Abdera [107], [119]. See [Atomists]. Abelard life of, [363]; his conceptualism, [364]; his rationalism, [365]–367. Academy, the what it was, [124]; after the death of Plato, [166]; and Aristotle, [169]–171; Older, Middle, and New, [220], [221]; the skepticism of, [266]–268; eclecticism in, [270]. Adams, G. B. Civilization during the Middle Ages, [374] n. Adamson, Robert The Development of Greek Philosophy quoted, [255]. Ænesidemus Skeptic, [268]. Agrippa Skeptic, [268], [269]. Albertus Magnus See [Bollstaedt]. Alcidamus Sophist, [68]. Alcuin [349], [350]. Alexander of Hales [379]. Alexandria a centre of Hellenism, [215]; in the Middle Ages, [282]. Alexandrian School of neo-Platonism [290]–298. Ammonius Saccas [290], [314]. Anamnesis [147]–149. Anaxagoras his life, [43]; his philosophy, [45]–47. Anaximander [24], [25]. Anaximenes [25]. Ancient Philosophy length of, [1]; underlying character of, [2]; divisions of, [4], [5]; literary sources of, [6]. Animism [19]. Anselm life and position in mediæval philosophy, [359]–361; his arguments for the existence of God, [361]; on reason and dogma, [365]. Anthropological period of Greek philosophy [12], [13]; discussion of, [55]–97; historical summary of, [55]. Anthropologists [103]. Anthropology defined, [13]. Antiochus of Ascalon [270], [271]. Antisthenes founder of the Cynic school, [93], [95]. Apathy Stoic, [251]. Apollonius neo-Pythagorean, [285]. Apologists, the [307]–309. Aquinas, Thomas on the problem of reason and faith, [369], [377]; the predecessors of, [379], [380]; life of (founder of the Dominican tradition), [380], [381]; the central principle of his doctrine, [381]–383; the problem of individuality according to, [383]–385; on the will and the intellect, [385], [386]. Arabian schools, [371], [372]; translations of Greek works, [372], [373]. Arcesilaus [267]. ἀρετή meaning of, [84]. Aristippus founder of the Cyrenaic school, [93], [96]; and Epicurus, [229], [230]. Aristophanes opposed the Sophists, [74]. Aristotle his place in Greek history, [98]–100, [103]; conceptualist, [104]; advanced age at which he finished his education, [125]; in the Academy and Lyceum, [166]–168; chronological sketch of his life, [168], [169]; his biography in detail, [169]–173; the writings of, [173]–176; his starting-point, [176], [177]; the fundamental principle in his philosophy, [177]–180; his logic, [180]–185; his metaphysics, [185]–194; development is purposeful, [185]–187; his two different conceptions of purpose, [187]–190; his conception of God, [190], [191]; his conception of matter, [191], [192]; his conception of nature, [192]–194; his theory of physics, [194]–196; his psychology, [196]–199; his ethics, [199]–202; his political philosophy, [202], [203]; in the Middle Ages, [332], [363], [368], [369]; Arabic versions of his works, [372], [373]; works of, introduced into Western Europe, [375]–378; the strength and burden of, to the church, [378], [379]; and Thomas Aquinas, [380], [381]. Arnold, Matthew [43] n. Astronomy of the Pythagoreans, [49]–52, [53]; Ptolemaic, [322]–325. Ataraxia of Epicurus, [231], [233]; of the Skeptics, [266]. Athenian school of neo-Platonism [290], [299]–301. Athens rise of, [57], [58]; and Socrates, [91]; and Abdera, [119]; a centre of Hellenism, [213]–215. Atomism of Epicurus, the [238]–240. Atomistic school, the [107]. Atomists, the philosophy of, [47], [48]. Atoms of Democritus, the [109]–114, [116], [117]. Augustine the historical position of, [306], [318], [335]–338; the life of, [339], [340]; the two elements in his teaching, [340], [341]; the neo-Platonic element: the inner certainties of consciousness, [341]–345; the authority of the church according to, [345]–347. Aurelius, Marcus [243], [246]. Bacon, Francis Essay on Love, [153] n. Bacon, Roger [387] n. Bardesanes Gnostic, [310]. Basilides Gnostic, [310]. Becoming word how used, [22]; in Heracleitus’s doctrine, [29]; according to Plato, [133], [136], [139]. Being word how used, [22]; in Parmenides’ doctrine, [33]–35; Pythagorean conception of, [49]–51; aspects under which it was conceived of, in Greek philosophy, [103], [104]; according to Plato, [133], [136], [139]. Benedictine Age, the [350]. Berengar of Tours [359]. Boëthius [300]. Bollstaedt, Albert [377], [379]. Bologna University of, [377]. Burnet, John Early Greek Philosophers cited, [17] n. Bury, J. B. History of Greece cited, [12] n.; quoted, [16]. Carneades [267]. Carpocrates Gnostic, [310]. Carthage [15], [16]. Catechists the School of, [314]–318. Catholic theologians the old, [312]–314. Cause teleological, final, mechanical, and efficient, [105] n. See [Final cause], [Efficient cause]. Causes Aristotle’s, [187]. Change Heracleitus’s doctrine of, [28], [29]; has no existence in Parmenides’ philosophy, [34], [35]; as conceived by the Pluralists, [40]. Charlemagne the revival of, [349], [350]. Christianity and neo-Platonism, difference in their conception of inspiration, [276], [277]; rise of, [279], [280]; summary of its history, [281]; and neo-Platonism, [288]–290; the Hellenizing of, [302]–318; the early situation