaventura, ii. 410 and n.;
considered as superior to, by Aquinas, ii. 289-90, 292;
dominated by (Bacon’s contention), ii. 496;
dissociated from, by Duns and Occam, ii. 510, 517, 519
Physical science:
Albertus Magnus’ attitude toward, ii. 423;
his works on, ii. 425-9
Bacon’s predilection for, ii. 486-7
Classifications of, ii. 312 seqq.
Experimental science or method, ii. 502-8
Mediaeval attitude toward, i. [300]
Oxford school of, ii. 389
Patristic attitude toward, i. [63], [66-7], [72-3], [76-7], [99]; ii. 393
Theology as subserved by, ii. 67, 111, 289, 486, 492, 496, 500, 530;
denial of the theory—by Duns, ii. 510;
by Occam, ii. 519-20
Physiologus, i. [76-7] and n., [300]; ii. 83
Pippin of Heristal, i. [208-9]; ii. 197
Pippin of Neustria, i. [115], [200], [209], [210] and n. 1; ii. 273
Pippin, son of Charlemagne, ii. 197
Placentia (Piacenza), i. [24]
Placentinus, ii. 261-2
Plato, supra-rationalism of, i. [42];
allegorizing by, i. [36]; ii. 364;
doctrine of ideas, i. [35]; ii. 339-340;
Aquinas on this doctrine, ii. 455, 465;
Augustine of Hippo as influenced by, ii. 403;
“salvation” suggestion in, ii. 296 n. 2;
Republic, i. [36];
Timaeus, i. [35-6], [291]; ii. 64, 69, 118, 348, 370, 372, 377
Platonism:
Alanus’ Anticlaudianus, in, ii. 100 n. 2
Augustinian, i. [55]
Nature of, i. [35-6], [57], [59]
Philosophy as classified by, ii. 312
Pliny the Elder, Historia naturalis by, i. [39-40], [75]
Plotinus, estimate of, i. [43], [45];
personal affinity of Augustine with, i. [55-7];
philosophic system of, i. [42-6], [50], [51];
Enneads of, i. [55];
otherwise mentioned, i. [50], [51]; ii. 64
Plutarch, i. [44]
Poetry, mediaeval:
Carmina Burana (Goliardic poetry), ii. 203, 217-19 and n.
Chivalric, see [Chivalry—Literature]
[Hymns], see that heading
Italian, of 11th cent., i. [251] seqq.; ii. 186
Latin, see [Latin verse]
Modi, ii. 215-16
Music and, interaction of, ii. 195-6, 201-2
Old High German, ii. 194
Popular verse, see sub-headings Carmina and Modi; also Vernacular
Prosody, Alexander de Villa-Dei on, ii. 126
Vernacular:
Germanic, Norse, and Anglo-Saxon, ii. 220-1
Romance, ii. 221-3, 225 seqq.
Pontigny monastery, i. [362]
Poor of Lyons (Waldenses), i. [364], [365] n.; ii. 34
Popes (See also [Papacy]; and for particular popes see their names):
Avignon, at, ii. 510
Decretals of, see under [Canon law]
Degradation of (10th cent.), i. [242]
Election of, freed from lay control, i. [243] n. 2
Popular rights, growth of, in 12th cent., i. [305]
Porphyry, i. [42], [44-7], [50], [51], [56]; ii. 295;
Isagoge (Introduction to the Categories of Aristotle), i. [45], [92], [102]; ii. 312, 314 n., 333, 339
Preaching Friars, see [Dominican Order]
Predestination, Gottschalk’s controversy as to, i. [224-5], [227-8]
Priscianus, i. [71]; ii. 119 n. 2;
Institutiones grammaticae of (Priscianus major and minor), ii. 124-5
Prosper of Aquitaine, i. [106] n. 1
Provençal literature, i. [571]; ii. 168;
Alba (aube) poetry, i. [20], [571]; ii. 30
Provincia (Narbonensis):
Antique, the, in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. [9]
Latinization of, i. [26-7] and n. 1
Ligurian inhabitants of, i. [126]
Teutonic invasion of, i. [125]
Prudentius, ii. 63;
Psychomachia of, ii. 102-4
Pseudo-Callisthenes, Life and Deeds of Alexander by, ii. 224, 225, 229-230
Pseudo-Dionysius, ii. 302;
Celestial Hierarchy by, i. [54] and n. 1
Pseudo-Turpin, ii. 319
Ptolemy of Alexandria, i. [40]
Purgatory:
Dante’s Purgatorio, see under [Dante]
Hildegard’s visions as to, i. [456] n.
