denounces Arnold of Brescia, i. 401; ii. [171];
relations with Gilbert de la Porrée, ii. [372];
Lives of, i. 392 n., 393 n. 1;
appearance and characteristics of, i. 392-3;
estimate of, i. 394; ii. [367-8];
love and tenderness of, i. 344, 345, 394 seqq.; ii. [365];
severity of, i. 400-1;
his love of Clairvaux, i. 401-2;
of his brother, i. 402-4;
Latin style of, ii. [169-71];
on church corruption, i. 474;
on faith, ii. [298];
unconcerned with physics, ii. [356];
St. Francis compared with, i. 415-16;
extracts from letters of, i. 395 seqq.; ii. [170-1];
Sermons on Canticles—cited, 337 n.;
quoted, i. 409-13; ii. [169], [368-9];
De consideratione, ii. [368];
otherwise mentioned, i. 17, 20, 279, 302, 472, 501; ii. [34], [168]
Bernard Morlanensis, De contemptu mundi by, ii. [199] n. 3
Bernard Silvestris, Commentum ... of, ii. [116-17] and n. 2;
De mundi universitate, ii. [119], [371] and n.
Bernardone, Peter, i. 419, 423-4
Bernward, Bp. of Hildesheim, i. 312 and n. 1
Bible, see [Scriptures]
Biscop, Benedict, i. 184
Bishops:
Armed forces, with, i. 473
Francis of Assisi’s attitude toward, i. 430
Gallo-Roman and Frankish, position of, i. 191-2, 194 and nn., 198, 201 n.
Investiture of, lay, i. 244-5 and n. 4; ii. [140]
Jurisdiction and privileges of, ii. [266]
Papacy’s ascendancy over, i. 304
Reluctance to be consecrated, i. 472
Social class of, i. 473
Vestments of, symbolism of, ii. [77] n. 2
Blancandrin, i. 565
Bobbio monastery, i. 178, 282-3
Boëthius, death of, i. 89, 93;
estimate of, i. 89, 92, 102;
Albertus Magnus compared with, ii. [420];
works of, i. 90-3;
Gerbert’s familiarity with works of, i. 289;
works of, studied at Chartres, i. 298-9;
their importance, i. 298;
De arithmetica, i. 72, 90;
De geometria, i. 90;
commentary on Porphyry’s Isagoge, i. 92; ii. [312];
translation of the Organon, i. 71, 91-2;
“loss” of advanced works, ii. [248] n., [334];
De consolatione philosophiae, i. 89, 188, 189-90, 299;
mediaeval study of the work, i. 89; ii. [135-6]
Bologna:
Clubs and guilds in, ii. [382]
Fight of, against Parma, i. 497
Law school at, ii. [121], [251], [259-62], [378]
Medical school at, ii. [121], [383] n.
University, Law, inception and character of, ii. [121], [381-3];
affiliated universities, ii. [383] n.
Bonaventura, St. (John of Fidanza), career of, ii. [403];
at Paris, ii. [399], [403];
estimate of, ii. [301];
style of, ii. [181-2];
contrasted with Albertus, ii. [405];
compared with Aquinas, ii. [405], [437];
with Dante, ii. [547];
on faith, ii. [298];
on Minorites and Preachers, ii. [396];
attitude toward Plato and Aristotle, ii. [404-5];
toward Scriptures, ii. [405] seqq.;
De reductione artium ad theologiam, ii. [406-8];
Breviloquium, ii. [408-13];
Itinerarium mentis in Deum, ii. [413-18];
otherwise mentioned, ii. [283], [288]
Boniface, see [Winifried-Boniface]
Boniface VIII., Pope, Sextus of, ii. [272];
Unam sanctam bull of, ii. [509]
Books of Sentences, method of, ii. [307]
(See also under [Lombard])
Botany, ii. [427-8]
Bretons, i. 113
Breviarium, i. 117, 239, 243-4
Britain:
Anglo-Saxon conquest of, i. 141
Antique culture in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. 10-11
Celts in, i. 127 n.
Christianity of, i. 171-2
Romanization of, i. 32
Brude (Bridius), King of Picts, i. 173
Brunhilde, i. 176, 178
Bruno, Abp. of Cologne, i. 309-10, 383-4;
Ruotger’s Life of, i. 310; ii. [162] and n. 1
Burgundians:
Christianizing of, i. 193
Church’s attitude toward, i. 120
Roman law code promulgated by (Papianus), ii. [239], [242]
Roman subjects of, i. 121
otherwise mentioned, i. 9-10, 113, 145
Burgundy, i. 175, 243 n. 1
Byzantine architecture, 212 n.
Byzantine Empire, see [Eastern Empire]
Cædmon, i. 183, 343
Caesar, C. Julius, cited, i. 27-9, 138, 296
Caesar of Heisterbach, Life of Engelbert by, i. 482-6 and n.;
Dialogi miraculorum, cited, i. 488 n., 491.
Canon law:
Authority of, ii. [274]
Basis of, ii. [267-9]
Bulk of, ii. [269]
Conciliar decrees, collections of, ii. [269]
Decretals:
Collections of, ii. [269], [271-2], [275] n.
False, ii. [270], [273]
Gratian’s Decretum, ii. [268-9], [270-1], [306]
Jus naturale in, ii. [268-9]
Lex romana canonice compta, ii. [252]
Scope of, ii. [267]
Sources of, ii. [269]
Supremacy of, ii. [277]
Canossa, i. 244
Cantafables, i. 157 n. 1
Canticles, i. 350;
Origen’s interpretation of, 333;
St. Bernard’s Sermons on, i. 337 n., 409-13; ii. [169], [368-9]
Capella, Martianus, De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii of, i. 71 and n. 3; ii. [553]
Caritas, ii. [476-8];
in relation to faith, ii. [479-81];
to wisdom, ii. [481]
Carloman, King of Austrasia, i. 199-200 and n., 209
Carloman (son of Pippin), i. 209-10
Carnuti, i. 296
Carolingian period:
Breviarium epitomes current during, ii. [244], [249]
Continuity of, with Merovingian, i. 210-12
Criticism of records non-existent in, i. 234
Definiteness of statement a characteristic of, i. 225, 227
Educational revival in, 218-19, 222, 236; ii. [122], [158];
palace school, i. 214, 218, 229, 235
First stage of mediaeval learning represented by, ii. [330], [332]
History as compiled in, i. 234-5
King’s law in, ii. [247]
Latin poetry of, ii. [188], [194], [197]
Latin prose of, ii. [158]
Originality in, circumstances evoking, i. 232-3
Restatement of antique and patristic matter in, i. 237, 342-3
Carthaginians, i. 25
Carthusian Order, origin of, i. 383-4
Cassian’s Institutes and Conlocations, i. 335
Cassiodorus, life and works of, i. 93-7;
Chronicon, i. 94;
Variae epistolae, i. 94;
De anima, 94-5;
Institutiones divinarum et saecularium litterarum, i. 95-6; ii. [357] n. 2;
otherwise mentioned, i. 6, 88-9, 115; ii. [312]
Cathari, i. 49; ii. [283] n.
Catullus, i. 25
Cavallini, i. 347
Celsus cited, ii. [235], [237]
Celtic language, date of disuse of, i. 31 and n.
Celts:
Gaul, in, i. 125 and n., 126-7, 129 n. 1
Goidelic and Brythonic, i. 127 n.
Ireland, in, see [Irish]
Italy invaded by (3rd cent. B.C.), i. 24
Latinized, i. 124
Teutons compared with, i. 125
Champagne, i. 240, 573
Chandos, Sir John, i. 554-5
Chanson de Roland, i. 12 n., 528 and n. 2, 559-62
Chansons de geste, i. 558 seqq.; ii. [222]
Charlemagne, age of, see [Carolingian period];
estimate of, i. 213;
relations of, with the Church, i. 201, 239; ii. [273];
relations with Angilbert, i. 234-5;
educational revival by, i. 213-14; ii. [110], [122], [158], [332];
book of Germanic poems compiled by order of, ii. [220];
Capitularies of, ii. [110], [248];
open letters of, i. 213 n.;
Einhard’s Life of, ii. [158-9];
poetic fame of, i. 210;
false Capitularies ascribed to, ii. [270];
empire of, non-enduring, i. 238;
otherwise mentioned, i. 9, 115, 153, 562; ii. [8]
Charles Martel, i. 197, 198, 209; ii. [273]
Charles II. (the Bald), King of France, i. 228, 235
Charles III. (the Simple), King of France, i. 239-40
Charles IV., King of France, i. 551
Chartres Cathedral, sculpture of, i. 20, 297; ii. [82-5]
Chartres Schools:
Classics the study of, i. 298; ii. [119]
Fulbert’s work at, i. 296-7, 299
Grammar as studied at, ii. [129-30]
Medicine studied at, ii. [372]
Orleans the rival of, ii. [119] n. 2
Trivium and quadrivium at, i. 298-9; ii. [163]
mentioned, i. 287, 293
Chartreuse, La Grande, founding of, i. 384 (See also [Carthusian])
Chaucer, ii. [95]
Childeric, King, i. 119, 122
Chivalry:
Literature of:
[Arthurian romances], see that heading
Aube (alba) poetry, i. 571; ii. [30]
Chansons de geste, i. 558 seqq.
Nature of, i. 20
Pastorelle, i. 571
Pietistic ideal recognized in, ii. [288], [533]
Poems of various nations cited, i. 570 n.
Religious phraseology in love poems, i. 350 n. 2
Romans d’aventure, i. 564-5, 571 n. 2
Three branches of, i. 558
Nature of, i. 522, 570 n.
Order of, evolution of, i. 524 seqq.
(See also [Knighthood])
Chrétien de Troies, romances by, i. 566-7;
Tristan, i. 567;
Perceval, i. 567, 588-9;
Erec (Geraint), i. 567, 586; ii. [29] n.;
Lancelot or Le Conte de la charrette, i. 567, 569-70, 582-5;
Cligés, i. 567, 586 n. 2;
Ivain, i. 571 n. 2, 586 n. 3; ii. [29] n.;
translation of Ovid’s Ars amatoria, i. 574
Christianity:
Appropriation of, by mediaeval peoples, stages in, i. 17-18
Aquinas’ Summa as concerning, ii. [324]
Art, in, see [Art]
Atonement doctrine, Anselm’s views on, i. 279
Basis of, ii. [268]
Britain, in, i. 171-2
Buddhism contrasted with, i. 390
Catholic Church, see [Church]
Completeness of scheme of, ii. [394-5]
Dualistic element in, i. 59
Eleventh century, position in, i. 16
Emotional elements in:
Fear, i. 103, 339, 342, 383
Hate, i. 332, 339
Love, i. 331, 345
Synthetic treatment of, i. 333
Emotionalizing of, angels as regarded in, i. 348 n. 4
Eternal punishment doctrine of, i. 65, 339, 486
Faith of, see [Faith]
Feudalism in relation to, i. 524, 527-9 and n. 2, 530
Fifth century, position in, i. 15
Gallo-Roman, i. 191-2
German language affected by, i. 202
Greek Fathers’ contribution to, i. 5
Greek philosophic admixture in, i. 33-4
Hell-fear in, i. 103, 339, 342, 383
[Hymns], see that heading
Ideal v. actual, i. 354-5
Incarnation doctrine of, ii. [369]
Irish missionaries of, see under [Irish]
Latin as modified for expression of, ii. [152], [154], [156], [164], [171]
Marriage as regarded by, ii. [8], [529]
Martyrs for, see [Martyrs]
Mediaeval development in relation to, i. 11, 170
Mediation doctrine of, i. 54, 59-60
Militant character of, in early centuries, i. 69-70, 75
Miracles, attitude toward, i. 50-1
[Monasticism], see that heading
Neo-Platonism compared with, i. 51
Pagan ethics inconsistent with, i. 66
Pessimism of, toward mortal life, i. 64
[Saints], see that heading
Salvation:
Master motive, as, i. 59, 61, 79, 89
Scholasticism’s main interest, as, ii. [296-7], [300], [311]
Standard of discrimination, as, ii. [530], [533], [559]
[Scriptures], see that heading
Teutonic acceptance of, see under [Teutons]
Trinity doctrine of:
Abaelard’s works on, ii. [10], [298-9], [352-3], [355]
Aquinas on, ii. [449-50], [456]
Bonaventura on, ii. [416-17]
Dante’s vision, ii. [551]
Peter Lombard’s Book on, ii. [323]
Roscellin on, ii. [340]
Vernacular presentation of, ii. [221]
[Visions], see that heading
Chronicles, mediaeval, ii. [175]
Chrysostom, i. 53
Church, Roman Catholic:
Authority of, Duns’ views on, ii. [516]
[Bishops], see that heading
British Church’s divergencies from, 171-2
[Canon Law], see that heading
Charlemagne’s relations with, i. 201, 239; ii. [273]
Classical study as regarded by, i. 260; ii. [110] seqq., [396-7]
[Clergy], see that heading
Confession doctrine of, i. 489
Constantine’s relations with, ii. [266]
Creation of, i. 11, 68, 86-7
Decretals, etc., see under [Canon Law]
Denunciations of, i. 474-5; ii. [34-5]
Diocesan organization of, among Germans, i. 196
Doctrinal literature of, i. 68-70
Duns’ attitude towards, ii. [513]
East and West, solidarity of development of, i. 55
Empire’s relations with, see under [Papacy]
Eternal punishment doctrine of, i. 65, 339, 486; ii. [550]
[Eucharistic controversy], see that heading
Fathers of the, see [Greek thought, patristic]; [Latin Fathers]; and chiefly [Patristic thought]
Feudalism as affected by, i. 524, 527-9 and n. 2, 530
Feudalism as affecting, i. 244, 473
Frankish, see under [Franks]
Gallo-Roman, i. 191-2, 194
Hildegard’s visions regarding, i. 457
Intolerance of, see subheading Persecutions
Investiture controversy, see under [Bishops]
Irish Church’s relations with, i. 172-4 and n. 1
Isidore’s treatise on liturgical practices of, i. 106
Knights’ vow of obedience to, i. 530
Mass, the:
Alleluia chant and Sequence-hymn, ii. [196], [201] seqq.