of, [302]–305; the philosophies influencing, [305], [306]; early, the periods of, [306], [307]; the Apologists, [307]–309; the Gnostics, [310]–312; the reaction against Gnosticism (the old Catholic theologians), [312]–314; Origen and the School of Catechists, [314]–318; and Mohammedanism, [371]–375. Chrysippus [242], [244], [245]. Church authority of, according to Augustine, [345]–347; strength and burden of Aristotle to, [378], [379]; and state, Aquinas’s and Dante’s views of, [382]. Cicero on Aristotle, [167]; his work, [271], [272]. Civilizations Christian and Mohammedan, [369]–372; the first contact of, [372], [373]; the conflict between, [374], [375]. Classic Scholasticism period of, [333], [368]–394. Cleanthes [242], [244]–246. Clement [314]. Conception and perception, [83] n.; importance of, to Socrates, [83]; according to Plato, [134], [135]; in Aristotle, [177]–179. Conceptualism of Aristotle, [104]; in the Middle Ages, [358], [364], [365]. Consciousness formulation of the psychological conception of, [294]; the inner certainties of, according to Augustine, [341]–345. Constantinople an intellectual centre, [372] n. Cosmas map, the [335]. Cosmological period of Greek philosophy [12], [13]; treated, [15]–54. Cosmologist characteristics of the, [18]–20; table of, [20]; their philosophical question, [20], [21]; where they lived, [21]; results of their philosophy, [53], [54]. Cosmology defined, [13]. Crates of Thebes [95]. Critical attitude of mind among the Greeks, [61]–64; of Socrates, [80]. Crusades, the [374], [375]. Cusanus, Nicolas [394]. Cynic school, the [93]–97. Cynics and Stoics [246], [247]. Cyrenaic school, the [93]–97. Cyrenaics their teaching, and Epicureanism, [229], [230]. Dante on Aristotle, [167]; used Ptolemaic conception of the universe, [324], [325]; diagram of his poetic conception of the universe, [376]; his view of the state and the church, [382] n.; placed the intellectual virtues above the practical, [383] n. Dark Ages, the [347]–349. Deduction [182]. Definition Socrates one of the first to use it correctly, [92]. Democritus his place in Greek history, [98]–100, [103]; and Plato, their similarities and differences, [104]–106; life of, [106]–108; comprehensiveness of his aim, [108]; the enriched physics of, [109]–111; the materialistic psychology of, [111]–114; his theory of knowledge, [114]–116; the ethical theory of, [116]–118; a wide traveler, [123]; advanced age at which he finished his education, [125]. Development according to Aristotle, [178], [179], [185]–187. De Wulf History of Mediæval Philosophy, [336] n., [384]. Dialectic defined, [60], [131]. Dill, Samuel Roman Society cited, [274] n. Diogenes [95]. Dionysiodorus [68]. Dogma See [Reason]. Dominican tradition Thomas Aquinas the founder of, [380], [381]; intellectualism the central principle in, [385]. Doxography [6]. Drama the Greek, [60], [61]. Dualism defined, [51] n.; the Pythagorean, [51], [52]; of the Systematic period of Greek philosophy, [102], [103]. Dynamic pantheism of Plotinus [293]. Eckhart [369], [386]. Eclectic Platonists, the [285]. Eclecticism [264], [265], [269]–272. Efficient cause introduction of conception of, by the Pluralists, [41]; defined, [105] n.; Aristotle’s conception of, [187]. Elean-Eretrian school, the [93]. Eleatic school and Milesian school, Xenophanes the connecting link between, [26]; lives of Parmenides and Zeno, [32], [35]; teaching of, compared with that of the Milesians and Heracleitus, [22] f.; the philosophy of, [33]–37; and Heracleitus, results of the conflict between, [37], [38]. Element, the as conceived by the Pluralists, [40], [41]. Eleusinian See [Mysteries]. Emanations the world of, according to Plotinus, [294]–297. Emerson, R. W. Essay on Love, [153] n.; Initial, Dæmonic, and Celestial Love, [153] n. Emerton, Ephraim Mediæval Europe, [374] n. Empedocles his conception of change, [40]; his conception of the element, [40]; his doctrine of the efficient cause, [41]; his life, [43]; the philosophy of, [44], [45]. Empiricism [104] n. End defined, [105] n. Entelechy [186]. Epic, Greek importance of the, [8]–10. Epictetus [243], [246]. Epicureanism one of the New Schools, [222]–225; and Stoicism, summary of agreements and differences, [225], [226]; and the teaching of Aristippus, [229]; ideal of, [230]–233; the place of virtue in, [233]; the Wise Man of, [234]–236. See [Epicurus]. Epicureans, the [228]. Epicurus life of, [227], [228]; and Aristippus, [229]; his ideal, [230]–233; his conception of the physical world, [238]–240. See [Epicureanism]. Epistemology Democritus’ contribution to, [114]–116. Erigena, John Scotus [349], [350]; life and teaching of, [350]–352; the Greek principle which he formulated for the Middle Ages, [352], [353]. Eristic defined, [60]. Ethical period of the Hellenic-Roman period [208]; general characteristics of, [215]–218. Ethics tendency toward, among early Greeks, [11], [12]; of the Sophists, [71]–73; of Democritus, [116]–118; Plato’s theory of, [153]–158; of Aristotle, [199]–202; of Plotinus, [297], [298]. Eucken, Rudolf Problem of Human Life, [336] n. Euclid