ILLUSTRATED
LONDON AND NEW YORK
HARPER & BROTHERS
45 ALBEMARLE STREET, W.
1906
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| INTRODUCTION | |
|---|---|
| PAGE | |
| Summary of chief events since the outbreak of the Japanese War,February 1904—Scandals of the War—Tolstoy’s protest—TheKönigsberg case—Assassination of Bobrikoff and Plehve—TheZemstvo Petition of Rights—The appearance of theworkman—Father Gapon—Petition to the Tsar—BloodySunday—Trepoff—Assassination of Grand Duke Sergius—Promisesof a State Duma—Outbreak in the Caucasus—TheMoscow Zemstvoists—Death of Troubetskoy—End of theJapanese War—The railway strike—The general strike—TheManifesto of October 30, 1905—Restoration of Finland’sliberties—Mutiny at Kronstadt—Refusal of Zemstvoiststo serve under Witte—Martial Law in Poland—Secondgeneral strike declared—Its failure—Manifesto tothe Peasants | [1] |
| CHAPTER I | |
| THE STRIKE COMMITTEE | |
| The Hall of Free Economics—Description of Delegates—TheWomen—The Executive—Khroustoloff—The Eight-hours’Day—The Russian “Marseillaise”—Meeting against CapitalPunishment—Freedom in the balance—Beginnings of reaction—Buthope prevailed | [25] |
| CHAPTER II | |
| THE WORKMEN’S HOME | |
| The Schlüsselburg Road—The River—The People and theCossacks—Casual massacres—The Workmen’s Militia—TheAlexandrovsky ironworks—The mills—The hours oflabour—Wages—Prices and the standard of living—Standardof work and food—Housing and rent—Washing—Holidaysand amusements—Connection of work-peoplewith villages—Passion for the land—The Peasant’s Congress—TheSevastopol mutiny—The post and telegraphstrike | [37] |
| CHAPTER III | |
| FATHER GAPON AGAIN | |
| Meeting of December 4th—The Salt Town—Gapon’s followers—Barashoff,the Chairman—The Hymn of the Fallen—Russianmusic—Police spies—Russian Oratory—Moderatedemands of the Gaponists—Opposition of the SocialDemocrats—Scarcity of Anarchists—Conversation withFather Gapon—His apparent Nature—Charges of Opportunism | [50] |
| CHAPTER IV | |
| THE FREEDOM OF THE WORD | |
| Effect of the post strike—Volunteer sorters—Epidemic of strikes—Joyin public speaking—The power of speech—Suddenoutburst of newspapers—The Russian Gazette—The NewLife—The Son of the Country—The Beginning—Our Life—Russia—TheJewish Papers—The Reactionary Press—NovoeVremya—The Citizen—The Word—The satiric papers andCartoons—Character of Russian satire—The Social Revolutionistshad no paper—Nor had the Radicals—Thedangers of division—The split in a Polish restaurant—Thejoy of life—The assassination of Sakharoff—The protestof the Strike Committee against Government finance—Arrestof Khroustoloff and the Executive | [60] |
| CHAPTER V | |
| THE OPEN LAND | |
| The town of Toula—The road to the country—Thetravelling peasant—The wayside inn—A country house—Landownersat home—A typical village—A cottageinterior—The stove and the loom—Doubts on the Mir—Abeggar for scraps—Flogging for taxes—Tolstoy on theEnd of an Age—How Empires will now cease—The agedprophet—The restoration of the land—The rotting towns—Newideals of statesmanship—Indifference to poets andShakespeare—The grace of sanctity and the limitations oflogic | [81] |
| CHAPTER VI | |
| THE STATE OF MOSCOW | |
| The return of the Army—How they were received—Fears andhopes about their return—Would the soldiers obey?—TheRostoff regiment—The Cossacks and the crowd—Instinctof mutual aid—The post strike—Private assistance—Formationof unions—The tea packers—The shop assistants—Failureof gaiety—University closed—Lectures forthe Movement—Soldiers in revolt—The Zemstvoists—Miliukoff’spaper—A Moscow factory—The barracksystem—Wages—The post strike and freedom of speech—Gorkyon the rich and educated—The Children of theSun—The street murders | [97] |
| CHAPTER VII | |
| THE OLD ORDER | |
| St. Nicholas’ Day—Fears and expectations—The Black HundredPerils of night—The new Governor-General—The sacredBanners—The crowd of worshippers—The procession—Thebishops and the Iberian Virgin—The Krasnaya—Incitementsto massacre—Appeal to Dubasoff—The stampede of thepatriots | [120] |
| CHAPTER VIII | |
| THE DAYS OF MOSCOW—I | |