Symbolism of, ii. [77-8]
Nicene Creed, i. 69
[Papacy], [Popes], see those headings
Paschal controversy, see [Eucharistic]
Penance doctrine of, i. 101, 195
Persecutions by, i. 339;
of Albigenses, i. 366-7, 461, 481, 572; ii. [168];
of Jews, i. 118, 332;
of Montanists, i. 332
[Popes], see that heading
Predestination, attitude toward, i. 228
Property of, enactments regarding, ii. [266]
Rationalists in, i. 305
Reforms in (11th cent.), i. 304
Roman law for, ii. [265] and n. 2
Sacraments:
Definition of the word, ii. [72] and n. 1
Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. [64], [66], [68-9], [71], [72-4], [90] n. 2
Origin of, Bonaventura on, ii. [411-13]
Pagan analogy with, i. 53, 59-60
Secularization of dignities of, i. 472
Simony in, i. 244, 475
Spain, in, see under [Spain]
Standards set by, ii. [528-9]
Suspects to, estimate of, ii. [532]
Synod of Aix (817), i. 359
Theodosian Code as concerning, ii. [266-7] and n. 1
Transubstantiation doctrine of, i. 226-227
“Truce of God” promulgated by, i. 529 n. 2
Churches:
Building of, symbolism in, ii. [78-82]
Dedication of, sequence designed for, ii. [210-11]
Cicero, i. 26 n. 3, 39, 78, 219
Cino, ii. [264]
Cistercian Order:
Charta charitatis, i. 361-3
Clairvaux founded, i. 393
Cluniac controversies with, i. 360
Citeaux monastery:
Bernard at, i. 360, 393
Foundation and rise of, i. 360-3
Cities and towns:
Growth of, in 12th cent., i. 305; ii. [379-80]
Italian, see under [Italy]
Cities (civitates) of Roman provinces, i. 29-30
Clairvaux (Clara Vallis):
Founding of, i. 360, 393
Position of, i. 362
St. Bernard’s love of, i. 401-2
Classics, see [Latin classics]
Claudius, Bp. of Turin, i. 215, 231-2 and n. 1
Claudius, Emp., i. 30
Clement II., Pope, i. 243
Clement IV., Pope, ii. [489-91]
Clement V., Pope, Decretales Clementinae of, ii. [272]
Clement of Alexandria, ii. [64]
Clergy:
Accusations against, false, penalty for, ii. [266]
Legal status of, ii. [382]
Regular, see [Monasticism]
Secular:
Concubinage of, i. 244
Francis of Assisi’s attitude toward, i. 430, 440
Marriage of, i. 472 n. 1
Reforms of, i. 359
Standard of conduct for, i. 471; ii. [529]
Term, scope of, i. 356
Clerval, Abbé, cited, i. 300 n. 1
Clopinel, Jean, see [De Meun]
Clovis (Chlodoweg), i. 114, 117, 119-21, 122, 138, 193-4; ii. [245]
Cluny monastery:
Abaelard at, ii. [25], [26], [345]
Characteristics of, i. 359-60
Monastic reforms accomplished by, i. 293, 304
Cologne, i. 29, 31
Columba, St., of Iona, i. 133-7, 173
Columbanus, St., of Luxeuil and Bobbio, i. 6, 133, 174-9, 196;
Life and works of, 174 n. 2
Combat, trial by, i. 232
Commentaries, mediaeval:
Boëthius’, i. 93
Excerpts as characteristic of, i. 104
General addiction to, ii. [390], [553] n. 4
Originals supplanted by, ii. [390]
Raban’s, i. 222-3
Compends:
Fourteenth century use of, ii. [523]
Mediaeval preference for, i. 94
Medical, in Italy, i. 251
Saints’ lives, of (Legenda aurea), ii. [184]
Conrad, Duke of Franconia, i. 241
Conrad II., Emp., i. 243
Constantine, Emp., ii. [266];
“Donation” of, ii. [35], [265], [270]
Constantinus Africanus, i. 251 and n.; ii. [372]
Cordova, i. 25
Cornelius Nepos, i. 25
Cornificiani, ii. [132], [373]
Cosmogony:
Aquinas’ theory of, ii. [456]
Mediaeval allegorizing of, ii. [65] seqq.
Patristic attitude toward, i. 72-4
Cosmology, Alan’s, in Anticlaudianus, ii. [377]
Cremona, i. 24
Cross, Christian:
Magic safeguard, as, i. 294-5
Mediaeval feeling for, ii. [197]
Crusades:
Constantinople, capture of, as affecting Western learning, ii. [391]
First:
Chansons concerning, i. 537-8
Character of, i. 535-7
Guibert’s account of, ii. [175]
Hymn concerning, quoted, i. 349 and n.
Italians little concerned in, ii. [189]
Joinville’s account of, quoted, i. 546-9
Language of, i. 531
Results of, i. 305
Second, i. 394
Spirit of, i. 535-7
Cuchulain, i. 129 and nn. 2, 3
Cynewulf’s Christ, i. 183
Cyprian quoted, i. 337 n.
Cyril of Alexandria, i. 227
Cyril of Jerusalem, i. 53
Da Romano, Alberic, i. 515-16
Da Romano, Eccelino, i. 505-6, 516
Dacia, Visigoths in, i. 112
Damiani, St. Peter, Card. Bp. of Ostia, career of, i. 262-4;
attitude of, to the classics, i. 260; ii. [112], [165];
on the hermit life, i. 369-70;
on tears, i. 371 and n.;
extract illustrating Latin style of, ii. [165] and n. 3;
works of, i. 263 n. 1;
writings quoted, i. 263-7;
Liber Gomorrhianus, i. 265, 474;
Vita Romualdi, i. 372 seqq.;
biography of Dominicus Loricatus, i. 381-2;
De parentelae gradibus, ii. [252];
otherwise mentioned, i. 17, 19, 20, 260, 343, 345, 391; ii. [34]
Damianus, i. 262, 265
Danes, i. 142, 153
Dante, estimate of, ii. [534-5];
scholarship of, ii. [541] n. 2;
possessed by spirit of allegory, ii. [552-5];
compared with Aquinas and influenced by him, ii. [541] n. 2, [547], [549], [551], [555];
compared with Bonaventura, ii. [547];
attitude to Beatrice, ii. [555-8];
on love, ii. [555-6];
on monarchy, ii. [278];
De monarchia, ii. [535];
De vulgari eloquentia, ii. [219], [536];
Vita nuova, ii. [556], [559];
Convito, ii. [537-8], [553];
Divina Commedia, i. 12 n.; ii. [86], [99] n. 1, [103], [219];
commentaries on this work, ii. [553-4];
estimate of it, ii. [538], [540-1], [544], [553-4];
Inferno cited, ii. [42], [541-3], [545-7];
Purgatorio cited, ii. [535], [542-3], [548-9], [554], [558];
Paradiso cited, i. 395; ii. [542-3], [549-51], [558]
Dares the Phrygian, ii. [116] and n. 3, [224-5] and nn., [226-7]
De bello et excidio urbis Comensis, ii. [189-90]
De Boron, Robert, i. 567
De casu Diaboli, i. 279
De consolatione philosophiae, see under [Boëthius]
De Lorris, Guillaume, Roman de la rose by, i. 586-7; ii. [103] and n. 1, [104]
De Meun, Jean (Clopinel), Roman de la rose by, ii. [103] and n. 1, [104], [223]
Denis, St., i. 230
Dermot (Diarmaid, Diarmuid), High-King of Ireland, i. 132-3, 135, 136
Desiderius, Bp. of Vienne, i. 99
Desiderius, Pope, i. 253, 263
Devil, the:
Mediaeval beliefs and stories as to, i. 487 seqq.
Romuald’s conflicts with, i. 374, 379-80
Dialectic (See also [Logic]):
Abaelard’s skill in, ii. [118], [119], [345-6], [353];
his subjection of dogma to, ii. [304];
his Dialectica, ii. [346] and nn., [349-50]
Chartres study of, i. 298
Duns Scotus’ mastery of, ii. [510], [514]
Grammar penetrated by, ii. [127] seqq.
Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. [67]
Raban’s view of, i. 222
Thirteenth century study of, ii. [118-20]
Diarmaid (Diarmuid), see [Dermot]
Dictamen, ii. [121], [129], [381]
Dictys the Cretan, ii. [224], [225] and n. 1
Dies irae, i. 348
Dionysius the Areopagite, ii. [10], [102], [344]
Divina Commedia, see under [Dante]
Divination, ii. [374]
Dominic, St., i. 366-7, 497; ii. [396]
Dominican Order:
Aristotelianism of, ii. [404]
Founding of, i. 366; ii. [396]
Growth of, i. 498; ii. [398]
Object of, ii. [396]
Oxford University, at, ii. [387]
Papacy, relations with, ii. [398], [509]
Paris University, position in, ii. [386], [399]
Dominicus Loricatus, i. 263, 381-3
Donatus, i. 71, 297;
Ars minor and Barbarismus of, ii. [123-4]
Donizo of Canossa, ii. [189] and n. 2
Druids:
Gallic, i. 28, 296
Irish, i. 133
Du Guesclin, Bertrand, Constable of France, i. 554-6, 557 n.
Duns Scotus, education of, ii. [511];
career of, ii. [513];
estimate of, ii. [513];
intricacy of style of, ii. [510], [514], [516] n. 2;
on logic, ii. [504] n. 2;
Occam’s attitude toward, ii. [518] seqq.;
editions of works of, ii. [511] n. 1;
estimate of his work, ii. [509-10], [514]
Dunstan, St., Abp. of Canterbury, i. 323-4
Durandus, Guilelmus, Rationale divinorum officiorum of, ii. [76] seqq.
Eadmer, i. 269, 273, 277
Eastern Empire:
Frankish relations with, i. 123
Huns’ relations with, i. 112-13
Norse mercenaries of, i. 153
Ostrogoths’ relations with, i. 114
Roman restoration by, i. 115
Ebroin, i. 209
Eckbert, Abbot of Schönau, i. 444
Ecstasy:
Bernard’s views on, ii. [368]
Examples of, i. 444, 446
Eddas, ii. [220]
Education:
Carolingian period, in, i. 213-14, 218-19, 222, 236; ii. [110], [122], [158], [332]
Chartres method of, ii. [130-1]
Grammar a chief study in, ii. [122] seqq., [331-2]
Italy, in, see under [Italy]
Latin culture the means and method of, i. 12; ii. [109]
Schools, clerical and monastic, i. 250 n. 2, 293
Schools, lay, i. 249-51
[Seven Liberal Arts], see that heading
Shortening of academic course, advocates of, ii. [132], [373]
Edward II., King of England, i. 551
Edward III., King of England, i. 550-1
Edward the Black Prince, i. 554-6
Einhard the Frank, i. 234 n. 1;
Life of Charlemagne by, i. 215; ii. [158-9]
Ekkehart family, i. 309
Ekkehart of St. Gall, Waltarius (Waltharilied) by, ii. [188]
El-Farabi, ii. [390]
Eleventh century:
Characteristics of, i. 301;
in France, i. 301, 304, 328;
in Germany, i. 307-9;
in England, i. 324;
in Italy, i. 327
Christianity in, position of, i. 16
Elias, Minister-General of the Minorites, i. 499
Elizabeth, St., of Hungary, i. 391, 465 n. 1
Elizabeth, St., of Schönau, visions of, i. 444-6
Emotional development, secular, i. 349-50 and n. 2
Empire, the, see [Holy Roman Empire]
Encyclopaedias, mediaeval, ii. [316] n. 2;
Vincent’s Speculum majus, ii. [315-22]
Eneas, ii. [225], [226]
Engelbert, Abp. of Cologne, i. 481-6;
estimate of, i. 482
England (See also [Britain]):
Danish Viking invasion of, i. 153
Eleventh century conditions in, i. 324
Law in, principles of, i. 141-2;
Roman law almost non-existent in Middle Ages, ii. [248]
Norman conquest of, linguistic result of, i. 324
English language, character of, i. 324
Epicureanism, i. 41, 70; ii. [296], [312]
Eriugena, John Scotus, estimate of, i. 215, 228-9, 231; ii. [330];
on reason v. authority, ii. [298], [302];
works of, studied at Chartres, i. 299;
De divisione naturae, i. 230-1; ii. [302];
otherwise mentioned, i. 16; ii. [282] n., [312]
Essenes, i. 334
Ethelbert, King of Kent, i. 180-1
Etymologies of Isidore, i. 33, 105 and n. 1, 107-9; ii. [318];
law codes glossed from, ii. [250]
Eucharistic (Paschal) controversy:
Berengar’s contribution to, i. 302-3
Paschasius’ contribution to, i. 225-7
Eucherius, Bp. of Lyons, ii. [48] n. 1
Euclid, i. 40
Eudemus of Rhodes, i. 38
Eunapius, i. 47, 52
Euric, King of the Visigoths, i. 117 and n. 1
Eusebius, i. 81 n. 2
Evil or sin:
Abaelard’s views concerning, ii. [350]
Eriugena’s views concerning, i. 228
Original sin, realism in relation to, ii. [340] n.
Peter Lombard and Aquinas contrasted as to, ii. [308-10]
Experimental science, Bacon on, ii. [502-8]
Fabliaux, i. 521 n. 2; ii. [222]
Facts, unlimited actuality of, i. 79-80
Faith:
Abaelard’s definition of, ii. [354]
Bacon’s views on, ii. [507]
Bernard of Clairvaux’s attitude toward, ii. [355]
Caritas in relation to, ii. [479-81]
Cognition through, Aquinas’ views on, ii. [446]
Occam’s views on, ii. [519]
Proof of matters of, Aquinas on, ii. [450]
Will as functioning in, ii. [479]
False Decretals, i. 104 n., 118 n. 1
Fathers of the Church (See also [Patristic thought]):
Greek, see [Greek thought, patristic]
Latin, see [Latin Fathers]
Faustus, ii. [44]
Felix, St., i. 86
Feudalism (See also [Knighthood]):
Anarchy of, modification of, i. 304
Austrasian disintegration by, i. 240
Chansons regarding, i. 559 seqq., 569
Christianity in relation to, i. 524, 527-9 and n. 2, 530
Church affected by, i. 244, 473
Italy not greatly under, i. 241
Marriage as affected by, i. 571, 586
Obligations of, i. 533-4
Origin of, 522-3
Principle and practice of, at variance, i. 522
Fibonacci, Leonardo, ii. [501]
Finnian, i. 136
Flamenca, i. 565
Flore et Blanchefleur, i. 565
Florus, Deacon, of Lyons, i. 229 and n.