Popular belief as to, i. [486]
Quadrivium, see under [Seven Liberal Arts]
Rabanus Maurus, Abp. of Mainz, allegorizing of Scripture by, ii. 46-7;
interest in the vernacular, i. [308];
works of, i. [222-41];
De universo, i. [300]; ii. 316 n. 2;
Allegoriae in universam sacram scripturam, ii. 48-9;
De laudibus sanctae crucis, ii. 49 n. 3;
otherwise mentioned, i. [16], [100], [215]; ii. 302-303, 312, 332
Race, tests for determining, i. [124] n.
Radbertus, see [Paschasius]
Raoul de Cambrai, i. [563-4]
Ratherius, i. [309] and n. 2
Ratramnus of Corbie, i. [215], [227]; ii. 199
Ravenna:
Gerbert’s disputation in, i. [289-91]
Grammar and rhetoric studies at, ii. 121
Law studies at, ii. 251, 252
S. Apollinaris in Classe, i. [373], [377]
Raymond of Agiles quoted, i. [536]
Realism, Duns’ exposition of, ii. 514 and n.
Reason v. authority controversy:
Berengar’s position in, i. [302-3]
Eriugena’s contribution to, i. [229-30]
Reccared, i. [118] nn.
Reinhard, Bp. of Halberstadt, ii. 62
Relics of saints and martyrs:
Arms enshrining, i. [528]
Curative use of, i. [299]
Patristic attitude toward, i. [86], [101] n.
Renaissance, misleading nature of term, i. [211] n.
Renaud de Montaubon, i. [564]
Rheims cathedral school, i. [293]
Rhetoric:
Chartres study of, i. [298]
Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. 67
Predominance of, i. [109] and n.
Richard, Abbot of Jumièges, i. [480-1]
Richard of Middleton, ii. 512
Richard of St. Victor, ii. 80, 87 and n. 2, 367 n. 2, 540
Richer, Abbot of Monte Cassino, i. [252], [300] n. 2;
history of Gerbert by, quoted, i. [287-91]
Ricimer, Count, i. [113]
Riddles, didactic, i. [218-19] and n. 1
Rigaud, Eude (Oddo Rigaldus), Abp. of Rouen, i. [476], [508], [509];
Register of, quoted, i. [476-81]
Robert, cousin of St. Bernard, i. [395-7]
Robert of Normandy, ii. 139
Rollo, Duke, of Normandy, i. [153], [239-40]
Roman de la rose, i. [586-7]; ii. 103 and nn., 104, 223
Roman de Thebes, ii. 227, 229 n.
Roman Empire:
Barbarization of, i. [5], [7], [111] seqq.
Billeting of soldiers, custom as to, i. [114] n., [117]
Christianity accepted by, i. [345]
Church, relations with, ii. 265-7, 272-3
Cities enjoying citizenship of—in Spain, i. [26] and n. 2;
in Gaul, i. [30]
City life of, i. [27], [326]
Clientage system under, i. [117] n. 2
Dante’s views on, ii. 536
Decadence of, i. [84], [97], [111]
Eastern, see [Eastern Empire]
Enduring nature of, conditions of, i. [238] n.