| My start for the Caucasus—The railway strike begins—Thepeasants on the train—General strike—Provisions cut short—Friendlydiscussions with soldiers—A red flag procession—ACossack charge—Silence at night—Governmentpreparations—Revolutionists unwilling to rise—The Government’sdesign to bring on the outbreak—The attack on Fiedler’shouse—Revolutionary force and arms—Reported danger ofEnglish overseers—The guns begin—The district of fighting—Therevolutionary plan—The barricades—Difficulties ofthe spectator in street fighting—Interest of the crowd—Casualtiesbegin—The red cross—Assistance to the wounded—TheGovernment guns | [129] |
| CHAPTER IX | |
| THE DAYS OF MOSCOW—II | |
| Reports of the revolution—Guns on the Theatre Square—Explosionin a gun-shop—Increase in the fighting—Sledges refusethe wounded—The merciful soldier—A schoolboy killed—Therevolutionist position—The barricade forts—Barricadesnever held—The revolutionist tactics—Varieties in barricade—Thetroops protect their right flank—Barricades still growing—Policein disguise | [155] |
| CHAPTER X | |
| THE DAYS OF MOSCOW—III | |
| The beginning of the end—My attempts at photography—Unsuspectedpresence of revolutionists—Search for revolvers—Labelsfor identification—Fresh fighting on the Government’sleft—But the main movement was failing—Revolutionistsappeal for volunteers—Official estimate of casualties—Assassinationof the chief of secret police—The Sadovaya at dawn—Thepolice receive rifles—The barricades destroyed—Businessresumed by order—Relief of business people—Fighting continuesin Presnensky District—Mills held for the revolution—Arrivalof the Semenoffsky Guards—Bombardment of thedistrict—The murder of Dr. Vorobieff for assisting thewounded—The district from the inside—Attempts to escape—Endof the rising—Various estimates of dead and wounded—Theexecutions—The slaughter of prisoners—The floggingof boys and girls—Christmas Day—The ceremony in theCathedral of Christ the Saviour | [169] |
| CHAPTER XI | |
| IN LITTLE RUSSIA | |
| Results of the rising—Revolutionists claim some success—Somegain in unity—But the movement lost prestige—Hopes ofwinning over troops proved vain—Reasons of this—Consequentelation of the Government—Hopes of a new loan—Wittelaments his lost faith—My journey to Kieff—Harvestrotting on the platforms—Kieff as religious centre—Pilgrimagesto the catacombs—An intellectual centre—Characterof Little Russians—Their costume—No thought of separation—Apprehensionof Poles—The Little Russian movement—Therecent riots of Loyalists—Attack on the British Consulate—Persecutionof Jews—Crowded prisons and typhus—TheBlack Earth—Grain as Russia’s chief export—Povertyof the villages—Reasons for this—The country districts quiet | [198] |
| CHAPTER XII | |
| THE JEWS OF ODESSA | |
| Joy over the Manifesto—Violent suppression—Trepoff and Neidhart—Thedays of massacre—Present state of Jewish quarters—Habitsof Jews—Refusal of concealment—A type of Israel—Attemptsat relief—Difficulties of organization—Flight ofthe rich and distress of their parasites—Dockers and theirpoverty—The Constitutional democrats—Their programme—TheJewish Bund—Jewish disqualifications—The EnglishAliens Act | [215] |
| CHAPTER XIII | |
| LIBERTY IN PRISON | |
| Murder of the student Davidoff—Precautions for the anniversaryof Bloody Sunday—Strike Committee orders a memorial ofsilence—The day on the Schlüsselberg road—The Navy andtelescopic sights—Silence in the workmen’s districts—TheVampire and Freedom—Wholesale arrests—Methods of imprisonmentand sentence—The House of Inquiry—A letterfrom prison—The Peter-Paul fortress—Khroustoloff’s prison—TheCross prison—Imprisonments and executions—WhyRussia has no Cromwell—The Schlüsselberg converted intoa mint—Statistics of suppression—The committee of ministers—Siberianexile continued—Meetings of ConstitutionalDemocrat delegates—Their methods and programme—Theirleaders—Miliukoff still hopeful | [228] |
| CHAPTER XIV | |
| THE PRIEST AND THE PEOPLE | |
| Over the ice to Kronstadt—Father John and his shelter—Theservice of the altar—His blessing—His miraculous life andpowers—His influence in reaction—A revolutionary concert—Theproletariat of intellect—Russian democracy—The useof the parable—The bond of danger—The advantage oftyranny | [248] |
| CHAPTER XV | |
| A BLOODY ASSIZE | |