Fonte Avellana hermitage, i. 262-3, 381
Forms, new, creation of, see [Mediaeval thought—Restatement]
Fortunatus, Hymns by, ii. [196-7]
Fourteenth century:
Academic decadence in, ii. [523]
Papal position in, ii. [509-10]
France (For particular districts, towns, etc., see their names):
Antique, the, in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. 9-10
Arthurian romances developed in, i. 566
Cathedrals of, ii. [539], [554-5]
Church in, secularization of, i. 472-3
Eleventh century conditions in, i. 301, 304, 328
History of, in 11th century, i. 300
Hundred Years’ War, i. 550 seqq.
Jacquerie in (1358), i. 556
Language modifications in, ii. [155]
Literary celebrities in (12th cent.), ii. [168]
Monarchy of, advance of, i. 305
North and South, characteristics of, i. 328
Rise of, in 14th century, ii. [509]
Town-dwellers of, i. 495, 508
Francis, St., of Assisi, birth of, i. 415;
parentage, i. 419;
youth, i. 420-3;
breach with his father, i. 423-4;
monastic career, i. 427 seqq.;
French songs sung by, i. 419 and n. 2, 427, 432;
Lives of, i. 415 n.;
style of Thomas of Celano’s Life, ii. [182-3];
Speculum perfectionis, i. 415 n., 416 n., 438 n. 3; ii. [183];
literal acceptance of Scripture by, i. 365, 406-7;
on Scripture interpretation, i. 427 n. 1; ii. [183];
universality of outlook, i. 417;
mediaevalism, i. 417;
Christ-influence, i. 417, 418, 432-3;
inspiration, i. 419 n. 1, 441;
gaiety of spirit, i. 421, 427-8, 431-2;
poetic temperament, i. 422, 435;
love of God, man, and nature, i. 366, 428, 432-3, 435-7;
simplicity, i. 429;
obedience and humility, i. 365 n., 429-30;
humanism, i. 495;
St. Bernard compared with, i. 415-16;
St. Dominic contrasted with, ii. [396];
Fioretti, ii. [184];
Canticle of Brother Sun, i. 433-4, 439-40;
last testament of, i. 440-1;
otherwise mentioned, i. 20, 21, 279, 344, 345, 355-6; ii. [302]
Franciscan Order:
Attractiveness of, i. 498
Augustinianism of, ii. [404]
Bacon’s relations with, ii. [486], [488], [490-1]
Characteristics of, i. 366
Founding of, i. 427; ii. [396]
Grosseteste’s relations, ii. [487], [511]
Object of, ii. [396]
Oxford University, at, ii. [387], [400]
Papacy, relations with, ii. [398], [509]
Paris University, in, ii. [386], [399]
Rise of, ii. [398]
Franconia, i. 241
Franks (See also [Germans]):
Christianity as accepted by, i. 193
Church among:
Bishops, position of, i. 194 and nn., 198, 201 n.
Charlemagne’s relations with, i. 201, 239; ii. [273]
Clovis, under, i. 194
Lands held by, i. 194, 199-200;
immunities of, i. 201 and n.
Organization of, i. 199
Reform of, by Boniface, i. 196; ii. [273]
Roman character of, i. 201
Division of the kingdom a custom of, i. 238-9
Gallo-Roman relations with, i. 123
Language of, i. 145 n. 2
Law of, ii. [245-6]
Missi dominici, i. 211
Ripuarian, i. 119, 121; ii. [246]
Romanizing of, partial, i. 9-10
Salian, i. 113, 119; Code, ii. [245-6]
Saracens defeated by, i. 209-10 n. 1
Trojan origin of, belief as to, ii. [225] and n. 1
Frederic, Count of Isenburg, i. 483-6
Frederick I. (Barbarossa), Emp., i. 448
Frederick II., Emp., under Innocent’s guardianship, ii. [32-3];
crowned, ii. [33];
estimate of, i. 497;
otherwise mentioned, i. 250 n. 4, 417, 481, 505, 510, 517
Free, meaning of term, i. 526 n. 3
Free Companies, i. 556
Free will:
Angelic, ii. [473]
Duns Scotus on, ii. [515]
Human, ii. [475]
Richard of Middleton on, ii. [512]
Freidank, i. 475; ii. [35]
Frescoes, i. 346-7
Friendship, chivalric, i. 561-2, 569-70, 583
Frisians, i. 169, 174;
missionary work among, i. 197, 200, 209
Froissart, Sir John, Chronicles of, i. 549 seqq.;
estimate of the work, i. 557
Froumund of Tegernsee, i. 312-13; ii. [110]
Fulbert, Bp. of Chartres, i. 287, 296-7, 299
Fulbert, Canon, ii. [4-6], [9]
Fulco, Bp. of Toulouse, i. 461
Fulda monastery, i. 198, 221 n. 2
Fulk of Anjou, ii. [138]
Gaius, Institutes of, ii. [241], [243]
Galahad, i. 569-70, 583, 584 and n. 2
Galen of Pergamos, i. 40, 251
Gall, St., i. 6, 178, 196
Gallo-Romans:
Feudal system among, i. 523
Frankish rule over, i. 120, 123
Literature of, i. 126 n. 2
Gandersheim cloister, i. 311
Gaul (For particular districts, towns, etc., see their names):
Celtic inhabitants of, i. 125 and n., 126-7, 129 n. 1
Druidism in, i. 28, 296
Ethnology of, i. 126
Heathenism in, late survival of, i. 191 n. 1
Latinization of, i. 9-10, 29-32
Visigothic kingdom in south of, i. 112, 116, 117, 121
Gauls, characteristics and customs of, i. 27-8
Geoffrey of Beaulieu, Life of St. Louis by, i. 539-42
Gepidae, i. 113, 115
Geraldus, St., i. 281
Gerard, brother of St. Bernard, i. 402-4
Gerbert of Aurillac, see [Sylvester II.]
German language:
Christianity as affecting, i. 202
High and Low, separation of, i. 145 n. 2
Middle High German literature, ii. [168], [221]
Old High German poetry, ii. [194], [220]
Germans (Saxons) (See also [Franks]):
Characteristics of, i. 138-40, 147, 151-2
Language of, see [German language]
Latin as studied by, i. 307-9; ii. [123], [155]
Literature of, ii. [220-1] (See also subheading Poetry)
Marriage as regarded by, ii. [30]
Nationalism of, in 13th cent., ii. [28]
Poetry of:
Hildebrandslied, i. 145-7
Kudrun (Gudrun), i. 148, 149-52; ii. [220]
Nibelungenlied, i. 145-6, 148-9, 152, 193, 203 n. 2; ii. [220]
Waltarius, i. 147 and n., 148
otherwise mentioned, i. 113, 115, 119, 174, 209, 210
Germany:
Antique, the, in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. 10-11
Art in (11th cent.), i. 312
Church in, secularization of, i. 472
Italy contrasted with, as to culture, i. 249-50
Merovingian supremacy in, i. 121
Papacy as regarded by, ii. [28], [33], [34-5]
Sequence-composition in, ii. [215]
Gertrude of Hackeborn, Abbess, i. 466
Gilbert de la Porrée, Bp. of Poictiers, ii. [132], [372]
Gilduin, Abbot of St. Victor, ii. [62] and n. 2
Giraldus Cambrensis, ii. [135] and n.
Girard, Bro., of Modena, i. 498
Glaber, Radulphus, Histories of, i. 488 n.
Glass-painting, ii. [82-6]
Gnosticism, i. 51 n. 1
Gnostics, Eriugena compared with, i. 231 and n. 1
Godehard, Bp. of Hildesheim, i. 312
Godfrey of Bouillon, i. 535-8
Godfrey of Viterbo, ii. [190] and n. 4
Gondebaud, King of the Burgundians, ii. [242]
Good and the true compared, ii. [441], [512]
Goths (See also [Visigoths]):
Christianity of, i. 192, 194
Roman Empire invaded by, i. 111 seqq.
Gottfried von Strassburg, i. 567; ii. [223];
Tristan of, i. 577-82
Gottschalk, i. 215, 221 n. 2, 224-5, 227-8;
verses by, ii. [197-9]
Government:
Church v. State controversy, ii. [276-7]
(See also [Papacy—Empire])
Ecclesiastical, see [Canon Law]
Monarchical, ii. [277-8]
Natural law in relation to, ii. [278-9]
Representative assemblies, ii. [278]
Grace, Aquinas’ definition of, ii. [478-9]
Grail, the, i. 589, 596-7, 607, 608, 613
Grammar:
Chartres studies in, i. 298; ii. [129-30]
Current usage followed by, ii. [163] and n. 1
Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. [67]
Importance and predominance of, in Middle Ages, i. 109 and n., 292; ii. [331-2]
Italian study of, ii. [129], [381]
Language continuity preserved by, ii. [122-3], [151], [155]
Law studies in relation to, ii. [121]
Logic in relation to, ii. [127] seqq., [333-4];
in Abaelard’s work, ii. [346]
Raban’s view of, i. 222
Scholastic classification of, ii. [313]
Syntax, connotation of term, ii. [125]
Works on—Donatus, Priscian, Alexander, ii. [123] seqq.
Grammarian, meaning of term, i. 250
Gratianus, Decretum of, ii. [268-9], [270-1], [306], [380-2];
dicta, ii. [271]
Greek classics, see [Greek thought, pagan]
Greek language:
Oxford studies in, ii. [120], [391], [487]
Translations from, direct, in 13th cent., ii. [391]
Greek legends, mediaeval allegorizing of, ii. [52], [56-9]
Greek novels, ii. [224] and n.
Greek thought, pagan:
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. [492-3]
Breadth of interest of, ii. [109]
Christian standpoint contrasted with, i. 390; ii. [295-6]
Church Fathers permeated by, i. 33-4
Completeness of schemes presented by, ii. [394]
Limitless, the, abhorrent to, i. 353-4
Love as regarded by, i. 575
Metaphysics in, ii. [335-7]
Scholasticism contrasted with, ii. [296]
Summa moralium philosophorum, ii. [373]
Symbolism in, ii. [42], [56]
Transmutation of, through Latin medium, i. 4
Greek thought, patristic (See also [Patristic thought]):
Comparison of, with Latin, i. 68
Pagan philosophic thought contrasted with, ii. [295-6]
Symbolism in, ii. [43]
Transmutation of, through Latin medium, i. 5, 34 and n.
Gregorianus, ii. [240], [243]
Gregory, Bp. of Tours, i. 121;
Historia Francorum by, i. 234 n. 2; ii. [155]
Gregory I. (the Great), Pope, family and education of, i. 97;
Augustine of Hippo compared with, i. 98-9;
Augustinianism barbarized by, i. 98, 102;
sends mission to England, i. 6, 33, 180-1 and n. 1;
estimate of, i. 56, 89, 102-3, 342;
estimate of his writings, i. 354;
on miracles, i. 100, 182;
on secular studies, ii. [288];
letter to Theoctista cited, i. 102 n. 1;
editions of works of, i. 97 n.;
works of, translated by King Alfred, i. 187;
Dialogues on the Lives and Miracles of the Italian Saints, i. 85 and n. 2, 100;
Moralia, i. 97, 100; ii. [57];
Odo’s epitome of this work, ii. [161];
Commentary on Kings, i. 100 n. 1;
Pastoral Rule, i. 102, 187-8;
otherwise mentioned, i. 16 and n. 4, 65, 87, 104, 116
Gregory II., Pope, i. 197-8; ii. [273]
Gregory III., Pope, i. 198; ii. [273]
Gregory VII., Pope (Hildebrand), claims of, i. 244-5; ii. [274];
relations with Damiani, i. 263;
exile of, i. 244, 253;
estimate of, i. 261;
otherwise mentioned, i. 17, 174 n. 1, 243, 304
Gregory IX., Pope, codification by, of Canon law, ii. [272];
efforts of, to improve education of the Church, ii. [398];
mentioned, i. 476; ii. [33]
Gregory of Nyssa, i. 53, 80, 87, 340
Grosseteste, Robert, Chancellor of Oxford University and Bp. of Lincoln, Greek studies promoted by, ii. [120], [391], [487];
estimate of, ii. [511-12];
Augustinianism of, ii. [403-4];
attitude toward the classics, ii. [120], [389];
relations with Franciscan Order, ii. [487], [511];
Bacon’s relations with, ii. [487]
Gudrun (Kudrun), i. 148, 149-52; ii. [220]
Guigo, Prior, estimate of, i. 390-1;
relations with St. Bernard, i. 405;
Consuetudines Carthusiae by, i. 384;
Meditationes of, i. 385-90
Guinevere, i. 569, 584 and n. 1, 585
Guiot de Provens, “Bible” of, i. 475-6 and n. 1
Guiscard, Robert, ii. [189] n. 2
Gumpoldus, Bp. of Mantua, Life of Wenceslaus by, ii. [162] n. 1
Gundissalinus, Archdeacon of Segovia, ii. [312] and n. 4, [313]
Gunther, Ligurinus of, ii. [192] and n. 4
Gunzo of Novara, i. 257-8
Harding, Stephen, Abbot of Citeaux, i. 360, 361, 393
Harold Fairhair, i. 153
Hartmann von Aue, i. 348-9 and n., 567; ii. [29] n.
Harun al Raschid, Caliph, i. 210
Heinrich von Veldeke, i. 567; ii. [29] n.
Heliand, i. 203 and nn., 308
Helias, Count of Maine, ii. [138]
Hell:
Dante’s descriptions of, ii. [546-7]
Fear of, i. 103, 339, 342, 383
Visions of, i. 454-5, 456 n.
