of its natural history. The numbers of frogs studied by him however, were relatively small and the field work was limited to the one summer. The data now at hand, representing six consecutive years, 1949 through 1954, serve to supplement those obtained by Freiburg, corroborating and extending his conclusions in most instances, and also indicating that certain of his tentative conclusions need to be revised.
While the present report was in preparation, Anderson (1954) published an excellent account of the ecology of the eastern species G. carolinensis in southern Louisiana. Anderson's findings concerning this closely related species in a much different environment have been especially valuable as a basis for comparison. The two species are basically similar in their habits and ecology but many minor differences are indicated. Some of these differences result from the differing environments where Anderson's study and my own were made and others certainly result from innate genetic differences between the species.
The frog with which this report is concerned is the Microhyla carolinensis olivacea of the check list (Schmidt, 1953: 77) and recent authors. De Carvalho (1954: 12) resurrected the generic name, Gastrophryne, for the American species formerly included in Microhyla, and presented seemingly valid morphological evidence for this plausible generic separation.
G. olivacea is obviously closely related to G. carolinensis; the differences are not greater than those to be expected between well marked subspecies. Nevertheless, in eastern Oklahoma and eastern Texas, where the ranges meet, the two kinds have been found to maintain their distinctness, differing in coloration, behavior, calls, and time of breeding. Hecht and Matalas (1946: 2) found seeming intergrades from the area of overlapping in eastern Texas, but some specimens from this same area were typical of each form. Their study was limited to preserved material, in which some characters probably were obscured. More field work throughout the zone of contact is needed. The evidence of intergradation obtained so far seems to be somewhat equivocal.
Besides G. olivacea and typical G. carolinensis there are several named forms in the genus, including some of doubtful status. The name mazatlanensis has been applied to a southwestern population, which seems to be a well marked subspecies of olivacea, but as yet mazatlanensis has been collected at few localities and the evidence of intergradation is meager. The names areolata and texensis have been applied to populations in Texas. Hecht and Matalas (1946: 3)
consider areolata to be a synonym of olivacea, applied to a population showing intergradation with carolinensis, but Wright and Wright (1949: 568) consider areolata to be a distinct subspecies. G. texensis generally has been considered to be a synonym of olivacea. Other species of the genus include the tropical G. usta, G. elegans and G. pictiventris.
Of the vernacular names hitherto applied to G. olivacea none seems appropriate; I propose to call the species the Kansas ant-eating frog because of its range extending over most of the state, and because of its specialized food habits. The type locality, originally stated to be "Kansas and Nebraska" (Hallowell, 1856: 252) has been restricted to Fort Riley, Kansas (Smith and Taylor, 1950: 358). Members of the genus have most often been referred to as toads rather than frogs because of their more toadlike appearance and habits. However, this family belongs to the firmisternial or froglike division of the Salientia and the terms "frog" and "toad," originally applied to Rana and Bufo respectively, have been extended to include assemblages of related genera or families. Members of the genus and family usually have been called "narrow-mouthed" toads from the old generic name Engystoma, a synonym of Gastrophryne. G. olivacea usually has been referred to as the Texas narrow-mouthed toad, or western narrow-mouthed toad. The latter name is inappropriate because the geographic range is between that of a more western representative (mazatlanensis) and a more eastern one (carolinensis). The names texensis, areolata and carolinensis have all been applied to populations in Texas, and it is questionable whether typical olivacea even extends into Texas.
HABITAT
In the northeastern part of Kansas at least, rocky slopes in open woods seem to provide optimum habitat conditions. This type of habitat has been described by several earlier workers in this same area, Dice (1923: 46), Smith (1934: 503) and Freiburg (1951: 375). Smith (1950: 113) stated that in Kansas this frog is found in wooded areas, and that rocks are the usual cover, but he mentioned that outside of Kansas it is often found in mesquite flats that are devoid of rocks. Freiburg's field work was done almost entirely on the Reservation and was concentrated in "Skink Woods" and vicinity, where much of my own field work, both before and afterward, was concentrated. On the Reservation and in nearby counties of Kansas, the habitat preferences of the ant-eating frog and the five-lined skink largely coincide. In an account of the five-lined skink on the Reservation,
I have described several study areas in some detail (Fitch, 1954: 37-41). It was on these same study areas (Quarry, Skink Woods, Rat Woods) that most of the frogs were obtained.