[10] Jorga, Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches (in the Geschichte der europaïschen Staaten), published 1908-13, preface and i. 152-3.
[11] Up to the death of Ertogrul (1288), I follow Neshri, ZDMG., xiii. 188-98, unless otherwise specified. Direct quotation is indicated by quotation marks.
[12] A.D. 1219. Evliya effendi, i. 27, gives A.H. 600; Seadeddin and Hadji Khalfa, A.H. 619; Drechsler, Chron. Saracenorum, A.H. 610.
[13] Or Kharesm? Schéfer, in preface to his translation of Riza Kouly’s embassy to Kharesm, Bibl. de l’École des langues viv. orientales, 1re série, vol. iii., says that Kharesm in part was identical with Khorassan. But Shehabeddin, trans. by Quatremère in Notices et Extraits, xiii. 289, declares that Kharesm is a country distinct from Khorassan. Hadji Khalfa, Djihannuma, MS. fr., Bibl. Nat., Paris, nouv. ac., no. 888, p. 815, supports this opinion. The very fact that these writers are so careful to make this assertion shows, however, that there was much confusion as to these terms. According to Vambéry, Kharesm is still in Djagatai Turkish, the diplomatical and political name for the modern Khanate of Khiva. Howorth, History of Mongols, ii. 78, says that the Turkish tribes remained in these countries after the Mongol conquest. Is this the Organa or Urgheuz of Marco Polo?
[14] Hussein Hezarfenn, ii. 287, and Chalcocondylas (Patr. Graec., Migne, vol. clix), 21, call the father of Ertogrul Oguzalp. For critical discussion see Appendix A.
[15] This title is invariably given by Neshri to every ruler in the direct line of Osman, just as he calls the Christian opponents of the Osmanlis unbelievers.
[16] Probably Sultan Inoenu, anticipating the later name of this district.
[17] Sagredo, the Italian historian, whose work was greatly esteemed by Gibbon, makes the curious error of calling Alaeddin ‘Lord of Aleppo and Damascus’.
[18] ‘A great mountain situated between Kutayia and Brusa’: Hadji Khalfa, Djihannuma, fol. 1975; ‘The paths up this mountain are so difficult that one on foot has a thousand pains to reach the top’: ibid., fol. 1850.
[19] Rasmussen, Annales Islamici, p. 41, confuses this city with Kutayia, and gives its capture by Ertogrul under date of 1285.