Heloïse, Abaelard’s love for, ii. [4-5], [344];
his love-songs to, ii. [13], [207];
love of, for Abaelard, i. 585; ii. [3], [5], [8], [9], [15-16];
birth of Astralabius, ii. [6];
opposes marriage with Abaelard, ii. [6-9];
marriage, ii. [9];
at Argenteuil, ii. [9], [10];
takes the veil, ii. [10];
at the Paraclete, ii. [10] seqq.;
letters of, to Abaelard quoted, ii. [11-15], [17-20], [23], [24];
Abaelard’s letters to, quoted, ii. [16-17], [21-3], [24-5];
Peter the Venerable’s letter, ii. [25-7];
letter of, to Peter the Venerable, ii. [27];
death of, ii. [27];
intellectual capacity of, ii. [3]
Henry the Fowler, i. 241
Henry II., Emp., i. 243;
dirge on death of, ii. [216]
Henry IV., Emp., i. 244; ii. [167]
Henry VI., Emp., ii. [32], [190]
Henry I., King of England, ii. [139], [146], [176-8]
Henry II., King of England, ii. [133], [135], [372]
Henry of Brabant, ii. [391]
Henry of Ghent, ii. [512]
Henry of Huntington cited, i. 525
Henry of Septimella, ii. [190] and n. 3
Heretics (For particular sects, see their names):
Abaelard’s views on coercion of, ii. [350], [354]
Insignificance of, in relation to mediaeval thought, ii. [283] and n.
Theodosian enactments against, ii. [266]
Twelfth century, in, i. 305
Herluin, Abbot of Bec, i. 271
Hermann, Landgraf of Thüringen, i. 589; ii. [29]
Hermann Contractus, i. 314-15 and n. 1
Hermits:
Irish, i. 133
Motives of, i. 335, 363
Temper of, i. 368 seqq.
Hermogenianus, ii. [240], [243]
Herodotus, i. 77
Hesse, Boniface’s work in, i. 197-8
Hilarion, St., i. 86
Hilary, Bp. of Poictiers, i. 63, 68, 70
Hildebert of Lavardin, Bp. of Le Mans and Abp. of Tours, career of, ii. [137-40];
love of the classics, ii. [141-2], [146], [531];
letters of, quoted, ii. [140], [143], [144-5], [146-7];
Latin text of letter, ii. [172];
Latin elegy by, ii. [191];
otherwise mentioned, ii. [61], [134], [373] n. 2
Hildebrand, see [Gregory VII.]
Hildebrandslied, ii. [220]
Hildegard, St., Abbess of Bingen, dedication of, i. 447;
visions of, i. 267, 449-59;
affinity of, with Dante, ii. [539];
correspondence of, i. 448;
works of, i. 446 n.;
Book of the Rewards of Life, i. 452-6;
Scivias, i. 457-9;
otherwise mentioned, i. 20, 345, 443; ii. [302], [365]
Hildesheim, bishops of (11th cent.), i. 312
Hilduin, Abbot, i. 230
Hincmar, i. 215, 230, 233 n. 1
Hipparchus, i. 40
Hippocrates, i. 40
History:
Carolingian treatment of, i. 234-5
Classical attitude toward, i. 77-8
Eleventh century treatment of, i. 300
Historia tripartita of Cassiodorus, i. 96-7
Patristic attitude toward, i. 80-4
Seven Books of Histories adversum paganos by Orosius, i. 82-3
Holy Roman Empire:
Burgundy added to, i. 243 n. 1
German character of, ii. [32]
Papacy, relations with, see under [Papacy]
Refounding of, by Otto, i. 243
Rise of, under Charlemagne, i. 212
Honorius II., Pope, i. 531
Honorius III., Pope, i. 366, 482, 497; ii. [33], [385] n., [398]
Honorius of Autun—on classical study, ii. [110], [112-13];
Speculum ecclesiae of, ii. [50] seqq.;
Gemma animae, ii. [77] n. 1
Hosius, Bp. of Cordova, i. 118 n. 1
Hospitallers, i. 531
Hrotsvitha, i. 311 and n. 2, ii. [215] n. 2
Huesca (Osca), i. 25
Hugh, Abbot of Cluny, ii. [137]
Hugh Capet, i. 239-40 and n.
Hugh the Great, Count of Paris, i. 241
Hugh of Payns, i. 531
Hugo, Archdeacon of Halberstadt, ii. [62]
Hugo, Bro., of Montpellier, i. 510-14
Hugo, King, i. 242
Hugo of St. Victor, estimate of, ii. [63], [111], [118], [301], [356];
allegorizing by, ii. [367];
on classical study, ii. [110-11];
on logic, ii. [333];
pupils of, ii. [87];
works of, ii. [61] n. 2;
Didascalicon, ii. [48] n. 2, [63], [111], [312], [357] and nn. 2-5;
De sacramentis Christianae fidei, ii. [48] n. 2, [64] seqq., [365], [395], [540];
Expositio in regulam beati Augustini, ii. [62] n. 2;
De arca Noë morali, ii. [75] n., [365-7];
De arca Noë mystica, ii. [367];
De vanitate mundi, ii. [75] n., [111-12];
Summa sententiarum, ii. [356];
Sermons on Ecclesiastes, ii. [358-9];
otherwise mentioned, i. 17, 20, 457; ii. [404]
Humanists, ii. [126]
Humiliati of Lombardy, i. 365
Hungarians, i. 241-2
Huns, i. 112, 119, 193
Huon de Bordeaux, i. 564
Hy (Iona) Island, i. 136, 173
Hymns, Christian:
Abaelard, by, ii. [25], [207-9]
Estimate of, i. 21
Evolution of, i. 347-9 and n.; ii. [196], [200] seqq.
Hildegard’s visions regarding, i. 459
Hugo of St. Victor, by, ii. [86] seqq.
Sequences, development of, ii. [196], [201-6];
Adam of St. Victor’s, ii. [209-15]
Iamblicus, i. 42, 47, 51, 56-7; ii. [295]
Iceland, Norse settlement in, i. 153
Icelanders, characteristics and customs of, i. 154
Icelandic Sagas, see [Sagas]
Ideal v. actual, i. 353 seqq.
Innocent II., Pope, i. 394; ii. [10]
Innocent III., Pope, i. 417, 481, 497; ii. [32], [274], [384], [398]
Innocent IV., Pope, i. 506
Intellectus agens, ii. [464], [507] n. 2
Iona (Hy) Island, i. 136, 173
Ireland:
Celts in, see [Irish]
Church of, missionary zeal of, i. 133, 136, 172 seqq.
Danish settlements in, i. 153
Monasteries in, i. 153 n. 1, 173
Norse invasion of, i. 134
Scholarship in, i. 180 n., 184-5
Irenaeus, Bp. of Lyons, i. 225
Irish:
Art of, i. 128 n. 1
Characteristics of, i. 128, 130, 133, 179
History of, i. 127 and n.
Influence of, on mediaeval feeling, i. 179 and n.
Literature of, i. 128 and n. 2, 129 seqq., 134;
poetry, ii. [194]
Missionary labours of, i. 133, 136, 172 seqq.;
defect of, i. 179, 196
Norse harryings of, i. 133-4;
intercourse with, i. 152 n. 3
Oxford University, at, ii. [387]
Irnerius, ii. [121], [260], [380-1];
Summa codicis of, ii. [255-9]
Irrationality (See also [Miracles]):
Neo-Platonic teaching as to, i. 42-4, 48, 52
Patristic doctrine as to, i. 51-3
Isabella, Queen, wife of Edward II., i. 550-1
Isidore, Abp. of Seville, estimate of, i. 89, 103, 118 n. 1;
Bede compared with, i. 185-7;
False Decretals attributed to, i. 118 n. 1; ii. [270], [273];
works of, i. 104-9;
Etymologiae, see [Etymologies of Isidore];
Origines, i. 236, 300;
otherwise mentioned, i. 6, 88; ii. [46], [312]
Italian people in relation to the antique, i. 7-8
Italy (For particular districts, towns, etc., see their names):
Celtic inroads into (3rd cent. B.C.), i. 24
Church in, secularization of, i. 472
Cities in:
Continuity of, through dark ages, i. 248, 494-5; ii. [381]
Fighting amongst, i. 497-8
Importance of, i. 241, 326, 494-5
Continuity of culture and character in, i. 326, 495; ii. [120-2]
Dante as influenced by, ii. [534-5]
Education in—lay, persistence of, i. 249-51;
clerical and monastic, i. 250 n. 2
Eleventh-century conditions in, i. 327
Feudalism not widely fixed in, i. 241
Feuds in, i. 515-16
Grammar as studied in, i. 250 and n. 2; ii. [129]
Irish monasteries founded in, i. 174
Literature of, mediaeval, lack of originality in, ii. [189];
eleventh-century verse, i. 251 seqq.; ii. [165] n. 1, [186]
Lombard kingdom of (6th cent.), i. 115-16
Medicine studied in, i. 250 and n. 4, 251; ii. [121]
Unification of, under Rome, i. 23
Jacobus à Voragine, Legenda aurea by, ii. [184]
Jacques de Vitry, Bp. and Card. of Tusculum, i. 461 and n.;
Exempla of, i. 488 n., 490
Jerome, St., estimate of, i. 344, 354;
letter of, on asceticism, i. 335 and n. 1;
love of the classics, ii. [107], [112], [531];
modification by, of classical Latin, ii. [152], [171];
two styles of, ii. [171] and n. 4;
Life of Paulus by, i. 84, 86;
Life of Hilarion, i. 86;
Contra Vigilantium, i. 86;
otherwise mentioned, i. 56, 75, 76, 104
Jerome of Ascoli (Pope Nicholas IV.), ii. [491]
Jews:
Agobard’s tracts against, i. 232-3
Gregory the Great’s attitude toward, i. 102
Louis IX.’s attitude toward, i. 545
Persecution of, i. 118, 332
Joachim, Abbot of Flora, Evangelicum eternum of, 502 n., 510, 512-13, 517
John, Bro., of Vicenza, i. 503-4
John X., Pope, i. 242
John XI., Pope, i. 242
John XII., Pope, i. 243; ii. [160-1]
John XIII., Pope, i. 282
John XXII., Pope, Decretales extravaganes of, ii. [272]
John of Damascus, ii. [439] n. 1
John of Fidanza, see [Bonaventura]
John of Parma, Minister-General of Franciscans, i. 507, 508, 510-11
John of Salisbury, estimate of, ii. [118], [373-4];
Chartres studies described by, ii. [130-2];
attitude of, to the classics, ii. [114], [164], [173], [531];
Latin style of, ii. [173-4];
Polycraticus, ii. [114-15], [174-5];
Metalogicus, ii. [173-4];
Entheticus, ii. [192];
De septem septenis, ii. [375]
John the Deacon, Chronicon Venetum by, i. 325-6
Joinville, Sire de, Histories of St. Louis by, i. 539, 542-9
Jordanes, compend of Gothic history by, i. 94
Jordanes of Osnabrück cited, ii. [276] n. 2
Joseph of Exeter, ii. [225] n. 2
Jotsaldus, Life of Odilo by, i. 295-6
Judaism, emotional elements in, i. 331-2
Julianus, Epitome of, ii. [242], [249], [254]
Jumièges cloister, ii. [201]
Jurisprudence (See also [Roman law]):
Irnerius an exponent of, ii. [256], [259]
Mediaeval renaissance of, ii. [265]
Roman law, in, beginnings of, ii. [232]
Justinian, Codex, Institutes, Novellae of, see under [Roman law];
Digest of, see [Roman law—Pandects]
Jutes, i. 140
Jutta, i. 447
Keating quoted, i. 136
Kilwardby, Richard, Abp. of Canterbury, De ortu et divisione philosophiae of, ii. [313]
Kilwardby, Robert, ii. [128]
Knighthood, order of:
Admission to, persons eligible for, i. 527
Code of, i. 524
Hospitallers, i. 531
Investiture ceremony, i. 525-8
Love the service of, i. 568, 573
Templars, i. 531-5
Virtues and ideals of, i. 529-31, 567-8
Knowledge:
Cogitation, meditation, contemplation (Hugo’s scheme), ii. [358] seqq.
Forms and modes of, Aquinas on—divine, ii. [451-5];
angelic, ii. [459-62];
human, ii. [463] seqq.
Grades of, Aquinas on, ii. [461], [467]
Primacy of, over will maintained by Aquinas, ii. [440-1]
La Ferté Monastery, i. 362
Lambert of Hersfeld, Annals of, i. 313; ii. [167]
Lambertus Audomarensis, Liber Floridus of, ii. [316] n. 2
Lancelot of the Lake, i. 567, 569-70, 582-5;
Old French prose version of, i. 583 seqq.
Land tenure, feudal, i. 523-4
Lanfranc, Primate of England, i. 174 n. 1, 261 n., 273
Langue d’oc, ii. [222], [248]
Langue d’oil, ii. [222], [248]
Languedoc, chivalric society of (11th and 12th centuries), i. 572
Latin classics:
Abaelard’s reference to, ii. [353]
Alexandrian antecedents of the verse, ii. [152] n. 1
Artificial character of the prose, ii. [151] n.
Breadth of interest of, ii. [109]
Characteristics of, ii. [153]
Chartres a home of, i. 298; ii. [119]
Common elements in, ii. [149], [157]
Dante’s attitude toward, ii. [541], [544];
his quotations from, ii. [543] n. 1
Ecclesiastical attitude toward, i. 260; ii. [110] seqq., [396-7]
Familiarity with, of Damiani, i. 260; ii. [165];
Gerbert, i. 287-8; ii. [110];
John of Salisbury, ii. [114], [164], [173], [531];
Bernard of Chartres, ii. [132-3];
Peter of Blois, ii. [133-4];
Hildebert, ii. [141-2], [146], [531]
Knowledge-storehouses for the Middle Ages, as, ii. [108]
Mastery of, complete, as affecting mediaeval writings, ii. [164]
Reverential attitude of mediaevals toward, ii. [107-9]
Scripture study as aided by study of, ii. [110], [112], [120]
Suggestions of new ideas from, for Northern peoples, ii. [136]
Themes of, in vernacular poetry, ii. [223] seqq.