founder of the school at Megara, [93]. Eudæmonism [87]. Euhemerism [96]. Eusebius on Aristotle, [167]. Euthydemus [68]. Evil the problem of, according to Stoicism, [260], [261]. Fairbanks, Arthur First Philosophers of Greece, [6] n. Falckenberg, Richard History of Modern Philosophy, [3] n. Final cause defined, [105] n.; according to Aristotle, [187]. Fire Heracleitus’s doctrine of, [30]–32. Form and Matter in Aristotle, [186]–192, [197]–199; in Thomas Aquinas, [384]. Formal cause [187]. Franciscan tradition, the [385]–387. Freedom the problem of, according to Epicurus, [240]; according to Stoicism, [260], [261]; according to Origen, [316], [317]; according to Augustine, [345]; according to Duns Scotus, [389]. Gerbert [350]. Glaber quoted, [354]. Gnomic poets Greek, [10]–12. Gnosticism [310]–312; the reaction against, [312]–314. God Plato’s conception of, [141], [142]; Aristotle’s conception of, [190], [191]; His will and His intellect, [386], [388], [389]. Goethe quoted, [129], [167]. Good Plato’s Idea of the, [140]–142, [144]; Plato’s theory of the, development of, [153], [154]; the, of the Stoics, [250], [251]. Gorgias [66], [67]; the nihilism of, [70], [71]. Gospel the Hellenizing of, [302]–318. See [Christianity]. Greece after the Persian Wars, [57]–64. Greek Enlightenment, the [58]–64, [82]. Greek-Jewish philosophy of Philo [281]–284; and neo-Platonism, [288]. Greek nation the fall of, and the persistence of its civilization, [204]–208. Greek national spirit waning of, [98]. Greek philosophy three periods of, [12]–14; summary of, [102], [103]. Greek thought was objective, [2], [100], [101]. Greeks, early geographical environment of, [7]; political environment of, [8], [9], [15], [16]; native tendencies of, [9]–12; perils to, in the new religion, [16]–18; monistic philosophies, [22] f. Grote, George History of Greece, [61] n.; Plato, [267] n. Happiness according to Socrates, [86]; according to the Cynics and the Cyrenaics, [94]–97; according to Democritus, [117], [118]; according to Aristotle, [200]; according to Epicurus, [233]–238. Harnack, Adolf Outlines of the History of Dogma quoted, [308], [336], [344], [354]; cited, [315] n., [345] n. Hatch, Edwin Hibbert Lectures quoted, [305]. Hedonism and eudæmonism, [87]; some types of, [228], [229]. Hellenic-Roman period [204]–318; its time length, [204]; the fall of the Greek nation and the persistence of its civilization, [204]–208; the two parts of, [208], [209]; the undercurrent of skepticism in, [209]–211; the fundamental problem of, [211]–213. Hellenism [205]–208; the centres of, [213]–215. Hellenizing of the Gospel [302]–318. Heracleitus life, [28]; his teaching compared with that of the Milesians and Eleatics, [22], [23]; his philosophy, [28]–31; and Parmenides, results of the conflict between, [37], [38]; practical philosophy of, [31]. Hesiod [11]. Hicks, R. D. Stoic and Epicurean, [227] n.; cited, [267] n. Hipparchia [95]. Hippias [66], [68]. Hippodamus [68]. Hippolytus [313]. Homoiomeriai [46]. Human nature value set upon, by Socrates, [81]. Hylozoism defined, [19]; and Pluralism, [41]; the breaking up of pre-Socratic, [47]; becomes materialism with Democritus, [109]–111. Hylozoists the Cosmologists were, [19]. Hypatia [298]. Idea development of the meaning of (Democritus and Plato), [105]. Ideal of Socrates, the [83]–85; what it involves, [85]–88. Idealism of the Greeks, [100]; objective, [104]. Ideas of Plato, [133], [135]; the development of, in the two drafts, [136], [137]; brief comparison of the two drafts of [137]; fuller comparison of the two drafts of, [137]–141; in the doctrine of anamnesis, [147], [148]. Immortality Plato’s doctrine of, [146]–150. Individuality the problem of, according to Thomas Aquinas, [383]–385; the problem of, in Duns Scotus, [389], [390]. Induction [92], [183]. Intellect or will the question of the primacy of, [385], [386], [388], [389]. Ionic School See [Milesian school]. Irenæus [313]. Irish learning, the [349]. Irony Socratic, [90]. Jackson, H. article “Sophists,” in Encyclopædia Britannica, [68] n. Jamblichus [298], [299]. Jewish (Greek-) philosophy of Philo [281]–284; and neo-Platonism, [288]. Julian, Emperor [298]. Justin Martyr [308]. Kingsley, Charles Hypatia, [298] n. Knight, William A. Life and Teaching of Hume, [3] n. Knowledge in Socrates’ ideal, [83]–86, [88]; according to the Cynics, [95]; Democritus’ theory of, [114]–116. Lanfranc [359]. Law positive and natural, [72]. Learning the impulse for, among the Greeks, [58], [59]; the Revival of, [375]–378. Leucippus his life, [43], [44]; his philosophy, [47], [48], [109], [110]; founder of the Atomistic school, [107]. Logic Aristotle’s, [180]–185. Love Platonic, [151]–153. Love and Hate Empedocles’ doctrine of, [44]. Lucretius [228]. Lyceum, the Aristotle in, [166], [167], [172], [173]; after Aristotle, [220]–222; eclecticism in, [270]. Lycophron [68]. Maine, Sir Henry cited, [72]. Man the philosophy of, [13], [55]–97; Plato’s conception of, [144]–146. Material cause [187]. Materialism hylozoism becomes, with Democritus, [103], [109]–111; Stoic, [254], [255]. Materialistic