Greek thought diffused by, i. [4]
Italian people under, i. [7]
Jurisconsults of, authority and capacity of, ii. 232-3 and n., 236
Latinization of Western Europe due to, i. [23] seqq., [110]
Mediaeval attitude toward, i. [11]
Scandinavians under influence of, i. [152] n. 3
Roman law:
Auditory, Imperial or Praetorian, ii. 233 n., 235 n. 1
Bologna famed for study of, ii. 121, 251, 259-62, 378
Brachylogus, ii. 254-5
Breviarium and its Interpretatio, i. [117]; ii. 243-4;
Epitomes of, ii. 244, 249-50;
Brachylogus influenced by, ii. 254
Burgundian tolerance of, i. [121];
code (Papianus), ii. 239, 242
Church under, ii. 265 and n. 2
Codes of:
Barbaric, nature of, ii. 244
(See also sub-headings Breviarium and Burgundian)
Gregorianus’, ii. 240, 243
Hermogenianus’, ii. 240, 243
Nature of, ii. 239-40
Theodosian, ii. 240 and n. 2, 241 n. 2, 242-3, 249, 266-7 and n. 1
Codex of Justinian, ii. 240, 242, 253:
Azo’s and Accursius’ work on, ii. 263-4
Glosses to, ii. 249-50
Placentinus’ Summa of, ii. 262
Summa Perusina an epitome of, ii. 249, 252
Constitutiones and rescripta principum, ii. 235 and n. 1, 239, 240
Custom recognized by, ii. 236
Digest of, by Justinian, see subheading Pandects
Elementary education including smattering of, ii. 250
Epitomes of, various, ii. 249-50;
Epitome of Julianus, ii. 242, 249, 254
Glosses:
Accursius’ Glossa ordinaria, ii. 263-4
Irnerius’, ii. 261 and n. 1
Justinian’s Codex, to, ii. 249-50
Gothic adoption of, i. [114]
Institutes of Gaius, ii. 241, 243
Institutes of Justinian, ii. 241, 243, 254:
Azo’s Summa of, ii. 263
Placentinus’ Summa of, ii. 262
Jurisprudential element in early stages of, ii. 232
Jus identified with aequitas, ii. 235
Jus civile, ii. 237, 257
Jus gentium:
Jus naturale in relation to, ii. 234 and n.
Origin of, ii. 233-4
Popular rights as regarded by, ii. 278
Jus praetorium, ii. 235
Lex romana canonice compta, ii. 252
Lombard attitude toward, i. [115]
Novellae of Justinian, ii. 240, 242
Pandects (Justinian’s Digest), ii. 235 and n. 2, 236-8, 241-2, 248, 253, 255:
Accursius’ Glossa on, ii. 264
Glossators’ interpretation of, ii. 265
Permanence of, ii. 236
Petrus (Petri exceptiones), ii. 252-4
Placentinus’ work in, ii. 261-2
Principles of, examples of, ii. 237-8;
possession and its rights, ii. 256-8
Principles of interpretation of, ii. 256
Provincia, in, i. [27] n. 1
Responsa or auctoritas jurisprudentium, ii. 235-6
Sources of, multifarious, ii. 235
Sphere of, ii. 248
Study of, centres for—in France, ii. 250;
in Italy, ii. 121, 251 and n. 2, 259-62, 378
Summa codicis Irnerii, ii. 255
Theodosian Code, see under subheading Codes
Treatises on, mediaeval, ii. 252 seqq.
Twelve Tables, ii. 232, 236
Visigothic code of, see subheading Breviarium
Romance, spirit of, i. [418]
Romance languages (See also [Old French]):
Characteristics of, ii. 152
Dante’s attitude toward, ii. 537
Latin as modified by, ii. 155
Literature of, ii. 221-3
(See also [Provençal literature])
Strength of, i. [9]
Romance nations, mediatorial rôle of, i. [110-11], [124]
Romans d’aventure, i. [564-5], [571] n. 2
Rome:
Bishops of, see [Popes]
Factions in (10th cent.), i. [242]
Law School in, ii. 251, 255
Mosaics in, i. [347]
Verses to, i. [348]; ii. 200
Romualdus, St., youth of, i. [373];
austerities of, i. [374], [379], [381];
relations with his father, i. [374-5];
harshness and egotism of, i. [375-7];
at Vallis de Castro, i. [376-7], [380];
at Sytrio, i. [378-9];
death of, i. [372] n. 3, [380];
Commentary of, on the Psalter, i. [379]
Romulus Augustulus, Emp., i. [114]
Roncesvalles, battle of, i. [559 n. 2-62]
Roscellinus, i. [303-4]; ii. 339-40
Rothari, King of Lombards, i. [115]; ii. 251
Ruadhan, St., i. [132-3]
Ruotger, Life of Abp. Bruno by, i. [310]; ii. 162 and n. 1
Sacra doctrina, see [Theology]
Sacraments, see under [Church]
Sagas, Norse:
Character of, i. [12] n., [155] seqq.