Twelfth-century study of, ii. [117-18]
Latin Fathers (See also their names and [Patristic thought]):
Comparison of, with Greek, i. 68
Style and diction of, ii. [150], [152] seqq.
Symbolism in, ii. [43-6]
Transmutation by, of Greek thought, i. 5, 34 and n.
Latin language:
Britain, position in, i. 10, 32
Children’s letters in, ii. [123] n.
Christianity as modifying, ii. [152], [154], [156], [164], [171]
Continuity of, preserved by universal study of grammar, ii. [122-3], [151], [155]
“Cornificiani” in regard to, ii. [132], [373]
Educational medium as, ii. [109]
Genius of, susceptible of change, ii. [149]
German acquisition of, i. 10, 32, 307-8, 313; ii. [123], [155]
Grammar of, see [Grammar]
Mediaeval modifications in, ii. [125], [164]
Patristic modifications of, ii. [150], [152] seqq.;
Jerome’s, ii. [152], [171]
Spelling of, mediaeval, i. 219
Sphere of, ii. [219-20]
Supremacy of (during Roman conquest period), i. 4, 23-4 and n. 1, 25, 30-1
Translations from, scanty nature of, ii. [331] n. 2
Translations into, difficulties of, ii. [498]
Universality of, as language of scholars, ii. [219], [331] n. 2
Vernacular, developments of, ii. [151]
Vitality of, in relation to vernacular tongues, ii. [219]
Latin prose, mediaeval:
Antecedents of, ii. [151] seqq.
Best period of, ii. [167-8]
Bulk of, ii. [157] n.
Carolingian, ii. [158-60]
Characteristics of, ii. [156]
Estimation of, difficulties of, ii. [157] and n.
Influences upon, summary of, ii. [156]
Prolixity and inconsequence of, ii. [154]
Range of, ii. [154]
Simplicity of word-order in, ii. [163] n. 1
Stages of development of, ii. [157] seqq.
Style in, beginnings of, ii. [164]
Stylelessness of, in Carolingian period, ii. [158-60]
Thirteenth-century styles, ii. [179]
Value of, as expressing the mediaeval mind, ii. [156], [164]
Latin verse, mediaeval:
Accentual and rhyming compositions, ii. [194];
two kinds of, ii. [196]
Antecedents of, ii. [187] n. 1
Carmina Burana (Goliardic poetry), ii. [203], [217-19] and n.
Development of, stages in, ii. [187]
Leonine hexameters, ii. [199] and n. 3
Metrical composition, ii. [187] seqq.;
elegiac verse, ii. [190-2] and n. 1;
hexameters, ii. [192];
Sapphics, ii. [192-3] and n. 1
Modi, ii. [215-16]
Rhyme, development of, ii. [195], [206]
Law:
Barbarian, Latin codes of, ii. [244] seqq.
Barbaric conception of, ii. [245], [248-9]
Breviarium, see under [Roman law]
Canon, see [Canon law]
English, principles of, i. 141-2
Grammar in relation to, ii. [121]
Lombard codes, i. 115; ii. [242], [246], [248], [253];
Concordia, ii. [259]
Natural:
Gratian on, ii. [268-9]
Jus gentium in relation to, ii. [234] and n., [268]
Occam on, ii. [519]
Sacraments of, ii. [74] and n. 1
Supremacy of, ii. [269], [279]
Roman, see [Roman law]
Salic, ii. [245-6]
Territorial basis of, i. 123; ii. [247]
Tribal basis of, i. 123; ii. [245-7]
Visigothic codification of, in Spain, i. 118
Leander, Bp. of Seville, i. 118 n. 1
Légonais, Chrétien, ii. [230] and n. 2
Leo, Brother, Speculum perfectionis by, ii. [183-4]
Leo I. (the Great), Pope, i. 113, 116
Leo IX., Pope, i. 243
Leon, Sir Guy de, i. 552-3
Leon, Sir Hervé de, i. 552-3
Leowigild, i. 117 n. 2, 118 n. 1
Lerins monastery, i. 195
Lewis, Lord, of Spain, i. 552-3
Liberal arts, see [Seven Liberal Arts]
Liutgard of Tongern, i. 463-5
Liutprand, Bp. of Cremona i. 256-7; ii. [161] n. 1
Liutprand, King of Lombards, i. 115-16
Logic (See also [Dialectic]):
Albertus Magnus on, ii. [313-15], [504], [506]
Aristotelian, mediaeval apprehension of, ii. [329] (See also [Aristotle—Organon])
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. [505]
Gerbert’s preoccupation with, i. 282, 289, 292
Grammar in relation to, ii. [127] seqq., [333-4];
in Abaelard’s work, ii. [346]
Importance of, in Middle Ages, i. 236; ii. [297]
Nature of, ii. [333];
schoolmen’s views on, ii. [313-15], [333]
Occam’s views on, ii. [522]
Patristic attitude toward, i. 71
Raban’s view of, i. 222
Scholastic classification of, ii. [313] seqq.
Scholastic decay in relation to, ii. [523]
Second stage of mediaeval development represented by, ii. [332-4]
Specialisation of, in 12th cent., ii. [119]
Theology in relation to, ii. [340] n., [346]
Twofold interpretation of, ii. [333]
Universals, problem of, ii. [339] seqq.;
Abaelard’s treatment of, ii. [342], [348]
Lombard, Peter, estimate of, ii. [370];
Gratian compared with, ii. [270];
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. [497];
Books of Sentences by, i. 17, 18; ii. [134], [370];
method of the work, ii. [306];
Aquinas’ Summa contrasted with it, ii. [307-10];
its classification scheme, ii. [322-4];
Bonaventura’s commentary on it, ii. [408]
Lombards:
Italian kingdom of (6th cent.), i. 115-16
Italian influence on, i. 7, 249
Law codes of, see under [Law]
Louis of Bavaria, Emp., ii. [518]
Louis I. (the Pious), King of France, i. 233, 239, 359;
false capitularies ascribed to, ii. [270]
Louis VI. (the Fat), King of France, i. 304-5, 394, 400; ii. [62];
Hildebert’s letter on encroachments of, ii. [140], [172]
Louis IX. (the Saint), King of France, Geoffrey’s Vita of, i. 539-42;
Joinville’s Histoire of, i. 542-9;
Testament of, i. 540 n. 1;
otherwise mentioned, i. 476, 507-9, 515
Love, Aquinas on distinguishing definitions of, ii. [475-6]
Love, chivalric:
Antique conception of love contrasted with, i. 575
Chansons de geste as concerned with, i. 564
Code of, by Andrew the Chaplain, i. 575-6
Dante’s exposition of, ii. [555-6]
Estimate of, mediaeval, i. 568, 570
Literature of, see [Chivalry—Literature]
Marriage in relation to, i. 571 and n. 2
Minnelieder as depicting, ii. [30]
Nature of, i. 572-5, 582-7
Stories exemplifying—Tristan, i. 577 seqq.;
Lancelot, 582 seqq.
Love, spiritual:
Aquinas’ discussion of, ii. [472-3], [476]
Bernard of Clairvaux as exemplifying, i. 394 seqq.
Lupus, Servatus, Abbot of Ferrières, i. 215;
ii. [113]
Luxeuil, i. 175-7
Lyons:
Diet of the “Three Gauls” at, i. 30
Law studies at, ii. [250]
Macrobius, Saturnalia of, ii. [116] and n. 4
Magic, i. 46-8; ii. [500] and n. 1
Majolus, Abbot of Cluny, i. 359
Manichaeism, i. 49; ii. [44], [283]
Manny, Sir Walter, i. 552-4
Mapes (Map), Walter, i. 475, 567; ii. [219] n.
Marie, Countess, de Champagne, i. 566, 573, 576
Marie de France, i. 566, 567, 573;
Eliduc by, i. 571 n. 2
Marinus (hermit), i. 373
Marozia, i. 242
Marriage:
Christian attitude toward, ii. [8];
ecclesiastical view, ii. [529]
Feudalism as affecting, i. 571, 586
German view of, ii. [30]
Marsilius of Padua, ii. [277] n. 2
Martin, St., of Tours, i. 334;
Life of, i. 52 and n., 84, 85 n. 2, 86
Martyrs:
Mediaeval view of, i. 483
Patristic attitude toward, i. 86
Mary, St., of Ognies, i. 462-3;
nature of visions of, i. 459
Massilia, i. 26
Mathematics:
Bacon’s views on, ii. [499-500]
Gerbert’s proficiency in, i. 282, 288
Mathew Paris cited, ii. [487]
Matthew of Vendome, Ars versificatoria by, ii. [190] and n. 5
Maurus, Rabanus, see [Rabanus]
Mayors of the palace, i. 240
Mechthild of Magdeburg, i. 20, 345; ii. [365];
Book of, i. 465 and n. 2-70
Mediaeval thought:
Abstractions, genius for, ii. [280]
Characteristics of, i. 13
Commentaries characteristic of, ii. [390], [553] n. 4
Conflict inherent in, i. 22; ii. [293-4]
Deference of, toward the past, i. 13; ii. [534]
Emotionalizing by, of patristic Christianity, i. 345
Metalogics rather than metaphysics the final stage of, ii. [337]
Moulding forces of, i. 3, 5, 12; ii. [293-4]
Orthodox character of, ii. [283] and n.
Political theorizing, ii. [275] seqq.
Problems of, origins of, ii. [294-5]
Restatement and rearrangement of antique matter the work of, i. 13-15, 224, 237, 292, 342; ii. [297], [329], [341]:
Culmination of third stage in, ii. [394]
Emotional transformations of the antique, i. 18 seqq.
Intellectual transformations of the antique, i. 14 seqq.
Salvation the main interest of, i. 58-9, 334; ii. [296-7], [300]
[Scholasticism], see that heading
Superstitions accepted by, i. 487
Symbolism the great influence in, ii. [43], [102], [365]
Three stages of, ii. [329] seqq.
Ultimate intellectual interests of, ii. [287] seqq.
Medicine:
Relics used in, i. 299
Smattering of, included in Arts course, ii. [250]
Study of—in Italy, i. 250 and n. 4, 251; ii. [383] n.
at Chartres, i. 299; ii. [372]
Mendicant Orders, see [Dominican] and [Franciscan]
Merovingian Kingdom:
Character of, i. 208
Church under, i. 194
Extent of, i. 210 n. 3
German conquests of, i. 121, 138
Merovingian period:
Barbarism of, i. 9
Continuity of, with Carolingian, i. 210-12
King’s law in, ii. [247]
Merovingians, estimate of, i. 195
Metaphor distinguished from allegory, ii. [41] n. (See also [Symbolism])
Metaphysics:
Final stage of mediaeval development represented by, ii. [335-7]
Logic, mediaeval, in relation to, ii. [334]
Theology dissociated from, by Duns, ii. [510], [516], [517]
Michelangelo quoted, ii. [113]
Middle Ages (See also [Mediaeval thought]):
Beginning of, i. 6
Extremes characteristic of, i. 355
Milan, lawyers in, ii. [251] n. 2
Miles, signification of word, i. 525-6 and n. 2
Minnelieder, ii. [28-31]
Minorites, i. 430 (See also [Franciscan Order])
Miracles (See also [Irrationality]):
Devil, concerned with, i. 488 seqq.
Nostre Dame, Miracles de, i. 491-2
Patristic attitude toward, i. 85-6, 100, 182
Roman Empire aided by, belief as to, ii. [536]
Salimbene’s instance of, i. 516
Universal acceptance of, i. 74, 182
Vitae sanctorum in regard to, i. 85 and n. 2
Mithraism, i. 49
Modena (Mutina), i. 24
Modi, ii. [215-16]
Monasteries:
Immunities granted to, i. 523 and n.
Regula of, meaning of, ii. [62]
Monasticism (For particular Monasteries, Orders, etc., see their names):
Abuses of, i. 357-8; Rigaud’s Register quoted, i. 477-481
Benedictine rule:
Adoption of—in England, i. 184;
among the Franks, i. 199, 201;
generally, i. 358
Papal approval of, i. 335
Cassiodorus a pioneer in literary functions of, i. 94
General mediaeval view regarding, i. 472; ii. [529]
Ideal v. actual, i. 355
Ireland, in, i. 135 n. 1
Lament over deprivations of, ii. [218-19]
Modifications of, by St. Francis, i. 366
Motives of, i. 357
Nature of, i. 336-7
Nuns, see [Women—monastic life]
Origin of, i. 335
Pagan literature condemned by, i. 260
Popularity of, in 5th and 6th centuries, i. 195-6
Poverty—of monks, i. 365;
of Orders, i. 366, 425, 430
Reforms of, i. 358 seqq.
Schools, monastic, in Italy, i. 250 n. 2
Sex-relations as regarded by, i. 338
Studies of, in 6th cent., i. 94, 95
Subordinate monasteries, supervision of, i. 361
Uncloistered, see [Dominican] and [Franciscan]
Vita activa accepted by, i. 363-6
[Vita contemplativa], see that title
Women vilified by devotees of, i. 354 n., 521 n. 2, 532, 533; ii. [58]
Montanists, 332
Monte Cassino, i. 250 n. 2, 252-3
Montfort, Countess of, i. 552-4
Moorish conquest of Spain, i. 9, 118
Morimond monastery, i. 362
Mosaics, i. 345-7
Music:
Arithmetic in relation to, ii. [291]
Chartres studies in, i. 299
Poetry and, interaction of, ii. [195-6], [201-2]
Scholastic classification of, ii. [313]
Mysticism:
Hugo’s strain of, ii. [361-3]
Nature of, i. 443 n. 1; ii. [363] and n. 4
Symbolism as expressing, see [Symbolism]
Narbo, i. 26
Narbonensis, see [Provincia]
Narbonne, law studies at, ii. [250]
Natural history and science, see [Physical science]
Nemorarius, Jordanus, ii. [501]
Neo-Platonism:
Arabian versions of Aristotle touched with, ii. [389]
Augustinian, i. 55; ii. [403]
Christianity compared with, i. 51;
Patristic habit of mind compared, ii. [295]
Ecstasy as regarded by, i. 331
Metaphysics so named by, ii. [336]
Pseudo-Dionysian, i. 54 and n. 1
Tenets and nature of, i. 41-9;
a mediatorial system, i. 50, 54, 57-8, 70
Trinity of, ii. [355]
Neustria, i. 200, 209, 239
Nibelungenlied, i. 145-6, 148-9, 152, 193, 203 n. 2; ii. [220]
Nicholas II., Pope, i. 243 n. 2
Nicholas III., Pope, i. 504
Nicholas IV., Pope (Jerome of Ascoli), ii. [491]
Nicholas, St., sequence for festival of, ii. [213-15]
Nicolas of Damascus, ii. [427]
Nilus, St., Abbot of Crypta-Ferrata, i. 374 n.
