[Footnote 12: Slave minstrels.]
[Footnote 13: A kind of guitar.]
[Footnote 14: The names of the noblemen of every country are derived from the estates which they possess—hence the particles before the name of a true nobleman: de in France, for instance, de Nevers, means that the name comes from the place called Nevers; of in England, for instance, Duke of Manchester; von in Germany has the same signification; in Poland z, for instance Macko z Bogdanca—means that the estate Bogdaniec belonged to his family and to him;—in the following centuries the z was changed to ski, put on the end of the name and instead of writing z Bogdanca, a man of the same family was called Bogdanski; but it does not follow that every Pole, whose name ends in ski is a nobleman. Therefore the translation of that particular z into English of is only strictly correct, although in other cases z should be translated into English from: to write: Baron de Rothschild is absurd and ridiculous, because the sign "red shield" was not an estate, and one cannot put de before it.]
[Footnote 15: A wealthy possessor of land—they were freemen and had serfs working for them—some of them were noblemen, and had the right to use coats of arms.]
[Footnote 16: Pan—Lord]
[Footnote 17: A man coming from Mazowsze—the part of Poland round
Warsaw.]
[Footnote 18: Count.]
[Footnote 19: Back side of the axe.]
[Footnote 20: A town surrounded with walls and having a peculiar jurisdiction or a kind of a castle.]
[Footnote 21: Inhabitants of Rus'—part of Poland round Lwow—Leopol
(Latin), Lemberg (German).]