Egil, i. [162-4]

Gisli, i. [158]
Heimskringla, i. [160-2] and n. 2
Njala, i. [157] and n., [159], [164-7]
Oral tradition of, ii. 220
St. Denis monastery, ii. 10, 344
St. Emmeram convent (Ratisbon), i. [315], [316]
St. Gall monastery, i. [257-8];
Notker’s work at, ii. 201-2
St. Victor monastery and school, ii. 61-3, 143, 383
Saints:
Austerities of, i. [374] and n., [375]
Interventions of, mediaeval beliefs as to, i. [487-8], [490]
Irish clergy so called, i. [135] n. 2
Lives of:
Compend. of (Legenda Aurea), ii. 184
Conventionalized descriptions in, i. [393] n. 1
Defects of, i. [494]
Estimate of, i. [84-5] and nn.
otherwise mentioned, i. [298], [300]
Relics of, see [Relics]
Visions of, i. [444-5]
Worship of, i. [101]
Salerno medical school, i. [250] n. 4, [251]; ii. 121
Salian Franks, see under [Franks]
Salimbene, i. [496-7], [499-500];
Chronica of, quoted and cited, i. [498] seqq.;
editions and translations of the work, i. [496] n.
Salvation, see under [Christianity]
Salvian, De gubernatione Dei by, i. [84]
Saracens:
Crusades against, see [Crusades]
Frankish victories against, i. [209-10] n. 1
Wars with, necessitating mounted warriors, i. [525]
otherwise mentioned, i. [239], [252], [274], [332]
Saxons, see [Anglo-Saxons] and [Germans]
Scandinavians, see [Norsemen]
Scholasticism:
Arab analogy with, ii. 390 and n. 2
Aristotle’s advanced works, stages of appropriation of, ii. 393-5
Bacon’s attack on, ii. 484, 493-4, 496, 509
Classification of topics by:
Schemes of, various, ii. 312 seqq.
Twofold principle of, ii. 311
Conceptualism, ii. 520-1
Content of, i. [301]
Deference to authority a characteristic of, ii. 297, 300
Disintegration of—through Duns, ii. 510, 516;
through Occam, ii. 522-3
Elementary nature of discussions of, ii. 347
Evil, problem of, see [Evil]
Exponents of, ii. 283 and n.
Final exposition of, by Aquinas, ii. 484
Greek thought contrasted with, ii. 296
Humour non-existent in, ii. 459
Method of, ii. 302, 306-7, 315 n.;
prototype of, i. [95]
Nominalism, ii. 340
Philosophy of, see [Philosophy, scholastic]
Phraseology of, untranslatable, ii. 348, 483
Praedicables, ii. 314 n.
Present interest of, ii. 285
Realism, ii. 340;
Pantheism in relation to, ii. 370
Salvation a main interest of, ii. 296-7, 300, 311
Scriptural authority, position of, ii. 289, 291-2
Secular studies as regarded by, ii. 349, 357
Stages of development of, ii. 333 seqq.
Sympathetic study of, the key to contradictions, ii. 371
Theology of, see [Theology]
Universals, problem of:
Aquinas’ treatment of, ii. 462
Duns’ treatment of, ii. 515
Occam’s contribution toward, ii. 520-1
Roscellin’s views on, i. [303-4]
Sciences, classifications of, ii. 312 seqq.
(See also [Physical science])
Scotland, Christianizing of, i. [173]
Scriptures, Christian:
Allegorizing of:
Examples of:
David and Bathsheba episode, ii. 44-6
Exodus, Book of, ii. 47
Good Samaritan parable, ii. 53-6, 84, 90
Hannah, story of, ii. 47 n. 1
Pharisee and Publican parable, ii. 51-2
Hugo of St. Victor’s view of, ii. 65 n.
Writers exemplifying—Philo, ii. 42-43;
the Fathers, ii. 43 seqq., 68-9 and n. 2;
Rabanus, ii. 46-50;
Bede, ii. 47 n. 1;
Honorius of Autun, ii. 51 seqq.;
Hugo of St. Victor, ii. 67 seqq.