Nithard, Count, i. 234-5
Nominalism, i. 303
Norbert, ii. [344]
Normandy, Norse occupation of, i. 153
Norsemen (Scandinavians, Vikings):
Characteristics of, i. 138, 154-5
Continental and insular holdings of, i. 153
Eddic poems of, i. 154-5 and n. 3
Irish harassed by, i. 133-4;
later relations, i. 152 n. 3
Jumièges cloister sacked by, ii. [201]
Metal-working among, i. 152 n. 3
Ravages by, in 8th and 9th centuries, i. 152-3
Sagas of, i. 155 seqq.
Settling down of, i. 240
Notker, i. 308-9 and n. 1; sequences of, ii. [201-2]
Numbers, symbolic phantasies regarding, i. 72 and nn. 1, 2; ii. [49] n. 3
Oberon, fairy king, i. 564 and n.
Occam, William of, career of, ii. [518];
estimate of his work, ii. [522-3];
attitude toward Duns, ii. [518] seqq.;
on faith and reason, ii. [519];
on Universals, ii. [520-1]
Odilo, Abbot of Cluny, i. 294-5, 359;
Jotsaldus’ biography of, quoted, i. 295-6
Odo, Abbot of Cluny, i. 343 and n. 3, 359;
Epitome by, of Gregory’s Moralia, i. 16 n. 4; ii. [161] and n. 2;
Latin style of Collationes, ii. [161-2]
Odo of Tournai, ii. [340] n.
Odoacer, i. 114, 145
Olaf, St., i. 156, 160-1
Olaf Tryggvason, King, i. 156, 161-2
Old French:
Formation of, ii. [155]
Latin as studied by speakers of, ii. [123]
Poetry, ii. [222], [225] seqq.
Ontology, see [Metaphysics]
Ordeal, trial by, i. 232-3 and n. 1
Ordericus Vitalis, i. 525;
Historia ecclesiastica by, ii. [176-8]
Organon, see under [Aristotle]
Origen, estimate of, i. 51, 62-3;
on Canticles, i. 333; ii. [369];
De principiis, i. 68;
otherwise mentioned, i. 53, 76, 80, 87, 104, 411; ii. [64]
Orleans School:
Classical studies at, ii. [119] n. 2, [127]
Law studies at, ii. [250]
Rivalry of, with Chartres, ii. [119] n. 2
Orosius, i. 82 and n. 1, 188
Ostrogoths, i. 7, 113, 114-15, 120
Otfrid the Frank, i. 203-4, 308
Other world:
Irish beliefs as to, i. 131 and n. 2
Voyages to, mediaeval narratives of, i. 444 n. 1
Othloh, i. 315;
visions of, i. 443;
Book concerning the Temptations of a certain Monk, i. 316-23
Otric, i. 289-91
Otto I. (the Great), Emp., i. 241-3, 256-7, 309
Otto II., Emp., i. 243, 282-3, 289
Otto III., Emp., i. 243, 283, 284;
Modus Ottinc in honour of, ii. [215-216]
Otto IV. (of Brunswick), Emp., i. 417; ii. [32-3]
Otwin, Bp. of Hildesheim, i. 312
Ovid, Ars amatoria of, i. 574-5;
mediaeval allegorizing of, and of Metamorphoses, ii. [230]
Oxford University:
Characteristics of, ii. [388-9]
Curriculum at, ii. [387-8]
Foundation of, ii. [380], [386-7]
Franciscan fame at, ii. [400]
Greek studies at, ii. [120], [391], [487]
Palladius, Bp., i. 172
Pandects, see under [Roman law]
Papacy (See also [Church] and [Popes]):
Ascendancy of, over prelacy, i. 304
Character of, ii. [32]
Denunciations against, i. 475; ii. [34-5], [218]
Empire’s relations with:
Concordat of Worms, i. 245 n. 4
Conflict (11th cent.), i. 244;
(12th cent.), i. 245 n. 4; ii. [273];
(13th cent.), ii. [33], [34-5];
(14th cent.), ii. [518];
allegory as a weapon in, ii. [60]
Recognition of ecclesiastical authority, ii. [265-7], [272-3]
Reforms by Otto I., i. 243
Gregory VII.’s claims for, i. 245; ii. [274]
Mendicant Orders’ relations with, ii. [398], [509]
Nepotism of, i. 504-5, 511
Schisms of popes and anti-popes, i. 264
Temporal power of, rise of, i. 116;
claims advanced, i. 245;
realized, ii. [274], [276-7]
Papinian cited, ii. [235]
Paraclete oratory:
Abaelard at, ii. [10], [344]
Heloïse at, ii. [10] seqq.
Paradise:
Dante’s Paradiso, see under [Dante]
Hildegard’s visions of, i. 455-6
Paris:
Schools:
Growth of, ii. [380]
Notre Dame and St. Geneviève, ii. [383]
St. Victor, ii. [61-3], [143], [383]
University:
Aristotle prohibited at, ii. [391-2]
Authorities on, ii. [381] n.
Bacon at, ii. [488]
Bonaventura at, ii. [403]
Curriculum at, ii. [387-8]
Dominicans and Franciscans at, ii. [399]
Prominence of, in philosophy and theology, ii. [283], [378-9]
Rise, constitution, and struggles of, ii. [119-20], [383-6]
Viking sieges of, i. 153
Parma, i. 497, 505-6
Parsival:
Chrétien’s version of, i. 567, 588-9
Wolfram’s version of, i. 12 n., 571 n. 2, 589-613; ii. [29]
Paschal controversy, see [Eucharistic]
Paschasius, Radbertus, Abbot of Corbie i. 215, 225-7
Patrick, St., i. 172-3
Patristic thought and doctrine (See also [Greek thought, patristic], and [Latin Fathers]):
Abaelard’s attitude toward, ii. [305]
Achievement of exponents of, i. 86-7
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. [492]
Completeness of schemes presented by, ii. [394]
Emotion as synthesized by, i. 340-2
Intellectual rather than emotional, i. 343-4;
emotionalizing of, by mediaeval thinkers, i. 345
Latin medium of, i. 5
Logic as regarded by, i. 71
Mediaeval attitude toward, i. 16
Miracle accepted by, i. 51-3, 85-6
Natural knowledge as treated by, i. 61 seqq., 72-3, 76-7, 99; ii. [393]
Pagan philosophy permeating exponents of, i. 33-4, 58, 61
Philosophy as classified by, ii. [312]
Rearrangement of, undertaken in Carolingian period, i. 224, 237
Symbolism of, see under [Symbolism]
Paulinus of Aquileia, i. 215
Paulinus, St., of Nola, i. 86, 126 n. 2
Paulus—on jus, ii. [237]:
Sententiae of, ii. [243]
Paulus, St., i. 84, 86
Paulus Diaconus, i. 214-15, 252
Pavia, law school at, ii. [251], [259]
Pedro, Don, of Castille, i. 554-5
Pelagians, i. 225
Pelagius, i. 172 n.
Peripatetic School, i. 38-9
(See also [Aristotle])
Peter, Bro., of Apulia, i. 512-14
Peter, disciple of St. Francis, i. 426
Peter Damiani, see [Damiani]
Peter of Blois, ii. [133-4]
Peter of Ebulo, ii. [190]
Peter of Maharncuria, ii. [502-4]
Peter of Pisa, i. 214
Peter the Venerable, Abbot of Cluny, i. 360;
letter of, to Heloïse, ii. [25-7]
Petrarch, ii. [188], [219]
Petrus Riga, Aurora of, ii. [127]
Philip VI., King of France, i. 551
Philip Augustus, King of France, ii. [33]
Philip Hohenstauffen, Duke of Suabia, i. 481; ii. [32], [33]
Philo, i. 37, 231;
allegorizing of, ii. [42], [364]
Philosophy:
Division of, schemes of, ii. [312] seqq.
End of:
Abaelard’s and Hugo’s views on, ii. [352], [361]
John of Salisbury on, ii. [375]
Philosophy, antique:
Divine source of, Bacon’s view as to, ii. [507] n. 2
“First” (Aristotelian), ii. [335]
Position of, in Roman Empire (3rd-6th cent.), i. 34 (See also [Greek thought])
Philosophy, Arabian, ii. [389-90], [400-1]
Philosophy, scholastic:
Completeness of, in Aquinas, ii. [395]
Divisions of, ii. [312] seqq.
Importance of, as intellectual interest, ii. [287-8]
Physical sciences included in, see [Physical science]
Theology as the end of (Abaelard’s and Hugo’s view), ii. [352], [361]
Theology distinguished from, ii. [284], [288];
by Aquinas, ii. [290], [311];
by Bonaventura, ii. [410] and n.;
considered as superior to, by Aquinas, ii. [289-90], [292];
dominated by (Bacon’s contention), ii. [496];
dissociated from, by Duns and Occam, ii. [510], [517], [519]
Physical science:
Albertus Magnus’ attitude toward, ii. [423];
his works on, ii. [425-9]
Bacon’s predilection for, ii. [486-7]
Classifications of, ii. [312] seqq.
Experimental science or method, ii. [502-8]
Mediaeval attitude toward, i. 300
Oxford school of, ii. [389]
Patristic attitude toward, i. 63, 66-7, 72-3, 76-7, 99; ii. [393]
Theology as subserved by, ii. [67], [111], [289], [486], [492], [496], [500], [530];
denial of the theory—by Duns, ii. [510];
by Occam, ii. [519-20]
Physiologus, i. 76-7 and n., 300; ii. [83]
Pippin of Heristal, i. 208-9; ii. [197]
Pippin of Neustria, i. 115, 200, 209, 210 and n. 1; ii. [273]
Pippin, son of Charlemagne, ii. [197]
Placentia (Piacenza), i. 24
Placentinus, ii. [261-2]
Plato, supra-rationalism of, i. 42;
allegorizing by, i. 36; ii. [364];
doctrine of ideas, i. 35; ii. [339-340];
Aquinas on this doctrine, ii. [455], [465];
Augustine of Hippo as influenced by, ii. [403];
“salvation” suggestion in, ii. [296] n. 2;
Republic, i. 36;
Timaeus, i. 35-6, 291; ii. [64], [69], [118], [348], [370], [372], [377]
Platonism:
Alanus’ Anticlaudianus, in, ii. [100] n. 2
Augustinian, i. 55
Nature of, i. 35-6, 57, 59
Philosophy as classified by, ii. [312]
Pliny the Elder, Historia naturalis by, i. 39-40, 75
Plotinus, estimate of, i. 43, 45;
personal affinity of Augustine with, i. 55-7;
philosophic system of, i. 42-6, 50, 51;
Enneads of, i. 55;
otherwise mentioned, i. 50, 51; ii. [64]
Plutarch, i. 44
Poetry, mediaeval:
Carmina Burana (Goliardic poetry), ii. [203], [217-19] and n.
Chivalric, see [Chivalry—Literature]
[Hymns], see that heading
Italian, of 11th cent., i. 251 seqq.; ii. [186]
Latin, see [Latin verse]
Modi, ii. [215-16]
Music and, interaction of, ii. [195-6], [201-2]
Old High German, ii. [194]
Popular verse, see sub-headings Carmina and Modi; also Vernacular
Prosody, Alexander de Villa-Dei on, ii. [126]
Vernacular:
Germanic, Norse, and Anglo-Saxon, ii. [220-1]
Romance, ii. [221-3], [225] seqq.
Pontigny monastery, i. 362
Poor of Lyons (Waldenses), i. 364, 365 n.; ii. [34]
Popes (See also [Papacy]; and for particular popes see their names):
Avignon, at, ii. [510]
Decretals of, see under [Canon law]
Degradation of (10th cent.), i. 242
Election of, freed from lay control, i. 243 n. 2
Popular rights, growth of, in 12th cent., i. 305
Porphyry, i. 42, 44-7, 50, 51, 56; ii. [295];
Isagoge (Introduction to the Categories of Aristotle), i. 45, 92, 102; ii. [312], [314] n., [333], [339]
Preaching Friars, see [Dominican Order]
Predestination, Gottschalk’s controversy as to, i. 224-5, 227-8
Priscianus, i. 71; ii. [119] n. 2;
Institutiones grammaticae of (Priscianus major and minor), ii. [124-5]
Prosper of Aquitaine, i. 106 n. 1
Provençal literature, i. 571; ii. [168];
Alba (aube) poetry, i. 20, 571; ii. [30]
Provincia (Narbonensis):
Antique, the, in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. 9
Latinization of, i. 26-7 and n. 1
Ligurian inhabitants of, i. 126
Teutonic invasion of, i. 125
Prudentius, ii. [63];
Psychomachia of, ii. [102-4]
Pseudo-Callisthenes, Life and Deeds of Alexander by, ii. [224], [225], [229-230]
Pseudo-Dionysius, ii. [302];
Celestial Hierarchy by, i. 54 and n. 1
Pseudo-Turpin, ii. [319]
Ptolemy of Alexandria, i. 40
Purgatory:
Dante’s Purgatorio, see under [Dante]
Hildegard’s visions as to, i. 456 n.