psychology of Democritus [111]–114. Matter and Form, in Aristotle, [186]–192, [197]–199, [384]; of Plotinus, [295], [296]. Mean, the Aristotle’s doctrine of, [201], [202]. Mechanical series of Aristotle [194]–196. Mediæval geography [335]. Mediæval library, a [326]–328. Mediæval Man, the [320], [321]; how the universe appeared to, [322]–325; at school, [325], [326]; summary of the political and educational worlds of, [330]–333. Mediæval philosophy length of, [1]; underlying character of, [3]; divisions of, [4]; treated, [319]–394. Megarian school [93]. Mendicants, the [368]. Metaphysical problem, the early formulation of, [22], [23]. Metaphysics Plato’s, the formation of, [132]–136; Plato’s, the development of, [136]–141; Aristotle’s, [185]–194; abandonment of, in Hellenic-Roman period, [216]; of Plotinus, [294]–297. Metrocles [95]. Middle Ages characteristics and conditions of, [319]–333; and the Hellenic-Roman period, comparison of, [319], [320]; the mediæval man, [320], [321]; how the universe appeared to the mediæval man, [322]–325; the mediæval man at school, [325], [326]; a mediæval library, [326]–328; the three periods of, [328]–330; summary of the political and educational worlds of the mediæval man, [330]–333; the early period of, [330]–332, [334]–353; the transitional period of, [332], [354]–367; the period of classic scholasticism, [333], [368]–394. Milesian school [24]; the members of, [24], [25]; the philosophy of, [25], [26] the teaching of, compared with that of Heracleitus and the Eleatics, [22], [23]. Milton, John [325]. Modern philosophy length of, [1]; underlying character of, [3]; divisions of, [4]. Mohammedanism growth of, during the Middle Ages, [370]–372; first contact with Christianity, [372], [373]; conflict with Christianity, [374], [375]. Monism defined, [10] n.; of the early Greeks, [10]; displaced by pluralism in Greek philosophy, [39]. Monists list of early Cosmologists who were, [20]; discussion of the, [22]–38. Monotheism defined, [10] n.; for the first time conceptually framed, [191]. Monte Cassino founding of the monastic school at, [348]. Moral postulate philosophy for the first time founded upon, [85]; of Socrates, [85]–88. Motion according to Aristotle, [195], [196]. Mysteries Orphic and Eleusinian, [16]–18, [38]; Orphic, dangers of, averted by Cosmologists, [54]. Mysticism in neo-Platonism, [287]. Natural Science See [Physics]. Nature the philosophy of, [15]–38; the word as used by the Sophists, [72], [73]; a logical, Socrates’ attempt to find, [92]; physical, Plato’s conception of, [142]–144; Aristotle’s conception of, [192]–194; Stoic conception of, [251]–257. Neo-Platonism and Christianity, difference in their conception of inspiration, [276], [277]; rise of, [279], [280]; summary of its history, [281]; and Platonism, [287], [288]; and the philosophies of Philo and the neo-Pythagoreans, [288]; and Christianity, [288]–290; the periods of, [290]; the Alexandrian school (scientific theory of neo-Platonism, life and writings of Plotinus), [290]–298; the Syrian school (the systematizing of polytheism, Jamblichus), [290], [298], [299]; the Athenian school (Proclus), [290], [299]–301; its influence on Christianity, [306]. Neo-Pythagoreanism [281], [285]–287; and neo-Platonism, [288]. Nominalism [103], [358], [362]–365, [391], [392]. Norton, Arthur O. Readings in the History of Education, [377] n. Nous Anaxagoras’ conception of, [47]; of Plotinus, [294]. Numbers Pythagorean conception of, [49]–51. Objective character of Greek philosophy [2], [100], [101]. Objective Idealism [104]. Objective Realism [104]. Ockam, William of [387] n., [390]; the course of philosophy after, [393], [394]. Order thought of, developed into clearness by Cosmologists, [54]. Origen [280], [281], [314]–318. Orphic See Mysteries. Oxford, University of [377]. Palmer, G. H. on Socrates, [79]. Panætius [270], [271]. Pantheism defined, [10] n.; dynamic, of Plotinus, [293]; of Erigena, [351]–353; of the realists, [363]. Paris, University of [377]. Parker, C. P. cited, [258] n. Parmenides life, [32]; develops the doctrine of Xenophanes, [32] f.; his philosophy, [33]–35; and Heracleitus, results of the conflict between, [37], [38]. See [Eleatic School]. Particulars and Universals according to Thomas Aquinas, [383]–385. Pater, Walter Marius the Epicurean, [227] n. Patmore, Coventry Angel in the House, [153] n. Patristics [302]–318. Perception and conception, [83] n.; according to Plato, [134]; in Aristotle, [177]–179. Pericles [58]. Periods of philosophy, the three general, [1]–4; of Greek philosophy, [12]–14. Peripatetics See [Lyceum]. Persia [15], [16]. Persian Wars their importance, [55]–57, [62]. Personality spiritual, increased importance of, in history, [277]–279. Pessimism result of theory of Cyrenaics, [97]. Peter the Lombard [379], [380]. Phædo founder of the Elean-Eretrian school, [93]. Philo Greek-Jewish philosophy of, [281]–284; and neo-Platonism, [288]. Philoponus [299]. Philosophic skepticism See [Skepticism]. Physical universe early Greek tendency toward scientific