Anglo-Saxon version of, i. [142] n. 2, [183]
Authority of—in patristic doctrine, ii. 295;
acknowledged by Eriugena, i. [231];
by Berengar, i. [303];
in scholasticism, ii. 280, 291-2
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. 491-2, 497
Bonaventura’s attitude toward, and writings on, ii. 405 seqq.
Canon law based on, ii. 267-9
Classical studies in relation to, see subheading Secular
Classification of topics based on, ii. 317, 324
Commentaries on—Alcuin’s, i. [220-1];
Raban’s, i. [222-3]
Duns’ attitude toward, ii. 516
Francis of Assisi’s literal acceptance of, i. [365], [426-7];
his realization of spirit of, i. [427] n. 1; ii. 183
Gothic version of, i. [143] n.
Heliand, i. [203] and nn., [308]
Hymns based on, ii. 88 seqq.
Interpretation of—by the Fathers, i. [43] seqq., [68-9] and n. 2;
by Eriugena, i. [231];
by Berengar, i. [303]
Isidore’s writings on, i. [104-5]
Love, human, as treated in Old Testament, i. [332-3]
Scenes from, in Gothic art, ii. 82 seqq.
Secular knowledge in relation to, i. [63], [66]; ii. 110, 112, 120, 499
Song of Songs, see [Canticles]
Study of, by monks, i. [94];
Cassiodorus’ Institutiones, i. [95-6]
Theology identified with, ii. 406, 408
Vulgate, the:
Corruption in Paris copy of, ii. 497
Language of, ii. 171
Sculpture, Gothic:
Cathedrals, evolution of, ii. 538-9
Symbolism of, i. [457] n. 2; ii. 82-6
Sedulius Scotus, i. [215]
Seneca, i. [26], [41]
Sentences, Books of:
Isidore’s, i. [106] and n. 1
Paulus’ Sententiae, ii. 243
Peter Lombard’s, see under [Lombard]
Prosper’s, i. [106] n. 1
Sequence-hymns, development of, ii. 196, 201-6;
Adam of St. Victor’s, ii. 209-215
Serenus, Bp. of Marseilles, i. [102]
Sermons, allegorizing:
Bernard of Clairvaux, by, i. [337] n., [409-13]; ii. 169, 368-9
Honorius of Autun, by, ii. 50 seqq.
Seven Liberal Arts (See also separate headings [Grammar], [Logic], etc.):
Alanus de Insulis on functions of, ii. 98 n. 1
Carolingian study of, i. [236]
Clerical education in, i. [221-2]
Compend of, by Cassiodorus, i. [96]
De nuptiis as concerned with, i. [71] n. 3
Hugo of St. Victor on function of, ii. 67, 111
Latin the medium for, ii. 109
Law smattering included with, ii. 250
Quadrivium:
Boëthius on, i. [90] and n. 2
Chartres, at, i. [299]
Thierry’s encyclopaedia of, ii. 130
Trivium:
Chartres, at, i. [298-9]; ii. 163
Courses of, as representing stages of mediaeval development, ii. 331 seqq.
otherwise mentioned, i. [217]; ii. 553
Severinus, St., i. [192]
Severus, Sulpicius, i. [126] n. 2;
Life of St. Martin by, i. [52], [84], [85] n. 2, [86]
Sidonius, Apollinaris, i. [126] n. 2;
cited, i. [117] n. 1, [140]
Siger de Brabant, ii. 401 and n.
Sippe, i. [122]
Smaragdus, Abbot, i. [215]
Socrates, i. [34-5]; ii. 7
Songs, see [Poetry]
Sophists, Greek, i. [35]
Sorbon, Robert de, i. [544-5]
Sorcery, i. [46]
Spain:
Antique, the, in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. [9]
Arabian philosophy in, ii. 390
Church in, i. [9], [103], [118] and n.
Latinization of, i. [25-6] and n. 2
Moorish conquest of, i. [9], [118]
Visigoths in, i. [113], [116-17] and n. 2, [118]
Stabat Mater, i. [348]
Statius, ii. 229 n.