Popular belief as to, i. 486
Quadrivium, see under [Seven Liberal Arts]
Rabanus Maurus, Abp. of Mainz, allegorizing of Scripture by, ii. [46-7];
interest in the vernacular, i. 308;
works of, i. 222-41;
De universo, i. 300; ii. [316] n. 2;
Allegoriae in universam sacram scripturam, ii. [48-9];
De laudibus sanctae crucis, ii. [49] n. 3;
otherwise mentioned, i. 16, 100, 215; ii. [302-303], [312], [332]
Race, tests for determining, i. 124 n.
Radbertus, see [Paschasius]
Raoul de Cambrai, i. 563-4
Ratherius, i. 309 and n. 2
Ratramnus of Corbie, i. 215, 227; ii. [199]
Ravenna:
Gerbert’s disputation in, i. 289-91
Grammar and rhetoric studies at, ii. [121]
Law studies at, ii. [251], [252]
S. Apollinaris in Classe, i. 373, 377
Raymond of Agiles quoted, i. 536
Realism, Duns’ exposition of, ii. [514] and n.
Reason v. authority controversy:
Berengar’s position in, i. 302-3
Eriugena’s contribution to, i. 229-30
Reccared, i. 118 nn.
Reinhard, Bp. of Halberstadt, ii. [62]
Relics of saints and martyrs:
Arms enshrining, i. 528
Curative use of, i. 299
Patristic attitude toward, i. 86, 101 n.
Renaissance, misleading nature of term, i. 211 n.
Renaud de Montaubon, i. 564
Rheims cathedral school, i. 293
Rhetoric:
Chartres study of, i. 298
Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. [67]
Predominance of, i. 109 and n.
Richard, Abbot of Jumièges, i. 480-1
Richard of Middleton, ii. [512]
Richard of St. Victor, ii. [80], [87] and n. 2, [367] n. 2, [540]
Richer, Abbot of Monte Cassino, i. 252, 300 n. 2;
history of Gerbert by, quoted, i. 287-91
Ricimer, Count, i. 113
Riddles, didactic, i. 218-19 and n. 1
Rigaud, Eude (Oddo Rigaldus), Abp. of Rouen, i. 476, 508, 509;
Register of, quoted, i. 476-81
Robert, cousin of St. Bernard, i. 395-7
Robert of Normandy, ii. [139]
Rollo, Duke, of Normandy, i. 153, 239-40
Roman de la rose, i. 586-7; ii. [103] and nn., [104], [223]
Roman de Thebes, ii. [227], [229] n.
Roman Empire:
Barbarization of, i. 5, 7, 111 seqq.
Billeting of soldiers, custom as to, i. 114 n., 117
Christianity accepted by, i. 345
Church, relations with, ii. [265-7], [272-3]
Cities enjoying citizenship of—in Spain, i. 26 and n. 2;
in Gaul, i. 30
City life of, i. 27, 326
Clientage system under, i. 117 n. 2
Dante’s views on, ii. [536]
Decadence of, i. 84, 97, 111
Eastern, see [Eastern Empire]
Enduring nature of, conditions of, i. 238 n.
Greek thought diffused by, i. 4
Italian people under, i. 7
Jurisconsults of, authority and capacity of, ii. [232-3] and n., [236]
Latinization of Western Europe due to, i. 23 seqq., 110
Mediaeval attitude toward, i. 11
Scandinavians under influence of, i. 152 n. 3
Roman law:
Auditory, Imperial or Praetorian, ii. [233] n., [235] n. 1
Bologna famed for study of, ii. [121], [251], [259-62], [378]
Brachylogus, ii. [254-5]
Breviarium and its Interpretatio, i. 117; ii. [243-4];
Epitomes of, ii. [244], [249-50];
Brachylogus influenced by, ii. [254]
Burgundian tolerance of, i. 121;
code (Papianus), ii. [239], [242]
Church under, ii. [265] and n. 2
Codes of:
Barbaric, nature of, ii. [244]
(See also sub-headings Breviarium and Burgundian)
Gregorianus’, ii. [240], [243]
Hermogenianus’, ii. [240], [243]
Nature of, ii. [239-40]
Theodosian, ii. [240] and n. 2, [241] n. 2, [242-3], [249], [266-7] and n. 1
Codex of Justinian, ii. [240], [242], [253]:
Azo’s and Accursius’ work on, ii. [263-4]
Glosses to, ii. [249-50]
Placentinus’ Summa of, ii. [262]
Summa Perusina an epitome of, ii. [249], [252]
Constitutiones and rescripta principum, ii. [235] and n. 1, [239], [240]
Custom recognized by, ii. [236]
Digest of, by Justinian, see subheading Pandects
Elementary education including smattering of, ii. [250]
Epitomes of, various, ii. [249-50];
Epitome of Julianus, ii. [242], [249], [254]
Glosses:
Accursius’ Glossa ordinaria, ii. [263-4]
Irnerius’, ii. [261] and n. 1
Justinian’s Codex, to, ii. [249-50]
Gothic adoption of, i. 114
Institutes of Gaius, ii. [241], [243]
Institutes of Justinian, ii. [241], [243], [254]:
Azo’s Summa of, ii. [263]
Placentinus’ Summa of, ii. [262]
Jurisprudential element in early stages of, ii. [232]
Jus identified with aequitas, ii. [235]
Jus civile, ii. [237], [257]
Jus gentium:
Jus naturale in relation to, ii. [234] and n.
Origin of, ii. [233-4]
Popular rights as regarded by, ii. [278]
Jus praetorium, ii. [235]
Lex romana canonice compta, ii. [252]
Lombard attitude toward, i. 115
Novellae of Justinian, ii. [240], [242]
Pandects (Justinian’s Digest), ii. [235] and n. 2, [236-8], [241-2], [248], [253], [255]:
Accursius’ Glossa on, ii. [264]
Glossators’ interpretation of, ii. [265]
Permanence of, ii. [236]
Petrus (Petri exceptiones), ii. [252-4]
Placentinus’ work in, ii. [261-2]
Principles of, examples of, ii. [237-8];
possession and its rights, ii. [256-8]
Principles of interpretation of, ii. [256]
Provincia, in, i. 27 n. 1
Responsa or auctoritas jurisprudentium, ii. [235-6]
Sources of, multifarious, ii. [235]
Sphere of, ii. [248]
Study of, centres for—in France, ii. [250];
in Italy, ii. [121], [251] and n. 2, [259-62], [378]
Summa codicis Irnerii, ii. [255]
Theodosian Code, see under subheading Codes
Treatises on, mediaeval, ii. [252] seqq.
Twelve Tables, ii. [232], [236]
Visigothic code of, see subheading Breviarium
Romance, spirit of, i. 418
Romance languages (See also [Old French]):
Characteristics of, ii. [152]
Dante’s attitude toward, ii. [537]
Latin as modified by, ii. [155]
Literature of, ii. [221-3]
(See also [Provençal literature])
Strength of, i. 9
Romance nations, mediatorial rôle of, i. 110-11, 124
Romans d’aventure, i. 564-5, 571 n. 2
Rome:
Bishops of, see [Popes]
Factions in (10th cent.), i. 242
Law School in, ii. [251], [255]
Mosaics in, i. 347
Verses to, i. 348; ii. [200]
Romualdus, St., youth of, i. 373;
austerities of, i. 374, 379, 381;
relations with his father, i. 374-5;
harshness and egotism of, i. 375-7;
at Vallis de Castro, i. 376-7, 380;
at Sytrio, i. 378-9;
death of, i. 372 n. 3, 380;
Commentary of, on the Psalter, i. 379
Romulus Augustulus, Emp., i. 114
Roncesvalles, battle of, i. 559 n. 2-62
Roscellinus, i. 303-4; ii. [339-40]
Rothari, King of Lombards, i. 115; ii. [251]
Ruadhan, St., i. 132-3
Ruotger, Life of Abp. Bruno by, i. 310; ii. [162] and n. 1
Sacra doctrina, see [Theology]
Sacraments, see under [Church]
Sagas, Norse:
Character of, i. 12 n., 155 seqq.
Egil, i. 162-4
Gisli, i. 158
Heimskringla, i. 160-2 and n. 2
Njala, i. 157 and n., 159, 164-7
Oral tradition of, ii. [220]
St. Denis monastery, ii. [10], [344]
St. Emmeram convent (Ratisbon), i. 315, 316
St. Gall monastery, i. 257-8;
Notker’s work at, ii. [201-2]
St. Victor monastery and school, ii. [61-3], [143], [383]
Saints:
Austerities of, i. 374 and n., 375
Interventions of, mediaeval beliefs as to, i. 487-8, 490
Irish clergy so called, i. 135 n. 2
Lives of:
Compend. of (Legenda Aurea), ii. [184]
Conventionalized descriptions in, i. 393 n. 1
Defects of, i. 494
Estimate of, i. 84-5 and nn.
otherwise mentioned, i. 298, 300
Relics of, see [Relics]
Visions of, i. 444-5
Worship of, i. 101
Salerno medical school, i. 250 n. 4, 251; ii. [121]
Salian Franks, see under [Franks]
Salimbene, i. 496-7, 499-500;
Chronica of, quoted and cited, i. 498 seqq.;
editions and translations of the work, i. 496 n.
Salvation, see under [Christianity]
Salvian, De gubernatione Dei by, i. 84
Saracens:
Crusades against, see [Crusades]
Frankish victories against, i. 209-10 n. 1
Wars with, necessitating mounted warriors, i. 525
otherwise mentioned, i. 239, 252, 274, 332
Saxons, see [Anglo-Saxons] and [Germans]
Scandinavians, see [Norsemen]
Scholasticism:
Arab analogy with, ii. [390] and n. 2
Aristotle’s advanced works, stages of appropriation of, ii. [393-5]
Bacon’s attack on, ii. [484], [493-4], [496], [509]
Classification of topics by:
Schemes of, various, ii. [312] seqq.
Twofold principle of, ii. [311]
Conceptualism, ii. [520-1]
Content of, i. 301
Deference to authority a characteristic of, ii. [297], [300]
Disintegration of—through Duns, ii. [510], [516];
through Occam, ii. [522-3]
Elementary nature of discussions of, ii. [347]
Evil, problem of, see [Evil]
Exponents of, ii. [283] and n.
Final exposition of, by Aquinas, ii. [484]
Greek thought contrasted with, ii. [296]
Humour non-existent in, ii. [459]
Method of, ii. [302], [306-7], [315] n.;
prototype of, i. 95
Nominalism, ii. [340]
Philosophy of, see [Philosophy, scholastic]
Phraseology of, untranslatable, ii. [348], [483]
Praedicables, ii. [314] n.
Present interest of, ii. [285]
Realism, ii. [340];
Pantheism in relation to, ii. [370]
Salvation a main interest of, ii. [296-7], [300], [311]
Scriptural authority, position of, ii. [289], [291-2]
Secular studies as regarded by, ii. [349], [357]
Stages of development of, ii. [333] seqq.
Sympathetic study of, the key to contradictions, ii. [371]
Theology of, see [Theology]
Universals, problem of:
Aquinas’ treatment of, ii. [462]
Duns’ treatment of, ii. [515]
Occam’s contribution toward, ii. [520-1]
Roscellin’s views on, i. 303-4
Sciences, classifications of, ii. [312] seqq.
(See also [Physical science])
Scotland, Christianizing of, i. 173
Scriptures, Christian:
Allegorizing of:
Examples of:
David and Bathsheba episode, ii. [44-6]
Exodus, Book of, ii. [47]
Good Samaritan parable, ii. [53-6], [84], [90]
Hannah, story of, ii. [47] n. 1
Pharisee and Publican parable, ii. [51-2]
Hugo of St. Victor’s view of, ii. [65] n.
Writers exemplifying—Philo, ii. [42-43];
the Fathers, ii. [43] seqq., [68-9] and n. 2;
Rabanus, ii. [46-50];
Bede, ii. [47] n. 1;
Honorius of Autun, ii. [51] seqq.;
Hugo of St. Victor, ii. [67] seqq.
Anglo-Saxon version of, i. 142 n. 2, 183
Authority of—in patristic doctrine, ii. [295];
acknowledged by Eriugena, i. 231;
by Berengar, i. 303;
in scholasticism, ii. [280], [291-2]
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. [491-2], [497]
Bonaventura’s attitude toward, and writings on, ii. [405] seqq.
Canon law based on, ii. [267-9]
Classical studies in relation to, see subheading Secular
Classification of topics based on, ii. [317], [324]
Commentaries on—Alcuin’s, i. 220-1;
Raban’s, i. 222-3
Duns’ attitude toward, ii. [516]
Francis of Assisi’s literal acceptance of, i. 365, 426-7;
his realization of spirit of, i. 427 n. 1; ii. [183]
Gothic version of, i. 143 n.
Heliand, i. 203 and nn., 308
Hymns based on, ii. [88] seqq.
Interpretation of—by the Fathers, i. 43 seqq., 68-9 and n. 2;
by Eriugena, i. 231;
by Berengar, i. 303
Isidore’s writings on, i. 104-5
Love, human, as treated in Old Testament, i. 332-3
Scenes from, in Gothic art, ii. [82] seqq.
Secular knowledge in relation to, i. 63, 66; ii. [110], [112], [120], [499]
Song of Songs, see [Canticles]
Study of, by monks, i. 94;
Cassiodorus’ Institutiones, i. 95-6
Theology identified with, ii. [406], [408]
Vulgate, the:
Corruption in Paris copy of, ii. [497]
Language of, ii. [171]
Sculpture, Gothic:
Cathedrals, evolution of, ii. [538-9]
Symbolism of, i. 457 n. 2; ii. [82-6]
Sedulius Scotus, i. 215
Seneca, i. 26, 41
Sentences, Books of:
Isidore’s, i. 106 and n. 1
Paulus’ Sententiae, ii. [243]
Peter Lombard’s, see under [Lombard]
Prosper’s, i. 106 n. 1
Sequence-hymns, development of, ii. [196], [201-6];
Adam of St. Victor’s, ii. [209-215]
Serenus, Bp. of Marseilles, i. 102
Sermons, allegorizing:
Bernard of Clairvaux, by, i. 337 n., 409-13; ii. [169], [368-9]
Honorius of Autun, by, ii. [50] seqq.