explanation of, [10], [11]. Physics Socrates’ view of, [80]; enrichment of, under Democritus, [109]–111; Plato’s conception of, [142]–144; Aristotle’s theory of, [194]–196; of Epicurus, [238]–240. Plato [104]; parts of works to be read, [75] n.; his place in Greek history, [93], [98]–100, [103], [104]; and Democritus, their similarities and differences, [104]–106; the period of his life, [119], [120]; the difficulties in understanding the teaching of, [120], [121]; the chronology of his dialogues, [119], [120]; the life and writings of, [121], [126]; his student life, [121], [122]; as traveler, [122]–124; as teacher of the Academy, [124]–126; concerning his dialogues, [126]–128; the factors in the construction of his doctrine, [128]–131; his inherited tendencies, [128]–130; his philosophical sources, [130], [131]; the divisions of his philosophy, [131], [132]; summary of his doctrine, [132]; the formation of his metaphysics, [132]–136; the development of his metaphysics (the development of his ideas in the two drafts), [136]–141; his conception of God, [141], [142]; his conception of physical nature, [142]–144; his conception of man, [144]–146; his doctrine of immortality, [146]–150; the two tendencies in, [150], [151]; Platonic love, [151]–153; his theory of ethics, [153]–158; development of his theory of the Good, [153], [154]; the four cardinal virtues, [154], [155]; his theory of political society, [155]–158; a selection of passages from, for English readers, [158]–165; in the Middle Ages, [331], [337], [338], [360], [363]. Platonism the revival of, [279]; and neo-Platonism, [287], [288]. Platonists Eclectic, [285]. Pleasure of Epicurus, [230]–233. See [Happiness]. Plotinus [280], [287], [288]; life and writings of, [290], [291]; general character of his teaching, [291], [292]; the mystic God of, [292], [293]; the two problems of, [293]; the metaphysical problem of, [294]–297; the ethical problem of, [297], [298]. Pluralism tried to reconcile extremes of Milesian school, [39], [40]; and hylozoism, [41]. Pluralists list of later Cosmologists who were, [20]; their new conception of change, [40]; their new conception of the unchanging, [40], [41]; introduction of conception of efficient cause by, [41]; summary of similarities and differences in theories of, [41], [42]; their lives span the fifth century, [42]. See [Empedocles], etc. Plutarch neo-Platonist, [299]. Political philosophy of Aristotle [202], [203]. Political society Plato’s theory of, [155]–158. Polytheism Homeric, [19]. Polytheisms the systematizing of, [298], [299]. Porphyry [291], [298], [357]. Posidonius [270], [271]. Primary and secondary qualities [116]. Probabilism in Stoicism [262]. Proclus [299]–301. Prodicus [66], [68]. Protagoras [66], [67]; the relativism of, [69], [70]; his point of view compared with that of Socrates, [81]. Psychology materialistic, of Democritus, [111]–114; Plato’s, [144]–146; of Aristotle, [196]–199; the Stoic, [248]–250. Ptolemy his cosmography, [322]–325. Purpose Aristotle’s conceptions of, [186]–190. Pyrrho [266]. Pyrrhonism [265], [266]. Pythagoras [17]. Pythagoreanism neo-, [281], [285]–287; and neo-Platonism, [288]. Pythagoreans the early, [17]; the later, [44], [48], [49]; their conception of Being, [49]–51; their astronomy, [49], [52], [53]; their dualism, [51], [52]. Qualitative changes of phenomena [196]–202. Rationalism defined, [104] n.; of Plato and Democritus, [104]; of Abelard, [365]–367. Realism [100], [104], [358], [362]–365; objective, [104]. Reason and dogma the relation between, [355], [356], [360]–362, [365]–367. Reconcilers See [Pluralists]. Relativism of Protagoras, [69], [70]; represented by the anthropologists, [103]. Religion of the Greeks, organization of, [8], [9], [10]; the new, perils of, [16]–18; in Epicurus’s system, [236], [237]; and science, the separation of, under Duns Scotus, [387], [388]. Religious feeling two causes of the rise of, [272]–274. Religious period of the Hellenic-Roman period [208], [209]; treated, [273]–301; the divisions of, [280], [281]. Religious philosophies Hellenic, rise of, [280], [282]; summary of history of, [281]; introductory period of, [281]–287; development period of, [281], [287], [288]. Revival of Learning, the [375]–378. Rhabanus Maurus [350]. Rhetoric among the Greeks [60]. Romans their conquest of Greece, [205]–208. Roscellinus life and teaching, [361], [362]. Rossetti, Christina Shadow of Dante cited, [325] n. Rousseau and Epicurus [229]. St. Ambrose [306]. Salerno, University of [377]. Scholasticism what it is, [355]–359; of Anselm, [359]–361; of Roscellinus, [361], [362]; of Abelard, [363]–367; classic, period of, [333], [368]–394. School in early Greek philosophy, meaning of, [19]. Schools, the [214], [218]–226; fusion of doctrines in, [269]; after [150] B. C., notable names in, [271]. See [Academy], [Lyceum], etc. Science early tendencies toward, among the Greeks, [10], [11]; growth of, in Hellenic-Roman period, [216], [217]; secular, of the age of Augustine, [339]; and religion, the separation of, under Duns Scotus, [387], [388]. Scotus, Duns