Statius Caecilius, i. [25]
Stephen IX., Pope, i. [263]
Stephen, St., sequence for festival of, ii. 211-13
Stephen of Bourbon quoted, i. [365] n.
Stilicho, i. [112]
Stoicism:
Emotion as regarded by, i. [330]
Nature of, i. [41], [57], [59]
Neo-Platonism contrasted with, ii. 296
Philosophy as classified by, ii. 312
Roman law as affected by, ii. 232
otherwise mentioned, i. [40], [70]
Strabo, Walafrid, see [Walafrid]
Suevi, i. [116-17] and n. 2, [139]
Summae, method of, ii. 306-7
(See also under [Theology])
Summum bonum, Aquinas’ discussion of, ii. 438 seqq., 456
Switzerland, Irish monasteries founded in, i. [174]
Sylvester II., Pope (Gerbert of Aurillac), career of, i. [281-4];
disputation with Otric, i. [289-91];
estimate of, i. [281], [285-7];
love of the classics, i. [287-8]; ii. 110;
Latin style of, ii. 160;
logical studies of, ii. 332, 338, 339, 345;
letters of, quoted, i. [283-7];
estimated, i. [284-5];
editions of works of, i. [280] n.;
Libellus de rationali et ratione uti, i. [292] n., [299];
otherwise mentioned, i. [249]; ii. 35
Symbolism:
Alanus’ Anticlaudianus as exemplifying, ii. 94-103
Angels as symbols, ii. 457
Art, mediaeval, inspired by, i. [21]
Augustine and Gregory compared as to, i. [56-7]
Carolingian, nature and examples of, ii. 46-50
Church edifices, of, ii. 78-82
Dante permeated with, ii. 534, 552-5
Greek, nature of, ii. 56-7
Hildegard’s visions, in, i. [456] seqq.
Marriage relationship, in, i. [413-14]
Mass, of the, ii. 77-8
Mediaeval thought deeply impressed by, ii. 43, 50 n. 1, 102, 365
Mysticism in relation to, ii. 364
Neo-Platonic, i. [52]
Ovid’s works interpreted by, ii. 230
Patristic, i. [37], [43-6], [52], [53], [58], [80]
Platonic, i. [36]
Raban’s addiction to, i. [223] and n. 2
Signum et res classification, ii. 322-3
Twelfth century—in Honorius of Autun, ii. 51 seqq.;
in Hugo of St. Victor, ii. 64 seqq.
Universal in mental processes, ii. 41, 552 n.
Universe explained by, ii. 64, 66 seqq.
otherwise mentioned, i. [15], [22]
Sytrio, Romualdus at, i. [378-9]
Tacitus, i. [78]; ii. 134
Tears, grace of, i. [370-1] and n., [462], [463]
Templars, i. [531-5]
Tenth century, see [Carolingian period]
Tertullian, i. [5], [58], [87], [99], [171], [332], [344], [354] n.; ii 152;
paradox of, i. [51]; ii. 297;
Adversus Marcionem, i. [68]
Teutons (See also [Anglo-Saxons], [Danes], [Germans], [Norsemen]):
Celts compared with, i. [125]
Characteristics of, i. [138]
Christianizing of:
Manner of, i. [181-3], [196-7], [193];
results of, i. [5], [170-1]
Motives of converts, i. [193]
Customs of, i. [122], [139], [141], [523]
Law of, early, tribal nature of, ii. 245-7
Rôle of, in mediaeval evolution, i. [125]
Roman Empire permeated by, i. [111] seqq.
Theodora, i. [242]
Theodore, Abp. of Canterbury, i. [184]
Theodoric of Freiburg, ii. 501 n.
Theodoric the Ostrogoth, i. [89], [91] n. 2, [93], [114-15], [120-1], [138], [249];
in legend, i. [145-6];
Edict of, ii. 244 n.