Seven Liberal Arts (See also separate headings [Grammar], [Logic], etc.):
Alanus de Insulis on functions of, ii. [98] n. 1
Carolingian study of, i. 236
Clerical education in, i. 221-2
Compend of, by Cassiodorus, i. 96
De nuptiis as concerned with, i. 71 n. 3
Hugo of St. Victor on function of, ii. [67], [111]
Latin the medium for, ii. [109]
Law smattering included with, ii. [250]
Quadrivium:
Boëthius on, i. 90 and n. 2
Chartres, at, i. 299
Thierry’s encyclopaedia of, ii. [130]
Trivium:
Chartres, at, i. 298-9; ii. [163]
Courses of, as representing stages of mediaeval development, ii. [331] seqq.
otherwise mentioned, i. 217; ii. [553]
Severinus, St., i. 192
Severus, Sulpicius, i. 126 n. 2;
Life of St. Martin by, i. 52, 84, 85 n. 2, 86
Sidonius, Apollinaris, i. 126 n. 2;
cited, i. 117 n. 1, 140
Siger de Brabant, ii. [401] and n.
Sippe, i. 122
Smaragdus, Abbot, i. 215
Socrates, i. 34-5; ii. [7]
Songs, see [Poetry]
Sophists, Greek, i. 35
Sorbon, Robert de, i. 544-5
Sorcery, i. 46
Spain:
Antique, the, in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. 9
Arabian philosophy in, ii. [390]
Church in, i. 9, 103, 118 and n.
Latinization of, i. 25-6 and n. 2
Moorish conquest of, i. 9, 118
Visigoths in, i. 113, 116-17 and n. 2, 118
Stabat Mater, i. 348
Statius, ii. [229] n.
Statius Caecilius, i. 25
Stephen IX., Pope, i. 263
Stephen, St., sequence for festival of, ii. [211-13]
Stephen of Bourbon quoted, i. 365 n.
Stilicho, i. 112
Stoicism:
Emotion as regarded by, i. 330
Nature of, i. 41, 57, 59
Neo-Platonism contrasted with, ii. [296]
Philosophy as classified by, ii. [312]
Roman law as affected by, ii. [232]
otherwise mentioned, i. 40, 70
Strabo, Walafrid, see [Walafrid]
Suevi, i. 116-17 and n. 2, 139
Summae, method of, ii. [306-7]
(See also under [Theology])
Summum bonum, Aquinas’ discussion of, ii. [438] seqq., [456]
Switzerland, Irish monasteries founded in, i. 174
Sylvester II., Pope (Gerbert of Aurillac), career of, i. 281-4;
disputation with Otric, i. 289-91;
estimate of, i. 281, 285-7;
love of the classics, i. 287-8; ii. [110];
Latin style of, ii. [160];
logical studies of, ii. [332], [338], [339], [345];
letters of, quoted, i. 283-7;
estimated, i. 284-5;
editions of works of, i. 280 n.;
Libellus de rationali et ratione uti, i. 292 n., 299;
otherwise mentioned, i. 249; ii. [35]
Symbolism:
Alanus’ Anticlaudianus as exemplifying, ii. [94-103]
Angels as symbols, ii. [457]
Art, mediaeval, inspired by, i. 21
Augustine and Gregory compared as to, i. 56-7
Carolingian, nature and examples of, ii. [46-50]
Church edifices, of, ii. [78-82]
Dante permeated with, ii. [534], [552-5]
Greek, nature of, ii. [56-7]
Hildegard’s visions, in, i. 456 seqq.
Marriage relationship, in, i. 413-14
Mass, of the, ii. [77-8]
Mediaeval thought deeply impressed by, ii. [43], [50] n. 1, [102], [365]
Mysticism in relation to, ii. [364]
Neo-Platonic, i. 52
Ovid’s works interpreted by, ii. [230]
Patristic, i. 37, 43-6, 52, 53, 58, 80
Platonic, i. 36
Raban’s addiction to, i. 223 and n. 2
Signum et res classification, ii. [322-3]
Twelfth century—in Honorius of Autun, ii. [51] seqq.;
in Hugo of St. Victor, ii. [64] seqq.
Universal in mental processes, ii. [41], [552] n.
Universe explained by, ii. [64], [66] seqq.
otherwise mentioned, i. 15, 22
Sytrio, Romualdus at, i. 378-9
Tacitus, i. 78; ii. [134]
Tears, grace of, i. 370-1 and n., 462, 463
Templars, i. 531-5
Tenth century, see [Carolingian period]
Tertullian, i. 5, 58, 87, 99, 171, 332, 344, 354 n.; ii [152];
paradox of, i. 51; ii. [297];
Adversus Marcionem, i. 68
Teutons (See also [Anglo-Saxons], [Danes], [Germans], [Norsemen]):
Celts compared with, i. 125
Characteristics of, i. 138
Christianizing of:
Manner of, i. 181-3, 196-7, 193;
results of, i. 5, 170-1
Motives of converts, i. 193
Customs of, i. 122, 139, 141, 523
Law of, early, tribal nature of, ii. [245-7]
Rôle of, in mediaeval evolution, i. 125
Roman Empire permeated by, i. 111 seqq.
Theodora, i. 242
Theodore, Abp. of Canterbury, i. 184
Theodoric of Freiburg, ii. [501] n.
Theodoric the Ostrogoth, i. 89, 91 n. 2, 93, 114-15, 120-1, 138, 249;
in legend, i. 145-6;
Edict of, ii. [244] n.
Theodosius the Great, Emp., i. 112; ii. [272];
Code of, ii. [240] and n. 2, [241] n. 2, [242], [249], [266-7] and n. 1
Theodulphus, Bp. of Orleans, i. 9, 215;
Latin diction of, ii. [160]
Theology, scholastic:
Abaelard’s treatises on, see under [Abaelard]
Aquinas’ Summa of, see under [Aquinas]
Argumentative nature of, ii. [292-3]
Augustinian character of, ii. [403]
Course of study in, ii. [388]
Importance of, as intellectual interest, ii. [287-8]
Logic in relation to, ii. [340] n., [346]
Mysticism of, ii. [363-4]
Natural sciences, etc., as handmaids to, ii. [67], [111], [289], [486], [492], [496], [500], [530];
denial of the theory—by Duns, ii. [510];
by Occam, ii. [519-520]
(See also [Physical science—Patristic attitude toward])
Paris the centre for, ii. [283], [379]
Philosophy in relation to, see under [Philosophy]
Practical, not speculative, regarded as, ii. [512], [515], [519]
Scientific nature of, as regarded by Albertus, ii. [291], [430]
Scripture identified with, ii. [406], [408]
Summae of—by Alexander of Hales, ii. [399];
by Bonaventura, ii. [408];
by Albertus Magnus, ii. [430-1];
by Aquinas, see under [Aquinas]
Thirteenth-century study of, ii. [118-120]
Theophrastus, i. 38
Theresa, St., i. 443 n. 1
Theurgic practice, i. 46-8
Thierry, Chancellor of Chartres, ii. [119], [370-1];
Eptateuchon of, ii. [130] and n.
Thirteenth century:
Intellectual interests of, ultimate, ii. [287]
Latin prose styles of, ii. [179]
Papal position in, ii. [509]
Personalities of writers emergent in, ii. [436]
Theology and dialectic the chief studies of, ii. [118-20]
Three phenomena marking, ii. [378]
Thomas à Kempis, De imitatione Christi by, ii. [185]
Thomas Aquinas, see [Aquinas]
Thomas of Brittany, Tristan fragment by, i. 582
Thomas of Cantimpré, ii. [428-9]
Thomas of Celano, Life of St. Francis by, quoted, i. 435, 436-8;
style of the work, ii. [182-3]
Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War by, i. [77-8]
Thuringia:
Boniface’s work in, i. 197-8
Merovingian rule in, i. 121
Thuringians, language of, i. 145 n. 2
Torriti, i. 347
Trance, see [Ecstasy]
Trèves, i. 30, 31, 192
Tristan:
Chrétien’s version of, i. 567
Gottfried von Strassburg’s version of, i. 577-82
Trivium, see under [Seven Liberal Arts]
Troubadours (trouvères), i. 572-3 and nn.
Troy, tales of, in mediaeval literature, ii. [200], [224-5] and n. 2, [227-9]
True and the good compared, ii. [441], [512]
Truth, Guigo’s Meditationes as concerning, i. 385-6
Twelfth century:
Classical studies at zenith in, ii. [117-118]
Growth in, various, i. 305-6
Intellectual interests of, ultimate, ii. [287]
Literary zenith in, ii. [168], [205-6]
Mobility increased during, ii. [379]
Ulfilas, i. 192; ii. [221]
Ulpian—on jus naturale and jus gentium, ii. [234] and n.;
on justitia, jus and jurisprudentia, ii. [237]
Ulster Cycle, Sagas of, i. 128 and n. 2, 129 seqq.
Universals, see under [Scholasticism]
Universities, mediaeval (For particular universities see their names):
Increase in (14th cent.), ii. [523]
Rise of, ii. [379], [381] seqq.
Studies at, ii. [388] and n.
Urban II., Pope, ii. [175]
Urban IV., Pope, ii. [391-2], [434]
Utrecht, bishopric of, i. 197
Vallombrosa, i. 377
Vandals, i. 112, 113, 120
Varro, Terentius, i. 39, 71, 78
Vercingetorix, i. 28
Vernacular poetry, see under [Poetry]
Verse, see [Poetry]
Vikings, see [Danes] and [Norsemen]
Vilgard, i. 259-60
Vincent of Beauvais, Speculum majus of, ii. [82] and n. 2, [315-22]
Virgil, Bernard Silvestris’ Commentum on, ii. [116-17] and n. 2;
Dante in relation to, ii. [535], [536], [539], [543]
Virgin Mary:
Dante’s Paradiso as concerning, ii. [551]
Hymns to, by Hugo of St. Victor, ii. [86-7], [92]
Interventions of, against the devil, i. 487, 490-2
Mediaeval attitude toward, i. 53, 54 and n. 2; ii. [431], [551], [558]
Virtues:
Aquinas’ classification of, ii. [326-8]
Odilo’s Cardinales disciplinae, i. 295
Virtues and vices, poetic treatment of—by Alanus, ii. [102] n.;
by De Lorris and De Meun, ii. [103]
Visigoths:
Arianism of, i. 120
Dacian settlement of, i. 112
Gaul, Southern, kingdom in, i. 7, 112, 116;
Clovis’ conquest of, i. 121
Roman law code promulgated by, see [Roman law—Breviarium]
Spain, in, i. 9, 113, 116-17 and n. 2, 118
Visions:
Examples of, i. 444-6, 451, 452-9
Monastic atmosphere in, i. 184 and n. 2
Nature of, i. 443, 449 and n. 3, 450, 451 and n.
Vita contemplativa:
Aquinas’ views on, ii. [443], [481-2]
Hildebert on, ii. [144-5]
Vitae sanctorum, see [Saints—Lives of]
Walafrid Strabo, i. 100, 215; ii. [332];
Glossa ordinaria of, i. 16, 221 n. 2; ii. [46];
De cultura hortorum, ii. [188] n. 2
Waldenses, i. 365 n.; ii. [34]
Walter of Lille (of Chatillon), Alexandreis of, ii. [192] and n. 3, [230] n. 1
Walther von der Vogelweide, political views of, ii. [33];
attitude of, toward Papacy, ii. [34-6];
piety and crusading zeal of, ii. [36];
melancholy, ii. [36-7];
Minnelieder of, ii. [29-31];
Sprüche, ii. [29], [32], [36];
Tagelied, ii. [30];
Unter der Linde, ii. [30];
otherwise mentioned, i. 475, 482, 589; ii. [223]
Wergeld, i. 122, 139; ii. [246]
Will, primacy of, over intellect, ii. [512], [515]
William, Abbot of Hirschau, i. 315
William II. (Rufus), King of England, i. 273, 275; ii. [138-9]
William of Apulia, ii. [189] and n. 3
William of Champeaux—worsted by Abaelard, ii. [342-3];
founds St. Victor, ii. [61], [143];
Hildebert’s letter to, quoted, ii. [143]
William of Conches, ii. [132];
studies and works of, ii. [372-3];
Summa moralium philosophorum, ii. [134-5], [373] and n. 2
William of Malmsbury cited, i. 525
William of Moerbeke, ii. [391]
William of Occam, see [Occam]
William of St. Thierry, ii. [300], [344]
Willibrord, St., i. 197
Winifried-Boniface, St., i. 6, 197-200, 308; ii. [273]
Wisdom, Aquinas on, ii. [481]
Witelo, Perspectiva by, ii. [501] n.
Witiza of Aquitaine, i. 358-9
Wolfram von Eschenbach, ii. [223];
Parzival by, i. 12 n., 149 n. 1, 152, 567, 571 n. 2, 589-613; ii. [36];
estimate of the work, i. 588; ii. [29]
Women:
Emotion regarding, i. 349-50
Emotional Christ-love experienced by, i. 442, 459 seqq.
Fabliaux’ tone toward, i. 521 n. 2
German prae-mediaeval attitude toward, i. 139, 150;
mediaeval, ii. [31]
Monastic life, in:
Abuses among, i. 491-2;
Rigaud’s Register as concerning, i. 479-480
Consecration of, i. 337 and n.
Gandersheim nuns, i. 311
Visions of, i. 442 seqq., 463 seqq.
Monkish vilification of, i. 354 n., 521 n. 2, 532, 533; ii. [58]
Romantic literature as concerned with, i. 564
Romantic poems for audiences of, i. 565
Walther von der Vogelweide on, ii. [31]
Worms, Concordat of (1122), i. 245 n. 4
Xenophon’s Cyropaedia, i. 78
Year-books (Annales), i. 234 and n. 1
Yves, Bp. of Chartres, i. 262 n.; ii. [139]
Zacharias, Pope, i. 199
Zoology:
Albertus Magnus’ works on, ii. [429]
Aristotle’s work in, i. 38
Physiologus, i. 76-7 and n., 300; ii. [83]
THE END
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