gave a new direction to philosophy, [369]; upheld the primacy of the Will, [385], [386]; the founder of the Franciscan tradition (life and philosophical position of), [386], [387]; his conception of the twofold truth, [387]; the inscrutable will of God, according to, [388], [389]; the problem of individuality, according to, [389], [390]; the course of philosophy after, [390], [391]. Secondary and primary qualities [116]. Secular science of the age of Augustine [339]. Seignobos, Charles History of Mediæval Civilization, [373] n. Seneca quoted, [234]. Sensationalism defined, [104] n. Sensationalistic skepticism [268], [269]. Sextus Empiricus [268]. Sill The Two Aphrodites, [153] n. Simplicius [299]. Skepticism what it is, [69]; the undercurrent of, in the Hellenic-Roman period, [209]–211; philosophic, the appearances of, [264], [265]; the three phases of, [265]–269; of the Academy, [266]–268; sensationalistic, [268], [269]. Socrates, and Aristophanes opposed the Sophists, [74]; works on, for reading, [75]; personality and life of, [75]–80; his dæmon, [77], [83]; and the Sophists, [80]–82; unsystematic character of his philosophy, [82], [83]; the ideal of, [83]–85; what his ideal involves, [85]–88; the two steps of his method, [88]–91; and Athens, [91]; the logical expedients of, [92], [93]; and the Lesser Socratics, [93]–95. Socratics the Lesser, and Socrates, [93]–95. Sophists significance of, [64]–67; the prominent, [67], [68]; the philosophy of, [68]–71; the ethics of, [71]–73; summary of their work, [73]; met in two ways by Socrates and Aristophanes, [74]; and Socrates, [80]–82. Soul Plato’s doctrine of, [145]–150; according to Aristotle, [196], [197]; of Plotinus, [295], [297], [298]. Spenser, Edmund Hymn in Honor of Beauty, [153] n. Spiritual authority the need of, [275]–277; the turning to the present for, [287], [288]. Spirituality rise of the conception of, [277]–279. State Plato’s doctrine of, [155]–158; and church, Aquinas’s and Dante’s views of, [382]. Stoic school, the [222]–225; inclines to eclecticism, [269], [270]. Stoicism and Epicureanism, summary of agreements and differences, [225], [226]; position of, in antiquity, [241], [242]; the three periods of, [242], [243]; leaders of, [243]–246; writings of, [246]; the two prominent conceptions of, [247], [248]; the conception of personality, [248]; the psychology of, [248]–250; the highest good, [250], [251]; the conception of nature, [251]–256; conceptions of nature and personality supplement each other, [256], [257]; and society, [257]–259; duty and responsibility, [259], [260]; the problem of evil and the problem of freedom, [260], [261]; modifications of, after the first period, [261]–263; its influence on Christianity, [305]. Stoics and Cynics [246], [247]. Storm and Stress [362], [363]. Sums of Peter the Lombard, [379], [380]. Syllogism, the [182]. Syrian school of neo-Platonism [290], [298], [299]. Syrianus [299]. Systematic period of Greek philosophy [12]–14; treated, [98]–203; the three philosophers of, their place in Greek history, [98]–100; the fundamental principle of, [100]–102. Tatian [313]. Teleology defined, [105] n. Terminism [392]. Tertullian [313]. Teuffel, W. S. History of Roman Literature, [227] n. Thales [24], [25]. Theological series of Aristotle [196]–202. Thrasymachus [68]. Timon [266]. Transitional period of Middle Ages [332], [354]–357. Turner, William History of Philosophy, [336] n. Twofold reality world of, Democritus’ theory of, [114]–116. Ueberweg History of Philosophy, quoted, [6]; cited, [269] n. Unchanging, the as conceived by the Pluralists, [40], [41]. Universalia ante rem [104], [358], [362]–365, [384]. Universalia in re [104], [358], [364], [365], [384]. Universalia post rem [103], [358], [362]–365, [384]. Universals and particulars according to Thomas Aquinas, [383]–385. Universe diagram of Dante’s conception of, [376]. Universities the establishment of, [377]. Useful, the according to Socrates, [87], [88]. Valentinus Gnostic, [310]. Vincent of Beauvais [379]. Virtue meaning of, [84]; according to Socrates, [84]–88; according to the Cynics, [95]; according to Aristotle, [199]–202; place of, in Epicureanism, [233]. Virtues the four cardinal, in Plato, [154], [155]. Weber History of Philosophy cited, [269] n. Wheeler, B. I. Life of Alexander the Great, cited, [56] n.; quoted, [172]. Will freedom of. See [Freedom]. Will or intellect the question of the primacy of, [385], [386], [388], [389]. William of Aubergne [379]. William of Champeaux [363]. Windelband History of Ancient Philosophy, [37] n.; cited, [121] n., [311] n.; quoted, [254]. Witte, Karl Essays on Dante, [325] n. Wordsworth, William Dion, [123] n.; Ode on Intimations of Immortality quoted, [148]. Xenophanes religious philosopher, [26] f.; philosophy of, [27] f. Xenophon parts of works to be read, [75] n.; on Socrates, [76], [93]. Zeller, Edward Pre-Socratic Philosophy, [3] n., [100] n.; quoted, [101], [102]; Greek Philosophy, [37] n. Zeno Eleatic, his life, [35] f.; his philosophy, [36], [37]. See [Eleatic school]. Zeno Stoic, [242], [244], [245].