Theodosius the Great, Emp., i. [112]; ii. 272;
Code of, ii. 240 and n. 2, 241 n. 2, 242, 249, 266-7 and n. 1
Theodulphus, Bp. of Orleans, i. [9], [215];
Latin diction of, ii. 160
Theology, scholastic:
Abaelard’s treatises on, see under [Abaelard]
Aquinas’ Summa of, see under [Aquinas]
Argumentative nature of, ii. 292-3
Augustinian character of, ii. 403
Course of study in, ii. 388
Importance of, as intellectual interest, ii. 287-8
Logic in relation to, ii. 340 n., 346
Mysticism of, ii. 363-4
Natural sciences, etc., as handmaids to, ii. 67, 111, 289, 486, 492, 496, 500, 530;
denial of the theory—by Duns, ii. 510;
by Occam, ii. 519-520
(See also [Physical science—Patristic attitude toward])
Paris the centre for, ii. 283, 379
Philosophy in relation to, see under [Philosophy]
Practical, not speculative, regarded as, ii. 512, 515, 519
Scientific nature of, as regarded by Albertus, ii. 291, 430
Scripture identified with, ii. 406, 408
Summae of—by Alexander of Hales, ii. 399;
by Bonaventura, ii. 408;
by Albertus Magnus, ii. 430-1;
by Aquinas, see under [Aquinas]
Thirteenth-century study of, ii. 118-120
Theophrastus, i. [38]
Theresa, St., i. [443] n. 1
Theurgic practice, i. [46-8]
Thierry, Chancellor of Chartres, ii. 119, 370-1;
Eptateuchon of, ii. 130 and n.
Thirteenth century:
Intellectual interests of, ultimate, ii. 287
Latin prose styles of, ii. 179
Papal position in, ii. 509
Personalities of writers emergent in, ii. 436
Theology and dialectic the chief studies of, ii. 118-20
Three phenomena marking, ii. 378
Thomas à Kempis, De imitatione Christi by, ii. 185
Thomas Aquinas, see [Aquinas]
Thomas of Brittany, Tristan fragment by, i. [582]
Thomas of Cantimpré, ii. 428-9
Thomas of Celano, Life of St. Francis by, quoted, i. [435], [436-8];
style of the work, ii. 182-3
Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War by, i. [77-8]
Thuringia:
Boniface’s work in, i. [197-8]
Merovingian rule in, i. [121]
Thuringians, language of, i. [145] n. 2
Torriti, i. [347]
Trance, see [Ecstasy]
Trèves, i. [30], [31], [192]
Tristan:
Chrétien’s version of, i. [567]
Gottfried von Strassburg’s version of, i. [577-82]
Trivium, see under [Seven Liberal Arts]
Troubadours (trouvères), i. [572-3] and nn.
Troy, tales of, in mediaeval literature, ii. 200, 224-5 and n. 2, 227-9
True and the good compared, ii. 441, 512
Truth, Guigo’s Meditationes as concerning, i. [385-6]
Twelfth century:
Classical studies at zenith in, ii. 117-118
Growth in, various, i. [305-6]
Intellectual interests of, ultimate, ii. 287
Literary zenith in, ii. 168, 205-6
Mobility increased during, ii. 379
Ulfilas, i. [192]; ii. 221
Ulpian—on jus naturale and jus gentium, ii. 234 and n.;
on justitia, jus and jurisprudentia, ii. 237
Ulster Cycle, Sagas of, i. [128] and n. 2, [129] seqq.
Universals, see under [Scholasticism]
Universities, mediaeval (For particular universities see their names):
Increase in (14th cent.), ii. 523
Rise of, ii. 379, 381 seqq.
Studies at, ii. 388 and n.
Urban II., Pope, ii. 175
Urban IV., Pope, ii. 391-2, 434
Utrecht, bishopric of, i. [197]
Vallombrosa, i. [377]
Vandals, i. [112], [113], [120]
Varro, Terentius, i. [39], [71], [78]
Vercingetorix, i. [28]
Vernacular poetry, see under [Poetry]
Verse, see [Poetry]
Vikings, see [Danes] and [Norsemen]
Vilgard, i. [259-60]
Vincent of Beauvais, Speculum majus of, ii. 82 and n. 2, 315-22
Virgil, Bernard Silvestris’ Commentum on, ii. 116-17 and n. 2;
Dante in relation to, ii. 535, 536, 539, 543
Virgin Mary:
Dante’s Paradiso as concerning, ii. 551
Hymns to, by Hugo of St. Victor, ii. 86-7, 92
Interventions of, against the devil, i. [487], [490-2]
Mediaeval attitude toward, i. [53], [54] and n. 2; ii. 431, 551, 558
Virtues:
Aquinas’ classification of, ii. 326-8
Odilo’s Cardinales disciplinae, i. [295]
Virtues and vices, poetic treatment of—by Alanus, ii. 102 n.;
by De Lorris and De Meun, ii. 103
Visigoths:
Arianism of, i. [120]
Dacian settlement of, i. [112]
Gaul, Southern, kingdom in, i. [7], [112], [116];
Clovis’ conquest of, i. [121]
Roman law code promulgated by, see [Roman law—Breviarium]
Spain, in, i. [9], [113], [116-17] and n. 2, [118]
Visions:
Examples of, i. [444-6], [451], [452-9]
Monastic atmosphere in, i. [184] and n. 2
Nature of, i. [443], [449] and n. 3, [450], [451] and n.
