The present participle may be declined like an adjective. Its declension when used as a noun is given above, p. [10].

The past participle generally prefixes ġe-, as in ġe·bunden, ġe·numen from niman (take), unless the other parts of the verbs have it already, as in ġe·hīeran (hear), ġe·hīered. It is sometimes prefixed to other parts of the verb as well. No ġe is added if the verb has another prefix, such as ā-, be-, for-; thus for·ġiefan (forgive) has the past participle for·ġiefen. The past participle may be declined like an adjective.

Traces of an older passive voice are preserved in the form hāt-te from hātan (call, name), which is both present 'is called,' and preterite 'was called':—se munuc hātte Abbo (the monk's name was Abbo).

STRONG VERBS.

In the strong verbs the plural of the pret. indic. generally has a different vowel from that of the sing. (ic band, wē bundon). The 2nd sing. pret. indic. and the whole pret. subj. always have the vowel of the preterite plural indicative (þū bunde, ic bunde, wē bunden.)

The 2nd and 3rd persons sing. of the pres. indic. often mutate the root-vowel, thus:—

a becomes ę as in (hē) stęnt from standan (stand).
ea ,, ie ,, fielþ ,, feallan (fall).
e ,, i ,, cwiþþ ,, cweþan (say).
eo ,, ie ,, wierþ ,, weorþan (happen).
ā ,, ǣ ,, hǣtt ,, hātan (command).
ō ,, ē ,, grēwþ ,, grōwan (grow).
ēa ,, īe ,, hīewþ ,, hēawan (hew).
ēo ,, īe ,, ċīest ,, ċēosan (choose).
ū ,, ȳ ,, lȳcþ ,, lūcan (close).

The full ending of the 3rd pers. sing. pres. indic. is -eþ, which is generally contracted, with the following consonant-changes:—

-teþ becomes -tt as in lǣtt from lǣtan (let).
-deþ ,, -tt ,, bītt ,, bīdan (wait).
-ddeþ ,, -tt ,, bitt ,, biddan (pray).
-þeþ ,, -þþ ,, cwiþþ ,, cweþan (say).
-seþ ,, -st ,, ċīest ,, ċēosan (choose).
-ndeþ ,, -nt ,, bint ,, bindan (bind).