| The Baltic Provinces—Lists of floggings and executions—Vengeanceof the German landowners—They are weary of townlife—Letts driven to execution—The Irish of Russia—Characterof the people—Their songs—Their religion—Theirbuildings—Their isolated farms—Disaster of Russification—Theburning of country houses—“We have condemned youto death”—Mixture of social and national grievances—Refusalof Germans to appeal to Berlin—The case of PastorBielenstein—A Lettish scholar—A rebel’s funeral—Theassize in the country—Executions ordered by telephone—Thecase of a schoolmistress—Reprisals and rescues | [262] |
| CHAPTER XVI | |
| THE PARTIES OF POLAND | |
| Polish tendency to division—The reactionary position stated—Supposedbeneficence of martial law—Suppression good forPoles—Absurdities of Socialists and Nationalists—Reconquestof Finland necessary—Poland essential as barrier againstGermany—The Polish workman—Disasters in Polish trade—Lossof credit—The landless labourers—Education—Wages—Rent—Polishbrides and demand for ancestral relics—TheRealist party—The National Democrats—A meetingto practice for elections—A Nationalist programme—TheProgressive Democrats—The National Socialists—The SocialDemocrats—The Proletariat Socialists—The Jewish Bund—Attemptsto influence the Army—Executions of so-calledAnarchists and Jews—The Warsaw citadel—Two braveJewesses | [282] |
| CHAPTER XVII | |
| THE DRAMA OF FREEDOM | |
| The struggle between Freedom and Oppression—The early hopes—TheGovernment’s uncertainty—The plot to overthrowFreedom—Its apparent success—The new loan secured—Difficultyof realizing the actual truth beneath abstractions—Persistenceof the revolution—Summary of events—Financeand the elections—Execution of Lieutenant Schmidt—Victoryof the Constitutional Democrats—Germany refuses to sharein the loans, but France and England subscribe largely—Resignationof Count Witte—Reported death of FatherGapon—Attempt to assassinate Admiral Dubasoff—Assassinationof General Jeoltanowski—Fundamental Law—NewMinisters—Preparing for the Duma | [301] |
| CHAPTER XVIII | |
| THE FIRST PARLIAMENT | |
| Baleful prophecies—Provocations—Meeting of ConstitutionalDemocrats broken up by police—Ministerial figureheads—Birthdayof freedom—Trepoff’s precautions—Ceremony inWinter Palace—The Old Order confronted by the New—TheChurch intervenes—The Tsar’s address—“Unwaveringfirmness,” and the “Necessity of Order”—No promise ofamnesty—Officials applaud—The people silent—The cry ofthe prisoners—The Duma assembles in the Taurida Palace—Presidentelected by 426 to 3—Petrunkevitch speaks first—Thedemand for amnesty—A languid afternoon in the“Nobleman’s Assembly”—Golitzin greeted with holy kisses—Witteand Durnovo side by side—Prayers and compliments—TheDuma at work—Taurida Palace closely guarded—Difficultiesabout procedure—Drafting the reply to the Tsar’sspeech—An honourable impatience—Congratulations frommany lands—Telegrams from imprisoned “politicals”—Russia’srepresentatives unanimous for amnesty—Freedomand Justice versus Tradition and the Sword | [317] |
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
| “Pacification.” The Kremlin of Moscow, Christmas,
1905 From Sulphur (Jupel) | [Frontispiece] |
|---|---|
| TO FACE PAGE | |
| A Demonstration by the Kazan Church, St. Petersburg From The Marseillaise | [2] |
| “homunculus” and the S.D. (social Democratic) Rats From Burelom (The Storm) | [12] |
| “An Autumn Idyll” From Sulphur (Jupel) | [40] |
| Witte and the Constitution From Sprut | [72] |
| Peasant Sledges | [80] |
| A Private Sledge | [80] |
| Tolstoy’s Home | [90] |
| Peasants | [90] |
| Tolstoy in Middle Age | [96] |
| Fiedler’s House | [140] |
| Effect of Shells | [140] |
| A Minor Barricade | [146] |
| A Military Post at Moscow | [146] |
| “God with us!” From Sprut | [152] |
| Barricades on the Sadovaya | [162] |
| “The New Era” From Sulphur (Jupel) | [176] |
| “Intercourse is Resumed” From Streli (Arrows) | [182] |
| Dubasoff’s Roll Call From Burelom (The Storm) | [194] |
| A Little Russian | [206] |
| A Tramp | [206] |
| A Peasant’s Home | [212] |
| The Lavra at Kieff | [212] |
| The Jews’ Grave at Odessa | [216] |
| After the Massacre | [216] |
| “I think she’s Quiet at Last” From the Vampyre | [232] |
| 1905–1906 From Sulphur (Jupel) | [300] |
| Plan of Moscow | [350] |
The design on the cover is from a cartoon in the Russian revolutionary paper Pulemet (The Machine Gun).
The illustrations are from Russian cartoons and from photographs, most of which were taken by the author.
THE DAWN IN RUSSIA
OR