Vita contemplativa:
Aquinas’ views on, ii. 443, 481-2
Hildebert on, ii. 144-5
Vitae sanctorum, see [Saints—Lives of]
Walafrid Strabo, i. [100], [215]; ii. 332;
Glossa ordinaria of, i. [16], [221] n. 2; ii. 46;
De cultura hortorum, ii. 188 n. 2
Waldenses, i. [365] n.; ii. 34
Walter of Lille (of Chatillon), Alexandreis of, ii. 192 and n. 3, 230 n. 1
Walther von der Vogelweide, political views of, ii. 33;
attitude of, toward Papacy, ii. 34-6;
piety and crusading zeal of, ii. 36;
melancholy, ii. 36-7;
Minnelieder of, ii. 29-31;
Sprüche, ii. 29, 32, 36;
Tagelied, ii. 30;
Unter der Linde, ii. 30;
otherwise mentioned, i. [475], [482], [589]; ii. 223
Wergeld, i. [122], [139]; ii. 246
Will, primacy of, over intellect, ii. 512, 515
William, Abbot of Hirschau, i. [315]
William II. (Rufus), King of England, i. [273], [275]; ii. 138-9
William of Apulia, ii. 189 and n. 3
William of Champeaux—worsted by Abaelard, ii. 342-3;
founds St. Victor, ii. 61, 143;
Hildebert’s letter to, quoted, ii. 143
William of Conches, ii. 132;
studies and works of, ii. 372-3;
Summa moralium philosophorum, ii. 134-5, 373 and n. 2
William of Malmsbury cited, i. [525]
William of Moerbeke, ii. 391
William of Occam, see [Occam]
William of St. Thierry, ii. 300, 344
Willibrord, St., i. [197]
Winifried-Boniface, St., i. [6], [197-200], [308]; ii. 273
Wisdom, Aquinas on, ii. 481
Witelo, Perspectiva by, ii. 501 n.
Witiza of Aquitaine, i. [358-9]
Wolfram von Eschenbach, ii. 223;

Parzival by, i. [12] n., [149] n. 1, [152], [567], [571] n. 2, [589-613]; ii. 36;
estimate of the work, i. [588]; ii. 29
Women:
Emotion regarding, i. [349-50]
Emotional Christ-love experienced by, i. [442], [459] seqq.
Fabliaux’ tone toward, i. [521] n. 2
German prae-mediaeval attitude toward, i. [139], [150];
mediaeval, ii. 31
Monastic life, in:
Abuses among, i. [491-2];
Rigaud’s Register as concerning, i. [479-480]
Consecration of, i. [337] and n.
Gandersheim nuns, i. [311]
Visions of, i. [442] seqq., [463] seqq.
Monkish vilification of, i. [354] n., [521] n. 2, [532], [533]; ii. 58
Romantic literature as concerned with, i. [564]
Romantic poems for audiences of, i. [565]
Walther von der Vogelweide on, ii. 31
Worms, Concordat of (1122), i. [245] n. 4
Xenophon’s Cyropaedia, i. [78]
Year-books (Annales), i. [234] and n. 1
Yves, Bp. of Chartres, i. [262] n.; ii. 139
Zacharias, Pope, i. [199]
Zoology:
Albertus Magnus’ works on, ii. 429
Aristotle’s work in, i. [38]
Physiologus, i. [76-7] and n., [300]; ii. 83