[288] Within his hereditary domain, Hugh had the powers of other feudal lords; but this domain, instead of expanding, tended to shrink under the reigns of the Capetians of the eleventh century.
[289] In Conrad’s reign “Burgundy,” comprising most of the eastern and southern regions of France, and with Lyons and Marseilles, as well as Basle and Geneva within its boundaries, was added to the Empire.
[290] Papal elections were freed from lay control, and a great step made toward the emancipation of the entire Church, by the decree of Nicholas II. in 1059, by which the election of the popes was committed to the conclave of cardinals.
[291] For the matter of clerical celibacy, and the part played by monasticism in these reforms, see post, Chapter XV.
[292] Gregory VII., Ep. iv. 2 (Migne 148, col. 455).
[293] Ep. viii. 21 (Migne 148, col. 594).
[294] Migne 148, col. 407, 408. Cf. post, Chapter XXXIII.
[295] As between the Empire and the Papacy the particular struggle over investitures was adjusted by the Concordat of Worms (1122), by which the Church should choose her bishops; but the elections were to be held in the presence of the king, who conferred, by special investiture, the temporal fiefs and privileges. For translations of Gregory’s Letters and other matter, see J. H. Robinson’s Readings in European History, i. 274-293.
[296] See post, Chapter XII. The copying of manuscripts was a lucrative profession in Italy.
[297] Tetralogus, Pertz, Mon. Germ, scriptores, xi. 251.