Footnotes.
| [1] – | Read Knight, Life and Teaching of Hume, pp. 102 f. (Blackwood Series); Falckenberg, Hist. Modern Phil., p. 10; Zeller, Pre-Socratic Phil., vol. i, pp. 161 f. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [2] – | Read Fairbanks, First Philosophers of Greece, pp. 263 ff., especially the résumé. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [3] – | Ueberweg, Hist. of Phil., vol. i, p. 7. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [4] – | Monism is the belief that reality is a oneness without any necessary implication as to the character of that oneness. Monotheism is a kind of monism, in which some definite character is ascribed to the oneness, like the active principle in the world or the cause of the world. Pantheism, on the other hand, is a kind of monism in which the emphasis is upon the all-inclusive character of reality. In pantheism God and nature are two inseparable aspects of reality. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [5] – | Bury, Hist. of Greece, p. 321, calls the tradition of the Wise Men a legend. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [6] – | Bury, History of Greece, p. 311. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [7] – | Burnet, Early Greek Philosophers, p. 104, for injunctions upon the private life of the early Pythagoreans. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [8] – | Note further that in future philosophical discussions of this problem, the technical word “Being” is used for the Unchanging or the substance that remains forever like itself, and the technical word “Becoming” is used for the changing processes of Nature. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [9] – | “Just as our soul, being air, holds us together, so do breath and air encompass the whole world.” | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [10] – | Read Windelband, Hist. of Ancient Phil., pp. 67 ff.; Zeller, Greek Philosophy, pp. 63 ff. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [11] – | Read Matthew Arnold, Empedocles (a poem). | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [12] – | Read Plato, Phaedo, 97, B. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [13] – | Dualism: the belief that the world is to be explained by two independent and coexistent principles. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [14] – | Wheeler, History of Alexander the Great. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [15] – | Read Grote, History of Greece, vol. viii, pp. 334–347. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [16] – | Read H. Jackson in Encyclopædia Britannica, article “Sophists”. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [17] – | The student should read the following references in Plato’s dialogues and Xenophon’s Symposium and Memorabilia. The translations referred to here are Jowett’s Plato and Cooper, Spelman, etc., translation, Whole Works of Xenophon. (1851.) For the method of Socrates, read Charmides, Lysis, and Laches. For the personal appearance of Socrates, read Plato, Symposium, pp. 586 ff. and Xenophon, Symposium, p. 615. For the physical endurance of Socrates, read Plato, Symposium, p. 591. For Socrates’ dislike of nature, read Plato, Phædrus, p. 435, and Xenophon, Memorabilia, p. 521. For the charges, defense, and trial of Socrates, read Plato, Apology, pp. 116 and 129. For the confinement of Socrates in prison, read Crito, beginning and end of the dialogue. For description of the death scene of Socrates, read Plato, Phædo, beginning and end of the dialogue. For description of the dæmoniacal sign, read Plato, Apology, pp. 125–126, and Xenophon, Memorabilia, pp. 531 ff., 585 ff. For the oracle’s statement that Socrates is the wisest of men, read Plato, Apology, p. 114. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [18] – | What is the difference between perception and conception? We have heard a good deal about perceptions in the doctrine of Protagoras. We have now reached a point where many of the theories will involve a comparison of perception with conception. An understanding of the difference between perception and conception will be necessary for an understanding of the doctrines, especially of Democritus, Plato, and Aristotle. In general, perception is the consciousness of an object in which some actual sensation of it is present; a conception is the consciousness of an object in which no actual sensation of it is present. Thus I perceive a tree, when my retina is actually stimulated; I conceive a tree, when I turn my head away and no sense organ is actually stimulated, i. e. I do not touch, see, hear the tree. To the Greek the perception was particular and transient; the conception was, on the other hand, universal or general and permanent. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [19] – | Read Zeller, Pre-Socratic Phil., vol. i, pp. 138–149, concerning the objective character of Greek morality, art, and philosophy. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [20] – | Zeller, Pre-Socratic Phil., vol. i, p. 162. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [21] – | Zeller, Pre-Socratic Phil., vol. i, p. 162. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [22] – | Rationalism and sensationalism refer to the sources from which knowledge is obtained. Rationalism is to be contrasted with sensationalism. Rationalism is the belief that the reason is an independent source of knowledge and has a higher authority than sense-perception. Sensationalism is the belief that all our knowledge originates in sensations. Empiricism is often used for sensationalism. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [23] – | Teleology is the doctrine that things exist for some purpose. A teleological cause, which is the same as “final cause” or “end,” is the purpose involved in an action. It is contrasted with mechanical or efficient cause. A trolley car is moving and a man runs to catch it. Electricity is the mechanical cause of the movement of the car. The purpose of the man is the teleological cause of his running; the strength in his legs is the mechanical or efficient cause of his running. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [24] – | Atoms differ primarily in form (ἰδέα); size is referred in part to form. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [25] – | These all reduce to form,—see [above]. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [26] – | Windelband, Hist. of Ancient Phil., pp. 183–189. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [27] – | Read Wordsworth, Dion. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [28] – | B. Jowett, Dialogues of Plato, trans. into English with analyses and introductions, 4 vols. See p. [158] for selections from the dialogues made by Jowett for English readers. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [29] – | Goethe. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [30] – | For the distinction between perception and conception, see p. [83]. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [31] – | Read Wordsworth’s Ode on Intimations of Immortality. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [32] – | Read Edmund Spenser, Hymn in Honor of Beauty; Emerson, Essay on Love, also the poem on Initial, Dæmonic, and Celestial Love; Bacon, Essay on Love; Patmore, Angel in the House; Sill, The Two Aphrodites. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [33] – | B. I. Wheeler, Life of Alexander the Great. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [34] – | Read Walter Pater, Marius the Epicurean; Hicks, Stoic and Epicurean, p. 184, for the Golden Maxims of Epicurus; Teuffel, History of Roman Literature, pp. 83–86. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [35] – | Windelband, Hist. of Phil., p. 183. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [36] – | Adamson, The Development of Greek Philosophy, p. 267. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [37] – | Professor C. P. Parker. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [38] – | A. Hicks, Stoic and Epicurean, pp. 322 ff. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [39] – | Read Grote, Plato, vol. iii, pp. 482–490, for the interesting sophistical problems of the Liar, the Person Disguised under a Veil, Electra, Sorites, Cornutus, and the Bald Man. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [40] – | For a statement of these tropes, see Weber, Hist. of Phil., p. 153. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [41] – | Ueberweg, Hist. of Phil., vol. i, p. 216. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [42] – | Read Dill, Roman Society, first three chapters. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [43] – | Read Charles Kingsley, Hypatia, a novel. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [44] – | Hatch, Hibbert Lectures, 1888, p. 182. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [45] – | Harnack, Outlines of the Hist. of Dogma, p. 120. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [46] – | Windelband, Hist. of Ancient Phil., p. 357. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [47] – | Harnack, Outlines of the History of Dogma, p. 159. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [48] – | Read Rossetti, Shadow of Dante, pp. 9–14; Karl Witte, Essays on Dante, pp. 99 ff. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [49] – | Read Eucken, Problem of Human Life, pp. 219–221, 232, 236, 245–248; Turner, Hist. of Philosophy, p. 226; De Wulf, Hist. of Mediæval Phil., pp. 90–98; Harnack, Hist. of Dogma, vol. v, pp. 3–6. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [50] – | Eucken, Problem of Human Life, p. 247. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [51] – | Harnack, Hist. of Dogma, vol. v, p. 3. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [52] – | There is this difference between Augustine’s position and that of Descartes. Augustine’s Quod si fallor, sum is a refutation of the doctrine of probability of the Academy, not a demonstration; Descartes’ Cogito, ergo sum is positive,—a subtle but an important difference between the two thinkers. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [53] – | Harnack, Hist. of Dogma, vol. v, p. 337. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [54] – | Harnack, Hist. of Dogma, vol. v, p. 112, n. 4. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [55] – | Harnack, vol. vi, p. 7. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [56] – | Glaber, Hist., lib. III, 4. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [57] – | In this period the conceptualists were confused with nominalists and called nominalists. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [58] – | Historians are attaching more importance than formerly to Constantinople as an intellectual centre of that time. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [59] – | Read on this point Seignobos, Hist. of Mediæval Civilization, pp. 117 f. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [60] – | Read Emerton, Mediæval Europe, pp. 358–397; Adams, Civilization during the Middle Ages, pp. 258–278. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [61] – |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [62] – | Read Norton, Readings in the Hist. of Education, pp. 102–103. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [63] – | Dante in De Monarchia did not share in Thomas’s subordination of the state to the church. Both Dante and Thomas believed that destiny lies in the race, but the great poet regarded man as destined equally for earthly and heavenly happiness. To Dante the church and the state are powers of like authority. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [64] – | Dante follows Thomas in placing the intellectual virtues above the practical, and in pointing to the intellectual intuition of God as the goal of human attainment. Beatrice is Dante’s expression of this ideal. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [65] – | De Wulf, Hist. of Mediæval Phil., p. 323. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| [66] – | Roger Bacon (1214–1292) lived at Oxford two generations before Scotus. He was so versatile that he was not able to dogmatize in any one field. He believed that theology was based on the will of God, all other science on the reason. He influenced both Scotus and Ockam to turn from authority to experience. Morality was to him the content of universal religion. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Transcriber’s Notes.
| The following corrections have been made in the text: | |
| [⭘] – | ‘familes’ replaced with ‘families’ (old, ruling families of nobles) |
| [⭘] – | ‘evolulution’ replaced with ‘evolution’ (Darwin’s theory of evolution.) |
| [⭘] – | ‘organism’ replaced with ‘organisms’ (we find organisms to consist of) |
| [⭘] – | ‘Pergamus’ replaced with ‘Pergamos’ (Rhodes, Antioch, Alexandria, Pergamos, Tarsus,) |
| [⭘] – | ‘judye’ replaced with ‘judge’ (God as a judge ) |